冀北张家口地区同构造沉积过程及其与褶皱-逆冲作用耦合

"燕山运动"年代和燕山构造带侏罗纪的构造性质仍存在着争论.燕山山间盆地沉积地层记录了燕山运动的活动历史及盆地构造性质,开展盆-山系统同构造沉积及其构造控制关系研究,准确确定地层年代,重新建立年代地层格架是进一步揭示燕山侏罗纪至早白垩世构造变形机制、变形年代的有效途径.本文通过对燕山西段与太行山北段交接部位的冀北张家口地区褶皱-逆冲带与山间沉积盆地的构造和沉积结合研究表明,研究区沉积盆地中发育的所谓"侏罗纪地层"可能为晚三叠世-早侏罗世、中侏罗世和晚侏罗世-早白垩世早期地层;受生长褶皱-逆冲构造控制,在褶皱-逆冲带边缘形成褶皱前渊型、逆冲前渊型、断展褶皱型、断弯褶皱型及断弯褶皱与断展褶皱复合型生长地层;重建的由褶皱-逆冲带与挠曲盆地构成的晚三叠世-早侏罗世、中侏罗世、晚侏罗世和早白垩世早期的"源-汇"系统反映了燕山运动在研究区起始于中侏罗世;在晚侏罗世晚期-早白垩世早期至少发生了3次褶皱-逆冲事件,形成了基底卷入式褶皱-逆冲构造和小型山间挠曲盆地;基底卷入式褶皱-逆冲带与挠曲盆地"对"的自东向西迁移,可能受控于西太平洋"平板式"前进俯冲作用.     

燕山构造带西段千家店盆地生长构造与生长地层

Izanagi板块在晚中生代向NW前进式俯冲于欧亚板块东部之下,诱发形成了燕山构造带一系列挤压构造,然而构造的具体形成时间以及弥散分布于燕山构造带的山间盆地的控盆构造属性、构造活动与沉积作用之间的相互关系依然存在着较大的争议.本文基于对北京北部千家店盆地上侏罗统-下白垩统土城子组的沉积作用、物源及盆缘、盆内构造的精细研究,认为:千家店盆地西缘发育断展褶皱型生长构造与生长地层,土城子组第二段顶部和第三段地层在盆地西缘生长,它们受控于翼部旋转模式的断展褶皱作用;千家店盆地内发育的两条小型逆冲断层,均表现为盆地基底下马岭组逆冲于土城子组地层之上,可能控制了断弯褶皱型生长地层的发育;盆地"源-汇"过程分析表明,尚义-平泉断裂上盘基底地层为千家店盆地晚侏罗世-早白垩世早期地层的主要物源区;断展褶皱型生长地层底界面处火山岩获得的最年轻的一组锆石206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为(140.8±2.4)Ma,它可能代表了断展褶皱型生长构造活动的起始时间.千家店盆地断展褶皱型生长构造和生长地层的发现,证明了千家店盆地早白垩世早期是受控于褶皱-逆冲作用的山间挠曲盆地.近E-W向的尚义-平泉断裂与NE向的千家店逆冲断层和盆内的两条逆冲断层可能构成一个统一的右行走滑式逆冲构造系统,共同控制了千家店盆地土城子组的沉积,其构造作用可能与侏罗纪至早白垩世初Izanagi板块向NW的前进式平板俯冲有关.     

中国西南思茅地体中部白垩纪古地磁结果及陆内地壳变形特征

对我国西南地区思茅地体中部巍山和五印地区白垩纪地层进行了详细的岩石磁学和古地磁研究,获得了两个地区的高温剩磁分量并通过了褶皱检验.巍山剖面特征剩磁方向为Ds=64.3°,Is=48.5°,k=54.6,α95=4.7°;五印剖面特征剩磁方向为Ds=15.4°,Is=44.8°,k=212.0,α95=4.6°.通过思茅地体磁偏角变化与兰坪—思茅褶皱带构造线迹变化的相关性分析,确定思茅地体内部差异性旋转变形受控于思茅地体弧形构造带的形成和演化.通过青藏高原东南缘走滑断裂带活动年代分析,确定兰坪—思茅褶皱带蜂腰构造部位形成于两期构造事件,早期构造变形与东喜马拉雅构造结北北东向挤压缩进有关,后期构造变形与川滇微地块发生顺时针旋转时南向挤出运动有关.以华南板块稳定区白垩纪古地磁极为参考极,计算得出巍山和五印相对于华南板块分别发生了10.5°±6.0°和3.8°±4.9°的南向运移量.通过选取思茅地体内部构造形态较稳定的巍山和普洱地区白垩纪古地磁极为参考极,计算得出五印相对于巍山和普洱分别发生了3.4°±5.0°和3.1°±5.4°的北向纬向运移,表明五印和和巍山之间自印亚碰撞以来经历了较大规模的北向地壳缩短变形作用.     

