北喜马拉雅带早侏罗世OIB型玄武岩发现： 锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学及岩石成因

±1.2Ma（n=16,MSWD=3.6）,为早白垩世早期,代表了岩浆的结晶时代。地球化学特征表明,岩石具有低K2O?中MgO及高TiO2?P2O5?TFeO特征,（La/Yb）N为4.4~10.3,δEu=0.89~1.07,富集Rb?Ba?Th等大离子亲石元素及Nb?Ta?Zr?Hf?Ti等高场强元素,为大陆边缘裂谷背景的具有OIB型地球化学特征的拉斑玄武岩。库局OIB型玄武岩与含石榴石、尖晶石二辉橄榄岩部分熔融（Gt > Sp）有关,显示出岩石圈地幔物质的印记。岩石成因模式可以解释为正在孕育的地幔柱诱导的上涌软流圈物质与岩石圈地幔物质混合后在拉张背景下发生减压熔融的产物,这种地幔热柱或热点可能与Kerguelen热点的早期活动有联系,岩浆演化过程中发生了橄榄石和单斜辉石的分离结晶作用,在侵位过程中遭受了一定程度下地壳混染。早侏罗世库局OIB型玄武岩的发现填补了北喜马拉雅带东端早侏罗世岩浆活动记录,为认识特提斯喜马拉雅带中段早侏罗世构造演化提供基础资料。     

湘东南玄武质岩石地球化学特征及构造环境

湖南东南部是我国大规模钨，锡，锑及铅锌，稀有，稀土元素矿床集中区，其控矿构造环境倍受人们关注。幔源暗色岩系是深构造环境的产物，其地球化学特征是了解构造环境的有效途径。湘东南玄武质岩石包括碱性玄武岩和拉斑玄武岩两个系列，以碱性玄武岩系列为主。玄武质岩石稀土元素总量较高，无负铕异常，为轻稀土富集的右倾型。稀土元素反映岩浆形成主要受部分熔融作用控制。岩石形成于大陆拉张构造环境。微量元素具有明显OIB型分布特征，地壳混染程度很低，具有富集地幔特征。岩石地球化学，同位素地球化学和地球物理研究表明，软流圈地幔上涌并交代岩石圈地幔，形成以宁远－道县为中心的热地幔柱构造。该热幔柱构造控制该区的成岩，成矿作用。     

河南信阳地区龟山岩组新元古代变质玄武岩的地球化学特征、Sr-Nd同位素组成及地质意义

对信阳地区商丹断裂带南侧龟山岩组新元古代变质玄武岩进行了岩石学、地球化学及Sr-Nd同位素研究,分析结果显示该套玄武岩为亚碱性拉斑玄武系列,分为低Ti及高Ti两种类型：低Ti型较富Mg,不相容元素富集程度及稀土分馏程度较低,具有E-MORB的微量元素地球化学特征,Sr-Nd同位素组成相对富集,可能来自地幔柱引发的岩石圈地幔的部分熔融,并受到一定程度的地壳混染;高Ti型较富Fe,强烈富集不相容元素,具有OIB的地球化学特征,Sr-Nd同位素组成较为亏损,可能来自地幔柱的部分熔融,并较少受到地壳物质的影响。综合构造判别显示该套玄武岩可能为地幔柱伸展背景下的岩浆活动产物,可能为区域上沿商丹断裂带分布的中—新元古代局部伸展背景岩浆活动产物的组成部分。     

