“4·25”地震灾区琼母沟泥石流形成条件研究

受尼泊尔4·25地震的影响,西藏日喀则是桑珠孜区琼母沟泥石流沟域新增了大量的泥石流物源,泥石流爆发的几率大大增加。对琼母沟泥石流的沟域平面、纵坡降等特征,对沟内泥石流形成条件进行了分析,研究了该沟泥石流的发生与沟内地形地貌、物源条件和水源条件的关系。研究成果对该地区泥石流防治具有一定的理论指导意义和实用价值。     

九寨沟县勿角镇甲勿沟泥石流基本特征与防治建议

甲勿沟泥石流距九寨沟“8·8”地震震中距离较近，地震致使流域内新增了大量松散物源，通过甲勿沟泥石流形成条件分析，新增物源增强了泥石流的易发性，降低了泥石流的激发雨强。在甲勿沟“8·17”泥石流的启动条件以及危害性分析的基础上，针对沟域内现有物源分布情况，提出了“拦挡+固源+导流+防护”的综合治理方案，通过拦挡坝的拦挡削峰减流、谷坊坝的固源压脚、导流堤的引流、防护堤的护坡等作用来起到良好的治理效果。     

舟曲县南峪沟松散固体物源及其对泥石流的补给特征

南峪沟地处特殊的构造部位,特定的地层经长期的内外营力共同作用,形成泥石流松散固体物源。物源类型有重力堆积物和沟床中下游段松散堆积物,其分布相对较集中,对泥石流补给方式表现为坡面冲刷、崩塌、滑坍和流体冲刷;沟域面积和沟道长度与物源量没有明显的对应关系,决定泥石流补给量的主要因素是沟谷形态和山体岩石类型。     

金陵景区牛皋沟泥石流灾害特征

牛皋沟位于北京市周口店镇金陵景区,2012年"7·21"特大暴雨期间暴发泥石流。本文在现场调查、综合地质测绘、勘探等的基础上,对景区泥石流的形成条件、物源分布及特征进行了探讨分析。研究表明,牛皋沟岸坡陡峻、物源丰富、水动力足,具备泥石流形成的基本条件,且景区内频繁的人类工程活动也为泥石流发育创造了条件;对牛皋沟泥石流的基本特征值进行计算,泥石流流体重度约为1.550 t/m~3,定性为稀性泥石流;50年一遇洪峰流量值为28.33m~3/s,一次泥石流固体冲出物1.85×10~4 m~3,其爆发的规模属于中型泥石流。     

拉萨市柳梧乡卡龙孔沟泥石流特征与发展趋势

柳梧乡卡龙孔沟于2018年7月29日暴发泥石流,造成沟口农户1间房屋被损毁,目前威胁7户36人及房屋、公路等。通过调查发现卡龙孔沟具有沟域面积不大,但相对高差大、主沟纵坡降大的有利水动力条件。沟域内物源较丰富,包括沟道堆积物源、滑坡物源、坡面侵蚀物源,松散物静储量约23.04×10⁴m4m³,可参与泥石流运动的动储量为2.66×103,可参与泥石流运动的动储量为2.66×10⁴m4m³。近年来强降雨天气频发,卡龙孔沟再次发生泥石流的可能性较大,建议尽快采取工程治理措施。     

甘肃文县关家沟泥石流物源条件与治理工程探析

关家沟泥石流沟位于文县县城北部,具有极为丰富的物源条件。通过调查从泥石流的岩土体类型及特征、地质构造、水文地质、新构造运动及地震等方面,对物源条件的地质环境背景进行了总结。其松散固体物质主要有滑坡堆积物、崩塌堆积物、滑塌—坍塌堆积物、沟道冲洪积堆积物及面状堆积物等。固体物质总储量为11 570.1×104m3,转化为泥石流组成部分的主要方式包括滑坡、崩塌、滑塌—坍塌直接堆积或堵塞沟道,被水流冲蚀、搬运;滑坡体、崩塌体表层松散物质及沟坡上的面状堆积物在降水面蚀作用下,细粒物质流入沟道,补给泥石流增加了泥石流的黏度;沟道内早期的冲洪积物被泥石流直接搬运、冲蚀,构成泥石流固体松散物质等。通过对物源条件分析,提出了治理工程措施,以期为关家沟泥石流灾害防治提供参考。     

吉隆口岸美多当千泥石流基本特征及形成条件

受尼泊尔4.25地震的影响,西藏自治区吉隆口岸地区新增了大量的泥石流物源,成为该区严重的地质灾害隐患,。美多当千泥石流即为发育于该区的一条较为典型的泥石流。对美多当千泥石流的沟域平面特征、纵坡降特征进行研究,对其形成条件进行分析,发现该泥石流的发与当地地形地貌、物源条件和水源条件关系密切。这一研究成果对该地区泥石流防治具有一定的理论指导意义和实用价值。     

喜德县波振沟泥石流形成条件及动力特征2

波振沟位于四川省凉山州喜德县境内孙水河左岸,属于川南红层地区典型沟谷型泥石流沟。通过工程地质调查与遥感影像解译,研究了该泥石流形成条件和机理,获取了泥石流动静力学参数。调查研究表明:(1)波振沟流域地貌正处于壮年期发育阶段;(2)泥石流容重1.64g/cm3,属于过渡(偏稀)性泥石流;(3)波振沟流域内还存在大量崩滑体及沟道松散堆积体,松散物源近4×105m3,在强降雨作用下容易启动泥石流,建议加强综合防治。该研究对砂泥岩互层地区泥石流形成机理的认识有一定帮助,对波振沟泥石流防治具有参考价值。     

吉隆口岸美多当千泥石流基本特征及形成条件

受尼泊尔4.25地震的影响,西藏自治区吉隆口岸地区新增了大量的泥石流物源,成为该区严重的地质灾害隐患,。美多当千泥石流即为发育于该区的一条较为典型的泥石流。对美多当千泥石流的沟域平面特征、纵坡降特征进行研究,对其形成条件进行分析,发现该泥石流的发与当地地形地貌、物源条件和水源条件关系密切。这一研究成果对该地区泥石流防治具有一定的理论指导意义和实用价值。     

甘肃武都马槽沟泥石流松散物源分析

马槽沟是甘肃陇南山区一条典型的暴雨泥石流沟,该区地质环境条件复杂。受"5.12汶川"地震影响,沟内岩土体结构松散,沟岸崩滑体发育,泥石流物源丰富,按成因有构造破碎基岩、风化破碎泥岩、结构松散黄土及重力侵蚀堆积物。上述松散物质对泥石流的补给主要表现为降雨坡面冲刷、滑坡崩塌和流体冲刷,其中又以滑坡、崩塌为主。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.