南海北部新生代盆地基底结构及构造属性

基于南海北部钻井资料、华南沿海地质特征、覆盖珠江口盆地和琼东南盆地的地震长剖面解释,将南海北部盆地基底结构划分为前震旦系、震旦系-下古生界、上古生界和中生界4个构造层,论述了各个构造层的分布范围和分布规律,揭示了各个构造层的构造属性.南海北部盆地广泛分布前震旦纪结晶基底,它与华夏地块前震旦纪结晶基底联为一体,组成更大规模的陆块——华夏-南海北部陆块.震旦系-下古生界广泛分布于南海北部,是华南加里东褶皱带向海域的自然延伸,沉积物来源于东海南部-台湾、中西沙、云开古隆起和一些小的基底隆起区,南海北部加里东褶皱带与华南相连,组成范围更为辽阔的褶皱带.上古生界构造层分布在北部湾盆地和台西南盆地基底中,由稳定的陆表海沉积所组成,珠江口盆地和琼东南盆地基底在晚古生代属于古隆起,缺失上古生界构造层.中晚侏罗世-白垩纪地层分布及沉积环境具有东西分异特征,台西南盆地基底中发育有海相和海陆交互相沉积,火山活动不明显;珠江口盆地东部基底以海相和海陆过渡相为主,火山活动较强烈;珠江口盆地西部和琼东南盆地基底以早白垩世陆相火山-沉积为主;北部湾、莺歌海盆地基底以上白垩统陆相红色碎屑岩为主.中生界基底中北东向花岗质火山-侵入杂岩、火山-沉积盆地、褶皱、断裂与华南沿海陆域具有相似的时空分布、地质特征及构造属性,它们属于同一岩浆-沉积-构造体系,反映了晚中生代构造层形成于活动大陆边缘背景中.在基底结构及构造属性研究的基础上,编制了南海北部盆地基底不同时期古地理图.     

中国西南思茅地体中部白垩纪古地磁结果及陆内地壳变形特征

对我国西南地区思茅地体中部巍山和五印地区白垩纪地层进行了详细的岩石磁学和古地磁研究,获得了两个地区的高温剩磁分量并通过了褶皱检验.巍山剖面特征剩磁方向为Ds=64.3°,Is=48.5°,k=54.6,α₉₅=4.7°;五印剖面特征剩磁方向为Ds=15.4°,Is=44.8°,k=212.0,α₉₅=4.6°.通过思茅地体磁偏角变化与兰坪-思茅褶皱带构造线迹变化的相关性分析,确定思茅地体内部差异性旋转变形受控于思茅地体弧形构造带的形成和演化.通过青藏高原东南缘走滑断裂带活动年代分析,确定兰坪-思茅褶皱带蜂腰构造部位形成于两期构造事件,早期构造变形与东喜马拉雅构造结北北东向挤压缩进有关,后期构造变形与川滇微地块发生顺时针旋转时南向挤出运动有关.以华南板块稳定区白垩纪古地磁极为参考极,计算得出巍山和五印相对于华南板块分别发生了10.5°±6.0°和3.8°±4.9°的南向运移量.通过选取思茅地体内部构造形态较稳定的巍山和普洱地区白垩纪古地磁极为参考极,计算得出五印相对于巍山和普洱分别发生了3.4°±5.0°和3.1°±5.4°的北向纬向运移,表明五印和和巍山之间自印亚碰撞以来经历了较大规模的北向地壳缩短变形作用.     