福建早侏罗世火山岩岩石地球化学特征及岩石成因研究

选择较有代表性的永定、平和、长泰—同安、闽清—永泰等地早侏罗世火山岩岩石主量、微量和Sr、Nd同位素分析测试成果,开展岩石地球化学特征对比研究,探讨岩浆起源、演化和不同类别的岩石成因。研究认为,早侏罗世火山岩主要属亚碱性钾质-普通系列,玄武岩属亚碱性高铁拉斑玄武岩系列。玄武岩稀土含量较高,配分曲线与典型OIB玄武岩变化趋势一致;高场强元素(HFSE)除Nb略亏损外,Ti、Zr、Nd具有明显正异常,Ta具有弱正异常;原始地幔标准化曲线位于典型大陆弧玄武岩之上。流纹岩稀土含量高,轻稀土富集,Eu负异常明显,高场强元素Nb、Zr等具有清晰正异常,Ti、P负异常明显。岩石地球化学特征研究表明早侏罗世火山岩岩石成因与地幔岩浆作用有关:基性单元——玄武质岩石岩浆主要来自于软流圈,亏损的地幔源区可能有早期富集岩石圈物质加入或是由于软流圈地幔上涌萃取了岩石圈地幔富集组分。酸性单元——流纹质岩石主要形成于上地壳,但不排除有幔源物质的混合。安山岩-英安岩是底侵的镁铁质岩浆与下地壳部分熔融岩浆混合均一化形成典型的MASH岩浆。早中生代处于印支运动后造山大陆裂解的地球动力学背景,后造山岩石圈伸展拉张致使软流圈减压上涌和部分熔融,所产生的岩浆沿北东向展布的裂解区域喷出地表形成火山岩带。     

北喜马拉雅带早侏罗世OIB型玄武岩发现： 锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学及岩石成因

早侏罗世库局OIB型玄武岩分布于北喜马拉雅带东端,其作为夹层产出于早侏罗统普普嘎组下部层位,围岩为粉砂质板岩、泥岩。代表性样品玄武岩的LA ICP MS锆石U Pb定年显示,锆石24个分析点的n(206Pb)/n(238U)年龄为1152~2409 Ma,n(206Pb)/n(238U)加权平均年龄为1908±1.2Ma（n=16,MSWD=3.6）,为早侏罗世早期,代表了岩浆的结晶时代。地球化学特征表明,岩石具有低K2O?中MgO及高TiO2?P2O5?TFeO特征,（La/Yb）N为4.4~10.3,δEu=0.89~1.07,富集Rb?Ba?Th等大离子亲石元素及Nb?Ta?Zr?Hf?Ti等高场强元素,为大陆边缘裂谷背景的具有OIB型地球化学特征的拉斑玄武岩。库局OIB型玄武岩与含石榴石、尖晶石二辉橄榄岩部分熔融（Gt > Sp）有关,显示出岩石圈地幔物质的印记。岩石成因模式可以解释为正在孕育的地幔柱诱导的上涌软流圈物质与岩石圈地幔物质混合后在拉张背景下发生减压熔融的产物,这种地幔热柱或热点可能与Kerguelen热点的早期活动有联系,岩浆演化过程中发生了橄榄石和单斜辉石的分离结晶作用,在侵位过程中遭受了一定程度下地壳混染。早侏罗世库局OIB型玄武岩的发现填补了北喜马拉雅带东端早侏罗世岩浆活动记录,为认识特提斯喜马拉雅带中段早侏罗世构造演化提供基础资料。     

川西丹巴地区新元古代变质玄武岩成因及构造意义

对扬子地块西缘康滇裂谷北段的丹巴变质玄武岩进行了系统的岩石学、元素-Nd同位素地球化学研究,结果表明该岩石为碱性玄武岩,样品相对富MgO、富TiO2,Mg#值介于0.51～0.59之间.稀土总量较高,轻重稀土分馏较明显,Th、Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf和LREE等不相容元素富集,Y和HREE明显亏损,地球化学特征与洋岛玄武岩(OIB)类似.岩浆形成于板内裂谷环境,起源于类似OIB的地幔源区,并在上升过程中受到了大陆岩石圈地幔(SCLM)物质不同程度的混染,同时还可能有少量下地壳物质的混染.样品在岩石化学上表现出地幔柱岩浆作用的痕迹,很可能与导致Rodinia超级大陆裂解的新元古代地幔柱事件有关.     

