CSAMT在重庆巫溪地区页岩气勘探上的应用

利用可控源音频大地电磁测深在重庆巫溪地区页岩气勘探试验区进行勘探,对试验区各地层岩性的电性特征进行分析,划分各地层单元的埋深及厚度,分析目的层的埋深、厚度及空间分布,对深部构造进行探测,为寻找页岩气有利层位取得了很好的效果。该勘查方法快速高效掌握了深部信息,节约了时间和资金,为深部页岩气勘探工作提供了依据。     

渝东南地区五峰组－龙马溪组页岩气成藏地质条件与有利区预测

上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组是四川盆地页岩气勘探的重要层位。通过地层厚度、地层埋深、总有机碳含量、有机质类型、有机质成熟度及储层含气量等参数的综合分析,表明渝东南地区五峰组—龙马溪组具有泥页岩厚度大(40~210m)、地层埋深较浅(4500m)、总有机碳含量较高(TOC一般1.5%)、有机质成熟度高(Ro为1.9%~2.7%)等特点,有机质类型多以Ⅰ型为主,现场解吸含气量在五峰组及龙马溪组中下部具有较好的水平。综合分析认为,五峰组—龙马溪组具有较好的页岩气成藏地质潜力。运用多因素叠加及综合地质分析技术,选取总有机碳含量、热成熟度、地层埋深、地层厚度、地表条件5个参数作为核心评价指标对渝东南地区五峰组—龙马溪组的成藏有利区进行了预测,共预测出Ⅰ类有利区6个,Ⅱ类有利区2个,有利区预测结果与目前已有钻井的含气量水平相一致。最后,提出了"有重点、有先后、分层次"的勘探开发部署建议。     

灰关联法在页岩气资源丰度敏感性研究中的应用

影响页岩气资源丰度的因素很多,要探明其资源丰度,就要厘清各种影响因素的重要性。介绍了影响页岩气资源丰度的主要因素,并以北美典型的页岩盆地地层与中国四川盆地下古生界页岩地层相关数据为分析对象,基于众数理论和Spearman理论的灰色关联分析,对影响页岩气资源丰度各种因素的重要程度进行了研究,得到的资源丰度敏感程度从大到小依次为:页岩埋深厚度热成熟度(Ro)有机质丰度w(TOC)孔隙度。其中页岩埋深、厚度、热成熟度(Ro)对资源丰度影响较大,其次为有机质丰度w(TOC)和孔隙度。结果表明,该方法得到的灰色关联序合理,计算结果可靠,为页岩气资源丰度的研究提供了科学可行的方法。     

宁芜盆地北段深部地质结构综合地球物理方法解析

宁芜盆地位于长江中下游成矿带东部,但对其北段深部地质结构的研究尚显薄弱。综合利用音频大地电磁及重力测量方法,对研究区深部构造、地层展布、隐伏岩体分布形态及埋深、火山岩基底埋深情况进行综合解译。结果显示,宁芜盆地内北段电阻率自西向东呈西低东高、自南向北呈南高北低的特征;岩浆活动强烈,深部具有较好的成矿潜力,白垩系火山岩地层底界最大埋深可能在-1 400 m左右,部分岩体侵入火山岩基底附近或三叠系地层中,相关层位可作为找矿靶区,应进行进一步的找矿勘探工作。     

黔北宽阔–浮焉地区五峰组–龙马溪组页岩气地质条件与有利区预测

为对黔北宽阔–浮焉地区五峰组–龙马溪组页岩气有利区进行预测,在前人研究成果调研基础上,利用26条露头剖面资料、QSD1钻井资料、样品分析测试资料,结合地震、电磁资料,对研究区五峰组–龙马溪组底面埋深、页岩的岩类学特征及沉积相、分布、总有机碳含量（TOC）、有机质成熟度（Ro）、脆性矿物含量的变化进行了分析并预测了页岩气有利区。研究区五峰组–龙马溪组底面埋深多为0～1 500 m,最大埋藏深度为1 926 m;主要由泥岩、粉砂质泥岩组成,夹薄层泥质粉砂岩、偶见泥灰岩,为泥质深水陆棚微相沉积;地层厚度普遍超过30 m,东北部地层厚度大,最大厚度超过90 m,西南部地层厚度小,最大厚度不足50 m;TOC分布具有中部低（<2.0%）、东北部和西南部高（>3.5%）的特征;Ro为1.20%～3.17%、平均值多大于2.50%,主要为过成熟烃源岩;脆性矿物含量多在50%以上,具有中部低（<60%）、东北部和西南部高（>70%）的特征。综合上述页岩气有利区预测指标,分3类预测了有利区的分布,浮焉–小雅向斜中部Ⅰ类有利区是下步页岩气勘探的首选靶区。     

