基于Flac-3D的盐源县玻璃村滑坡变形破坏机理数值模拟

2018年7月19日凌晨5点40分左右,四川省凉山州盐源县桃子乡玻璃村发生一起特大型滑坡地质灾害,为了查明其变形破坏机理,通过现场调查、室内外试验及数值模拟等方法,在查明滑坡地质背景基础上,对其发育特征进行分析,并基于Flac-3D有限元软件强度折减法计算滑坡天然及饱和工况下的稳定性系数。通过对比分析两种工况下塑性区及剪应变增量带的分布情况,揭示滑坡的变形破坏机制。研究结果表明:玻璃村滑坡为古滑坡的局部复活,天然工况下滑坡稳定性系数为1.08,处于基本稳定状态,饱和工况下滑坡稳定性系数为0.928,处于失稳状态;古滑坡在强降雨作用下失稳并受地形影响发生多级复合滑动,滑坡前缘至中部滑体具有牵引式特征,后缘滑体具有前缘临空牵引、后缘推移式特征。     

房山典型不稳定斜坡影响因素及稳定性分析

本文在现场调查、综合地质测绘的基础上,对不稳定斜坡的形成因素进行了分析。不稳定斜坡影响因素主要包括地形条件、工程地质条件、降水条件、地震活动及人类工程活动等。采用区域类比法对不稳定斜坡稳定性进行了定性分析,运用理正软件对稳定性进行定量评价,评价结果表明不稳定斜坡在天然工况下处于稳定状态,暴雨工况下处于基本稳定—不稳定状态,地震+暴雨工况下处于基本稳定—不稳定状态。     

麦积山国际中心老滑坡成灾机理及防治对策分析

通过对天水麦积山国际露营中心斜坡的野外调查,结合岩土工程勘查技术手段,探讨了国际中心滑坡的成灾机理;利用传递系数法定量分析坡脚人工边坡在不同工况条件下的稳定性。结果表明：天水麦积山国际中心老滑坡由地震作用诱发,属地震-降雨耦合型滑坡;坡脚不稳定斜坡在天然状态下相对稳定,在降雨以及地震+降雨工况下,处于欠稳定-不稳定状态。建议采用“锚索框架+坡脚挡土墙+外围排水渠”对坡脚不稳定斜坡斜坡进行整治。研究成果可为天水麦积区地震滑坡的变形机理及防灾减灾提供实践依据。     

三峡库区八桷树滑坡成因机制及稳定性分析

八桷树滑坡位于重庆市万州区大周镇铺垭村4组,处于长江左岸斜坡地带。滑坡的形成主要受其地形地貌、地质结构、库区蓄水、大气降雨及人类工程活动影响。滑坡在自然状态下,无明显变形迹象,整体处于稳定状态;滑坡在库区蓄水的条件下,遇强降雨,滑坡表层局部会出现变形迹象,整体处于基本稳定状态;在库区水位持续下降的作用下,其变形迹象呈进一步加剧变化,并开始逐步出现新的变形痕迹,且变形破坏日趋明显,整体处于欠稳定状态。由此,得出了滑坡稳定性受库区水位波动影响最大的结论。     

基于FLAC 3D的某建设工程斜坡场地稳定性分析——以贵阳市东山寺藏经楼建设工程为例

贵阳市东山寺藏经楼建设工程地处东山公园山体南侧顺层斜坡上,大型的工程建设活动,加之强降雨、地震等因素影响,可能会对山体斜坡的稳定性造成一定程度的降低,甚至导致滑坡灾害的发生。采用FLAC 3D数值模拟软件对斜坡场地稳定性进行了计算分析。结果表明,斜坡在不同工况条件下整体处于稳定—基本稳定状态;在不利的工况组合条件下,斜坡安全系数较低,安全储备不足。据此提出相关处置措施建议,保障工程建设的安全。     