大别造山带前陆阳新盆地古近纪玄武岩地球化学特征与成因研究

大别造山带前陆阳新盆地古近纪玄武岩的成分从石英拉斑玄武质到橄榄拉斑玄武质,以相对较高的大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、K、Th、U等)丰度和弱到中等亏损高场强元素(Nb和Ta)为特征,岩石地球化学的总体特征类似于初始裂谷的拉斑玄武岩,而与大陆拉斑玄武岩所表现出的强烈亏损高场强元素Nb和Ta的地球化学特征明显不同。该拉斑玄武质岩浆喷发前曾经历过较小程度(约4．5％)的以橄榄石为主的矿物分离结晶,玄武岩的母岩浆则是源区物质经过约15％的部分熔融形成的,源区物质可能包含了来自下地幔的FOZO和富集型大陆岩石圈地幔两种组分。大别造山带内及前、后陆地区古近纪拉斑玄武岩的地球化学特征具有可比性,意味着随着大别造山带山根的拆沉,来自下地幔的FOZO岩浆(可能以地幔柱的形式)上涌,对大陆岩石圈的地幔部分发生了大规模的改造,使得原性质明显不同的两大岩石圈地幔在会聚带附近其地球化学分区性变得模糊。所形成的玄武岩总体具有较多的FOZO特征,但(除造山带内部)也不同程度地保留有岩石圈地幔的性质。     

东南沿海地区古近纪大陆岩石圈地幔特征及成因

东南沿海地区新生代玄武岩中的橄榄岩包体来自岩石圈地幔 ,上地幔橄榄岩包体的岩石学及地球化学特征都记录了地幔演化的历史。普宁橄榄岩包体斜方辉石含量与太古宙克拉通地幔类似 ,但在矿物学、REE、痕量元素和Sr Nd同位素上又与太古宙岩石圈地幔不同。橄榄岩包体的岩相学、矿物学、REE、痕量元素特征都提供了含H2 O富Si流体交代橄榄岩的证据 ,这种流体可能主要是洋壳物质局部熔融而成。流体交代使橄榄岩富Si,同时富Sr、Pb和强不相容元素等大洋岩石圈物质。这表明普宁大陆岩石圈地幔既保留太古宙岩石圈地幔的特征 ,又具有大洋俯冲地幔的特征 ,它是古老岩石圈地幔向大洋岩石圈地幔转换的一部分 ,这种转换可能是大洋岩石圈与大陆岩石圈地幔相互作用的结果。     

湘东北中生代基性岩脉微量元素地球化学特征及岩石成因

湘东北中生代基性岩脉可以分为煌斑岩和辉绿岩两类，前者形成于136.61Ma，后者形成于86.18Ma,与华南中生代主要拉张时期相对应。岩石富集LREE，Eu负异常不明显，其形成主要受地幔部分熔融作用制约。早期煌斑岩类微量元素和Sr、Nd同位素总体上具有富集地幔（EMⅡ型）洋岛玄武岩（OIB）特征，富集Nd、P、Cs，而K、Rb、Sr、U、Th等富集程度不明显，Ta、Nb略有富集，具有软流圈地幔上涌地幔热柱玄武岩岩浆源区性质，表现出软流圈地幔上涌部分熔融的成岩特点。晚期辉绿岩类表现出Ta、Nb、Ti亏损，但LILE并不富集，反映地壳混染程度的增强，具有大陆拉张带（裂谷初期）形成的玄武岩岩浆源区性质，为岩石圈地幔部分熔融形成。二者具有不同的岩浆源区性质，从早期到晚期岩浆源区向上迁移并致使部分陆 物质混入，反映由热点式拉张到岩石圈伸展－减薄的作用过程。     

Pitcairn地幔柱中太古代沉积物的信号

<正>洋岛玄武岩(OIB)的地球化学不均一性通常都被解释为地幔柱中存在再循环的地壳物质,但是再循环物质的性质和形成时代很难限定。比如说,对于富集1型地幔端元(EM1)的来源,就有深海沉积物、大陆下地壳、大陆岩石圈地幔等多种推测。法国和德国的科学家们对具有典型EM1型地球化学信号的Pitcairn玄     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.