东海的来历

东海是中国东部的大型边缘海,具有复杂的陆架盆地、特殊的沉积构成,以及西太平洋陆缘典型的沟-弧-盆构造体系,记录了大量大陆边缘演化、盆地形成和环境气候演变的信息.研究表明,在晚白垩世之前,华南大陆以东并无东海,而是古太平洋相伴.晚白垩世之后原始的东海开始形成,其后漫长的地质历史时期先后经历了晚白垩世至早始新世的被动陆缘阶段,以及中始新世以来的太平洋板块和菲律宾海板块两期俯冲和弧后扩张,奠定了现今东海西部为水深小的宽陆架,东部为水深较大的冲绳海槽的构造格局.现代的东海是在末次冰期(1 5 k a B P)之后形成的,海平面的变迁塑造了现代东海的海底地貌.     

川东弧形带三维构造扩展的AFT记录

对川东弧形褶皱带北段、中段和南段的三条剖面,进行了7件样品的磷灰石裂变径迹(AFT)测试,结合前人已发表的4件样品,分析模拟了主要背斜的隆升－剥露热历史.结果表明川东弧形带主体构造变形时间为135→65 Ma,即早白垩世早期到晚白垩世晚期.进而建立并对比了三条剖面的构造变形时序,揭示出川东弧形带的三维构造扩展历史:(1) 平行于构造线走向,表现为从中心向两翼的构造扩展,弧形带中段的构造变形最早,起始时间为早白垩世早期(约135 Ma),北段和南段的变形较晚,起始时间为早白垩世晚期(约100 Ma);(2) 垂直于构造线走向,在弧形带北段和中段均表现为由东向西的构造扩展,而在弧形带南段,由于受到前缘华蓥山断裂的影响,表现为自西向东的变形时序.川东弧形带的三维构造扩展历史暗示了"弯山构造"的成因模式,以及华蓥山先存断裂对弧形构造的限制作用.     

吐鲁番山间盆地早白垩世岩石的磁组构和古地磁新结果

为进一步认识天山褶皱带及其南北两侧块体在印度板块和欧亚大陆始新世碰撞前的古构造格局, 揭示该地区在印度/欧亚大陆碰撞后的总的运动学特征, 我们在中国西部的吐鲁番山间盆地内开展了系统的白垩纪古地磁研究. 经系统热退磁, 绝大多数样品可分离出一具双极性特征的高温剩磁分量. 热退磁特征和岩石磁学结果表明这一高温特征分量主要为赤铁矿所携带. 正的褶皱和倒转检验结果表明此高温特征分量为成岩时或稍后获得的原生剩磁. 与中国西部各块体上所获得的白垩纪古地磁结果相类似, 吐鲁番山间盆地的早白垩世古地磁结果相对于稳定的欧亚大陆之间仍存在一定的倾角偏差. 但磁组构研究表明吐鲁番盆地早白垩世胜金口组砂岩不仅具有较弱的磁化率各向异性度, 且磁化率各向异性度与高温特征剩磁倾角之间几乎没有相关性. 由吐鲁番盆地早白垩世古地磁极与塔里木和准噶尔地块的结果及稳定欧亚大陆的古地磁视极移曲线相对比, 发现吐鲁番山间盆地在新生代印度板块的碰撞和持续挤压下相对于其南侧的塔里木地块未发生明显的构造运动; 但相对于其北侧的准噶尔地块和欧亚大陆之间可能存在明显的南北向构造缩短.     

巴布亚新几内亚构造演化与找矿潜力

巴布亚新几内亚在大地构造位置上位于欧亚板块、印度-澳大利亚板块和太平洋板块的结合部位.本文介绍了自晚白垩世以来巴布亚新几内亚经历的复杂地质构造演化过程,不同板块间的汇聚、碰撞、俯冲和拆离、扩张等地质作用形成了以区内南部克拉通、中部褶皱带及北部岛弧带为特点的地质构造单元,在区内形成了具有活动大陆边缘特色的成矿系统,对寻找以斑岩型和浅成低温热液型铜金矿、红土型镍矿为主要成矿类型具有重要意义.     

