四川黑水卡龙沟钙华形成影响因素

四川黑水卡龙沟的地貌是典型的高寒岩溶作用下形成的钙华堆积地貌,其钙华堆积量巨大且钙华景观类型丰富,享有"中国苔藓泉华世界"之美誉。与黄龙的钙华景观相比,卡龙沟的钙华景观表面多覆盖有大量的藻类、苔藓等植物,形成了丰富的生物钙华景观。钙华的形成通常是岩石、水、大气、生物等多方面相互作用的结果。通过对卡龙沟钙华体形成造成影响的因素进行列举并适度分析,望有关认识能对今后卡龙沟钙华的进一步研究提供依据。     

世界自然遗产黄龙钙华景观的地质分析

四川省松潘县黄龙是世界自然遗产,以秀美的自然景色、巨型的钙华堆积闻名于世.黄龙所处的岷山地区位于喜马拉雅期是构造活动地区,更新世以来不断隆起,成为现代隆起高山区.在更新世,山岳冰川广布全区,进入全新世,区内发育现代冰川,因而留下了冰蚀地貌和大量冰积物.黄龙的钙华来源于大气降水下渗形成的喀斯特水,该地下水以断层泉方式转为地表迳流,在沿沟向下流动过程中形成了钙华堆积,正是这种不断变化的钙华堆积呈现出绚丽的钙华风貌.钙华的堆积地貌有钙华池、钙华滩和钙华瀑布,溶蚀地貌有钙华洞穴,其钙华景观至今仍是处于不断变化中.     

达古冰山地质公园地质遗迹资源及地学意义

达古冰山地质公园以现代山地冰川地貌景观为核心,辅以古冰川冰蚀地貌、冰碛地貌和冰水堆积地貌景观,融类型丰富、规模宏大的地表碳酸盐岩钙华堆积地貌、各类水体景观和构造地质遗迹资源为一体。通过对各类地质遗迹进行分析,探讨了地质公园地质遗迹资源地学意义。研究表明,该地质公园在冰川地质学、第四纪地质学、地貌学、岩溶地质学、和岩石学等方面都具有极高的科学研究价值和极为典型的地学科普意义。     

达古冰山地质公园地质遗迹资源及地学意义

达古冰山地质公园以现代山地冰川地貌景观为核心,辅以古冰川冰蚀地貌、冰碛地貌和冰水堆积地貌景观,融类型丰富、规模宏大的地表碳酸盐岩钙华堆积地貌、各类水体景观和构造地质遗迹资源为一体。通过对各类地质遗迹进行分析,探讨了地质公园地质遗迹资源地学意义。研究表明,该地质公园在冰川地质学、第四纪地质学、地貌学、岩溶地质学、和岩石学等方面都具有极高的科学研究价值和极为典型的地学科普意义。     

川西北地区典型钙华景观钙华中重金属元素空间分布特征及物源解析北大核心CSCD

钙华作为陆相碳酸盐沉积的一种,一直以来被认为是高分辨古气候重建的重要载体,为探究不同区域沉积的钙华中重金属元素含量及来源是否存在差别,本研究选取黄龙、神仙池、卡龙沟等典型钙华景观为研究区,分别测定了钙华中Cr,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Rb,Sr,Ba,Pb,Hg,U等11种重金属元素含量以及Ca,Mg两种常量元素的含量,并通过PMF模型对钙华中重金属元素的可能来源进行解析。Mg/Ca比值的差异表明不同区域形成钙华的基岩组分不同,Rb/Sr比值大小依次为黄龙>卡龙沟>神仙池,基岩风化过程产生的颗粒物在黄龙的钙华沉积中占比更高。钙华中风化产生的颗粒物组分存在显著性差异。重金属元素含量整体表现出黄龙>神仙池>卡龙沟的趋势,且三个区域大部分的重金属元素都在沟口显著升高,重金属元素含量的升高可能受人为活动的影响。总体来说,三个区域钙华中重金属元素含量处于较低水平,生态危害较弱。PMF模型结果表明,钙华中重金属元素可能来源大气沉降、地下泉水汇入的地质背景源以及地表径流输入。黄龙钙华中的大部分重金属元素以地表径流源为主,神仙池则以地质背景源为主,不同来源对卡龙沟钙华的大部分重金属元素的贡献相近。然而,钙华中重金属元素来源极其复杂,如需厘清其来源仍需要开展更为系统的研究工作。     