伊宁县卡拉亚尕奇乡滑坡稳定性及治理措施浅析

以伊宁县卡拉亚尕奇乡移民搬迁新址东侧山体滑坡为研究对象,从研究区孕灾环境的角度出发,对该滑坡的稳定性进行了评价,最后并提出了相关的治理工程措施。研究结果表明:研究区五处滑坡在自重工况及自重+地震工况下整体处于稳定-基本稳定状态,在自重+暴雨工况滑坡处于不稳定状态; HP5滑坡在三种工况下滑坡整体均处于稳定状态;提出了排水+格构锚固+刷方减载+排导槽综合防治方案治理工程。     

永泰县城峰镇后山滑坡稳定性分析

2019年5月31日,受持续强降雨影响,福州市永泰县城峰镇后山发生滑坡灾害。本文通过收集“2019.5.31滑坡”基础资料,对研究区开展调查,分析滑坡发育特征和影响因素,并结合试验数据等对研究区滑坡灾害稳定性进行研究。结果表明：滑坡位于福州市永泰县城峰镇后山自然斜坡,主要受地形地貌、岩土性质、水及人为主要因素影响,滑坡体以滚石、碎石为主,含少量的粘性土,滑坡属小型浅层土质滑坡;该滑坡平面上呈半圆形,自然斜坡为陡—缓—陡地形,斜坡易汇水、不易排水;物源为浅表层残坡积粘性土;该滑坡在自重状态下,安全系数为1.3,处于稳定状态;在自重+暴雨状态下安全系数为1.15,处于不稳定状态。其中2剖面和4剖面,天然状态下稳定性分别为1.232和1.084,处于基本稳定状态。但两者暴雨状态下稳定性分别为1.047和0.901,处于欠稳定-不稳定状态。本研究可为后续滑坡治理工作提供参考依据。     

乐清市岭底乡南充村山体滑坡分析与防治措施

南充村山体受强降雨影响发生滑坡已造成重大的人员和财产损失,通过工程勘察对区域内地质构造、岩土体特性、斜坡特征、滑坡发育特征和成因条件等进行了深入分析。在定性分析的基础上运用边坡稳定分析软件分析评价了斜坡的稳定性,指出斜坡仍处于不稳定状态,降雨、地表水和地下水对坡体稳定性影响较大,尤其是动水压力,是滑坡发生发展和致灾的重要因素。结合区内地质灾害发育特点和坡体结构特征,提出了采用抗滑桩、预应力锚杆格构、挡墙和排水相结合的综合防治方案。     

四川省南江县陈家湾滑坡稳定性分析及防治建议

由于山体的特殊地质背景及人类工程活动,四川省南江县陈家湾滑坡在平面位置上以中间山梁为界分为Ⅰ号、Ⅱ号滑坡及潜在不稳定斜坡。通过地质灾害勘查,研究了滑坡特征及其地质成因机制,并进行了稳定性分析评价。结果表明：仅Ⅰ号滑坡在暴雨工况下处于欠稳定状态。根据滑坡地形特征、稳定性分析结果,结合保护对象,对Ⅰ号滑坡提出了“抗滑桩+截水沟”和“预应力锚索+抗滑短桩+截水沟”两种防治方案。通过对比分析,推荐“抗滑桩+截水沟”为实施方案。     

广东省大埔县赤羌坪滑坡稳定性评价及防治对策

由于赤羌坪地质环境条件及不利气象因素影响,致使古滑坡复活,直接威胁当地群众生命财产及道路交通安全。本文在滑坡地质灾害勘查的基础上,分析了影响滑坡稳定性的因素,采用剩余推力传递法进行滑坡稳定性定量评价,得出:天然状态下,滑坡处于不稳定状态,在持续降雨及强降雨作用下,稳定程度进一步降低,随时有大规模滑动破坏的危险。为此,提出了"排水+锚索抗滑桩支挡"工程治理方案对滑坡进行工程治理。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.