南海北部潮汕坳陷上白垩统盆地原型及其大地构造背景分析

潮汕坳陷MZ-1井揭示的中生界为深入分析南海北部晚中生代的构造演化提供了关键性的资料.基于MZ-1井的标定,开展了系统的地震剖面构造-地层解释,在中生代地层内识别出Tm30区域性不整合面,同位素定年确定该界面发育于早白垩世末至晚白垩世初,落实了潮汕坳陷上白垩统的分布.此外,在研究区西南部识别出大型的兴宁—东沙逆冲推覆带,主要由多条NW—SE向延伸、西倾的叠瓦状逆冲断层及其伴生的不对称褶皱组成,其明显控制了上白垩统厚度分布.由此可见,上白垩统构造层不具有张裂盆地的典型特征,因此南海北部主动陆缘向被动陆缘的转换不会早于晚白垩世末.研究认为,在南海地区特提斯残留洋盆关闭的总背景下,在约80 Ma时期,南海地块与华南陆块强烈碰撞挤压,在靠近碰撞带处的礼乐滩、潮汕坳陷西南部形成褶皱冲断构造体系,进而控制了潮汕坳陷晚白垩世周缘前陆盆地的发育.     

琼中地震台重力仪记录同震响应特征分析

2013年2月6-8日圣克鲁斯群岛发生6次强震,琼中地震台的重力仪记录都有同震响应出现。本文从重力仪记录的面波的延迟时间、最大变形幅度、同震持续时间3个方面研究了6次强震的同震响应特征。     

Contribution to the knowledge of the magmatic evolution by the study of the variation of the coefficient of viscosity

The determination of the coefficient of viscosity of eruptive products gives useful elements to the knowledge of possible variations of composition and physical conditions of the magmas.     

On the Mechanism of the Secular Tidal Acceleration of the Solid Inner Core and the Viscosity of the Liquid Core

As is known, the secular deceleration of the Earth's diurnal rotation is explained mainly by the tidal friction in the ocean. Below we consider this mechanism in some detail, taking into account also elastic deformations of the mantle under the action of ocean loading and the interaction between the tide-generating body, ocean tidal wave, liquid outer core, and solid inner core. It is shown that elastic displacements of the core-mantle boundary under the action of ocean loading are of about the same amplitude and phase as the elastic loading displacements of the Earth's outer surface. As a result, side by side with the mechanism of secular deceleration of diurnal rotation of the mantle, there are also (1) the opposite mechanism of secular acceleration of diurnal rotation of the outer liquid core and of the solid inner core and (2) the mechanism of excitation of differential rotation in the liquid core. Taking these effects into account, we compare theoretical and modern observed data on the eastward drift of the solid inner core. It is shown that the best agreement may be obtained if the turbulent viscosity of the liquid core is about 2 × 10 ³ Poise     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

Pictorial Series of the Manifestations of the Dynamics of the Earth

Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica -     

动水压力对深水桥墩地震响应影响的研究综述

地震激励下处于深水中的桥墩和周围水体的相互作用将对桥梁结构的动力响应产生较大影响。首先对地震作用下水-桥墩的相互作用理论做了概括,给出了动水压力对桥墩的作用效应及各自的适用范围;对主要的三种考虑流固耦合效应的分析方法做了对比,探讨了地震作用下影响水-结构相互作用的主要因素,并对今后的研究提出了建议。     

Evolution of the Source of the Active Region of the Sun

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The magnetic evolution of the active region of the Sun at the level of the photosphere has been studied. Magnetic synoptic maps of the 2007 Kitt Peak Observatory were...     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

Study of the Influence of the Indirect Effect of Ocean Tides and of the Direct Deformation Effect of the Atmosphere on the Results of GPS Observations

The geodynamic interpretation of the results of GPS observations among the permanently operating stations which establish the frame for defining and conserving the coordinate system and simultaneously for describing the fundamental tendencies of dynamics in the area represented by them, should be deprived of the effects of geodynamic phenomena, which can be either periodic or short-term (even non-periodic) so that secular changes may be found. Some of these influences are included in scientific processing software, others have to be modelled later. The purpose of this project is to determine the influences of the indirect effect of ocean tides and the direct deformational effect of the atmosphere on the results of GPS observations, performed at stations Pecný (Czech Republic), Wettzell (FRG) and Graz (Austria), and also for the GPS stations of the Central Europe Regional Geodynamic Project (CERGOP) in the region of Central and East Europe. On the basis of analyses and results it is possible to claim that at the present accuracy of GPS observations the influence of ocean loading and atmospheric pressure effects for geodynamic campaigns in the region of the Czech Republic is negligible. For campaigns in larger regions (i.e. Central Europe) atmospheric corrections will have to be applied to height differences. These corrections, however, due to their periodicity have negligible influence on secular changes.