黄龙景区水循环系统与景观演化研究

黄龙景观的形成演化受景区水循环系统控制。本文研究表明,黄龙景区水系统由后沟地表水系统、钙华源泉地下水系统和核心景区水循环转化系统三部分组成。其中,后沟地表水系统对景观形成与演化主要是水量的贡献,钙华源泉则提供了钙华沉积的物质来源,两者混合后构成景观补给水源并在核心景区经多次转化形成二次转化系统。二次转化系统又分为四个转化段及相应的四个钙华沉积和景观演化段。     

国内外钙华岩溶景观的研究进展与展望

利用计量学软件Citespace处理分析2008-2020年间国内外文献,揭示钙华研究在基于同位素技术的钙华成因、钙华景观特点及地貌演化、钙华生物成因和钙华景观退化等方面取得的重要研究进展,阐明了全球钙华景观的分布、特点、物质组成、成因类型及典型钙华景观退化的现状和原因,推动了钙华自然遗产景观的保护及钙华研究的国际合作。目前,急需加强钙华内生动力与外生动力的复合作用、微生物对钙华沉积的耦合作用、钙华景观退化的微观结构表现等方面的基础研究及钙华景观生态修复保育关键技术的研发。      

四川黄龙钙华藻类及其生物岩溶作用

从探索黄龙钙华的生物成因角度出发,对黄龙钙华藻类进行了采集、鉴定和分析,并对钙华藻类的生物岩溶作用做了初步探讨。研究得出黄龙钙华藻类分属于4门19属86种,优势种属为Tolypothrix属、Gloeocapsa属和Cymbella属。黄龙景区不同环境区域的优势藻类有所不同,藻类参与的碳酸盐沉积在不同岩溶景观中所起作用也有所差异。其中蓝藻参与的碳酸盐沉积主要表现于黄龙钙华坝景观的形成过程中,由硅藻参与碳酸盐沉积主要表现于斜坡滩华景观的形成过程中。藻类既能在钙华形成过程中发挥作用,藻类的生长也能侵蚀破坏钙华景观,在长期缺乏岩溶水补给的条件下,藻类对钙华景观的破坏性尤为突出。      

青藏高原东缘九寨沟高寒钙华分类与命名

九寨沟钙华景观不仅有着独特的旅游与美学价值,在古气候、古灾害、古地震/活动构造、高原隆升以及人类世等研究中也能提供重要的地质档案。无论从旅游与科普的角度,还是从科学研究出发,开展钙华分类研究必然是前提、也是基础。基于地球系统科学理论,从物质来源到沉积环境,分析了无机和有机对钙华沉积的控制因素,按照相（分为亚相、微相）、类（分为大类、亚类）的沉积特征对钙华进行了分类,划分依据是:沉积环境决定了水动力条件与生物参与度,进而形成了千变万化的钙华沉积形态,最终架构了丰富多彩的钙华景观。所划分的结构—成因类型对“九寨沟式钙华”的科学研究有重要指导意义;从旅游与科普角度开展的钙华地貌—形态分类,可为大众旅游、科普以及管理部门提供更高的辨识度及生态保育参考。      

钙华生物沉积作用研究进展与展望

弄清钙华生物沉积作用有助于更好地理解钙华微岩相结构和地球化学特征的气候环境指示意义。总结和综述了与钙华沉积相关的生物群落、生物成因钙华微岩相结构、钙华生物沉积作用过程及其对钙华地球化学特征影响的研究进展,并展望了未来的研究重点。细菌、藻类和苔藓等广泛参与到钙华沉积中,形成了许多不同类型的孔隙结构、晶体结构和纹层结构。生物沉积过程主要包括:①生物生长扰动水流使得CO2逸出;②代谢作用(如光合作用)过程诱导碳酸钙沉积;③"表面控制"过程影响晶体成核及生长。生物沉积作用驱动了元素的迁移转化,对沉积水体和钙华地球化学特征具有重要影响。钙华在地球生物学研究中具有重要潜力,未来需要加强现代钙华沉积中的物理化学和生物过程相互作用机制及其各自贡献的量化研究,以便准确地解译钙华沉积记录。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).