米仓山—南大巴山西段深部构造特征及对页岩气成藏的控制

以区域构造与沉积特征为指导,基于二维地震勘探成果,结合镇地1井钻孔数据,对米仓山隆起与南大巴山西段过渡区的深部构造特征进行剖析,并探讨了构造对页岩气成藏的控制作用。研究表明:区内主要发育倾向NE的逆断层,纵向贯穿区内寒武系至志留系主要地层,向上、向下分别收敛于志留系、震旦系滑脱层。深部表现为双重构造特征,即以志留系底部滑脱层为界面,上覆地层起伏较大,下伏地层相对稳定。牛蹄塘组受构造影响较小,多处目的层垂向临近构造相对简单,表明页岩气富集的封盖条件良好。受构造控制影响,目的层西北浅、东南深,主要为1 500～3 000 m,埋深适中;厚度较大且分布均匀,主要为80～100 m;储层具备封隔性,Ⅰ类含气区连续分布,含气性较好。研究区成藏特征优良,有利区可供后续工作参考。     

中国南方海相页岩气保存机理及模式

保存条件是控制页岩气富集和高产的关键因素,我国四川盆地五峰组—龙马溪组页岩气已实现了商业化开发,但受到保存条件的影响,页岩气富集差异性明显,对勘探开发目标优选提出了挑战。因此,深化中国南方海相页岩气保存机理及模式研究对扩大页岩气勘探开发成效、提高页岩气产量具有重要意义。本文以四川盆地及周缘地区五峰组—龙马溪组页岩为研究对象,应用盆地模拟、流体包裹体分析、覆压孔隙度和渗透率实验、页岩三轴岩石力学测试等技术方法,取得了3方面认识：(1)揭示了页岩气构造保存机理,构造演化控制了页岩微裂缝开启、游离气富集和地层超压发育,差异构造演化过程及强度控制了页岩气赋存状态及含气量,构造抬升开始晚、强度小对页岩气保存有利;(2)阐明了页岩气顶底板封闭机理为岩性和物性封闭,岩性致密、页岩厚度、微观孔隙结构是顶底板封闭的关键控制因素,页岩气自封闭机理为毛管力和分子间作用力封闭,受控于孔隙连通性和甲烷吸附作用;(3)基于埋深和构造变形强度,建立了海相页岩气正向构造高部位和负向构造低部位保存模式。正向构造页岩气保存受控于裂缝发育程度,埋深大于页岩破裂深度、背斜两翼夹角大于120°有利于页岩气保存,负向构造页岩气保...     

大地电磁测深在固市凹陷基底探测与氦气勘探中的应用

为了研究固市凹陷深部基底结构特征、为氦等天然气选区评价提供依据,在固市凹陷布置了D1和D2两条大地电磁测深剖面,开展大地电磁测深及综合解释评价工作。本次研究首先对固市凹陷的大地电磁测深剖面的电性特征进行定性分析,再结合二维地震剖面进行约束对其进行定量解释,划分出固市凹陷的主要地层及埋深,确定了新生界张家坡组为氦等天然气资源储集有利层位的深度和厚度。根据本次研究结果显示,大地电磁测深反演结果与地震勘探解释结果相吻合,有效反映了固市凹陷深部地层构造的真实形态,为进一步研究固市凹陷基底结构特征和氦气勘探提供借鉴。     

柴达木盆地德令哈坳陷石炭系页岩气系统评价

石炭系是柴达木盆地油气勘探的新层系,油气勘探程度低,但发育厚度大的高有机质丰度泥页岩,具有很好的页岩气资源潜力。通过对德令哈坳陷石炭系露头剖面进行实测和钻井岩心分析,明确石炭系泥页岩空间展布特征。测定样品有机地球化学参数、孔渗特征,并且进行等温吸附和渗流实验,分析其储集特征。结合德参1井盆地模拟分析,研究石炭系页岩气成藏事件,划分德令哈坳陷石炭系页岩气系统。研究表明：石炭系泥页岩广泛发育,埋深较大但未发生变质;泥页岩有机质丰度较高,有机质类型主要为Ⅱ2型和Ⅲ型,处于成熟-高成熟演化阶段;上石炭统泥页岩发育优于下石炭统;泥页岩表现为低孔低渗特征,孔隙度在1.89%~5.48%,渗透率为(0.115~2.7)×10-7 μm2;上覆地层发育厚层泥页岩可以提供良好的盖层条件;古近纪末-现今为页岩气系统形成的关键时期;上石炭统克鲁克组钻遇天然气显示,证实了德令哈坳陷石炭系页岩气系统的存在。在泥页岩厚度、埋深、TOC含量、成熟度等条件综合评价基础上,将德令哈坳陷划分为德令哈页岩气系统与埃北页岩气系统。     

音频大地电磁测深在江西修武盆地页岩气目标层研究中的应用

介绍了音频大地电磁测深法在探测修武盆地页岩气目标层黑色泥页岩中的应用效果,利用AMT探测得到的电阻率断面,从深至浅划分了5个电性层,查清了罗洞向斜地层结构和断裂构造的发育特征;根据黑色泥页岩相对围岩的低阻特征,查清了黑色泥页岩目标层的埋深、厚度及展布特征,在罗洞向斜核部,页岩气目标层埋深大约1 000 m,目标层厚160~200 m。AMT探测结果为修武盆地页岩气远景预测及评价、页岩气探井的部署提供了重要依据。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.