复方中草药对吉富罗非鱼生长及肠道菌群的影响

将A、B、C三种复方中草药分别按质量分数1.5%的比例添加到罗非鱼商品饲料中,喂养初始体重约16.58±0.48g的吉富罗非罗28d,通过测定罗非鱼的增重率、饲料系数、肠道菌群等指标,研究三种复方中草药制剂对罗非鱼生长性能及肠道菌群的影响。结果显示:三种复方中草药制剂对罗非鱼的增重率、成活率、饲料系数等生长性能指标虽无显著影响(P>0.05),但与对照组相比,添加1.5%的复方中草药制剂C可使吉富罗非鱼的增重率提高10.82%,饲料系数降低4.71%,蛋白质效率提高15.68%;三种复方中草药制剂均可显著促进罗非鱼肠道细菌、双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌的生长(P<0.05),C方中草药制剂还可显著抑制大肠杆菌生长(P<0.05)。结果表明,C方中草药制剂可显著促进罗非鱼肠道中乳酸杆菌等有益菌群的增殖,抑制大肠杆菌生长,从而有效促进罗非鱼生长。     

苯酚对奥尼罗非鱼非特异性免疫指标的影响

采用水体中常见污染物——苯酚对奥尼罗非鱼进行刺激,研究不同浓度苯酚对奥尼罗非鱼非特异性免疫功能的影响。奥尼罗非鱼分别暴露于0.005、0.025、0.125、0.625、3.125 mg/L等5个浓度的苯酚中8周,每两周采集抗凝血液和血清,用于检测非特异性免疫指标。结果表明:暴露于低浓度苯酚组(0.005 mg/L和0.025 mg/L)的奥尼罗非鱼NBT(氯化硝基四氮唑蓝)阳性细胞数等非特异性免疫指标相对于对照组无显著性差异(P>0.05),中浓度苯酚组(0.125 mg/L和0.625 mg/L)和高浓度苯酚组(3.125mg/L)对罗非鱼非特异性免疫指标的影响存在显著的时间效应和剂量效应(P<0.05),可减少NBT阳性细胞数、抑制超氧化物歧化酶活力和抗菌活力;促使溶菌酶活力和溶菌酶含量先升后降。表明中高浓度苯酚组对奥尼罗非鱼具有明显的免疫毒性。     

五倍子对凡纳滨对虾生长、抗氧化、非特异性免疫及肠道结构的影响

【目的】研究五倍子（Galla chinensis,GC）对凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeus vannamei）幼虾生长性能、抗氧化能力、非特异性免疫能力及肠道组织结构的影响。【方法】在基础饲料中,分别添加质量分数0.00%（对照组）、0.02%(GC2)和0.04%的五倍子（GC4）,配制成3组等氮等脂饲料,投喂3组初始体质量（0.40±0.00）g的幼虾56 d,测定幼虾生长性能、抗氧化、非特异性免疫及肠道组织结构的相关指标。【结果】GC添加组对虾的增重率和特定生长率均显著高于对照组（P <0.05）,饲料系数均显著低于对照组（P <0.05）;添加组全虾体粗蛋白质均显著高于对照组（P <0.05）。随着GC添加量增加,血清甘油三酯含量逐渐下降,且GC4组显著低于对照组（P <0.05）,胆固醇含量、谷草转氨酶及谷丙转氨酶活性与对照组无显著差异（P> 0.05）。添加组肝胰腺超氧化物歧化酶、酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶及溶菌酶活性均显著高于对照组（P <0.05）且两添加组间差异不显著（P> 0.05）。添加组碱性磷酸酶活性和总抗氧化能力显著高...     

抗菌肽对凡纳滨对虾生长和机体免疫的影响

基础饲料(对照组)中添加10g/kg抗菌肽制剂喂养体重0.10±0.01g、体长2.17±0.11cm的凡纳滨对虾(Penaeus vannamei)30d,进行10d的水浴攻毒(鳗弧菌10~8/mL),探讨饲料中添加抗菌肽对凡纳滨虾生长、成活率、免疫保护率,以及肌肉中溶菌酶活性、超氧化物歧化酶活性、总抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明:饲料中添加抗菌肽可显著提高凡纳滨对虾相对增重率、成活率和对致病菌的免疫保护率(P<0.05),但对饲料系数无显著影响(P>0.05);未受外界微生物刺激时,饲料中添加抗菌肽对凡纳滨对虾总抗氧化能力有促进作用(P<0.05),受外界微生物刺激后,饲料中添加抗菌肽喂养凡纳滨对虾可提高对虾超氧化物歧化酶活性(P<0.05)和总抗氧化能力(P<0.01)。因此饲料中添加抗菌肽喂养凡纳滨对虾可提高其机体非特异性免疫。     

凡纳滨对虾含酪氨酸酶结构域血蓝蛋白的免疫功能

【目的】克隆凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)一种新的含酪氨酸酶结构域血蓝蛋白(Tyrosinase-domain containing hemocyanin,TDCH),研究其免疫功能。【方法】根据NCBI上公布的tdch基因序列设计克隆引物,通过RT-PCR方法获得tdch的编码区;采用生物信息学方法分析tdch的结构特征;使用荧光定量PCR技术分析tdch在凡纳滨对虾12个组织中的表达,以及在副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphhylococcu saureus)、黑曲霉菌(Aspergillus niger)、白斑综合征病毒、脂多糖及聚肌苷酸-聚胞苷酸[Poly(I:C)]刺激后在鳃和血细胞中的表达变化;利用RNAi技术敲降tdch在对虾中的表达,研究其在对虾抗副溶血弧菌免疫中的作用。【结果与结论】克隆获得tdch的编码区全长,编码551氨基酸的蛋白,理论分子质量为63.37 ku,等电点为7.74;tdch除含有血蓝蛋白结构域以外,还含有酪氨酸酶Tyrosinase结构域;tdch在对虾肌肉、肝胰腺、鳃、...     

水体中NH3—N对建鲤非特异性免疫功能的影响

用０．１、０．５、１．０、２．０和５．０ｍｇ／Ｌ ＮＨ３－Ｎ分别刺激建鲤１０ｄ后,测定了建鲤非特异性免疫指标,估测不同浓度的ＮＨ３－Ｎ对建鲤非特异性免疫指标的影响。０．１、０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ的ＮＨ３－Ｎ对建鲤ＮＢＴ阳性细胞、溶菌酶活性无影响,１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ的ＮＨ３－Ｎ可使ＮＢＴ阳性细胞数和溶菌酶活性降低,而２．０和５．０ｍｇ／Ｌ则使ＮＢＴ阳性细胞数和溶菌酶活性显著下降（Ｐ〈０．０５）。这些结果表明水体中０．１、０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ的ＮＨ３－Ｎ对建鲤非特异性免疫功能无影响,１．０ｍｇ／Ｌ的ＮＨ３－Ｎ略有影响,而２．０和５．０ｍｇ／Ｌ的ＮＨ３－Ｎ则明显降低了建鲤的非特异性免疫功能。     

壳寡糖对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长性能、非特异性免疫及血液学指标的影响

用添加质量分数0.00(对照组)、0.10%、0.30%、0.50%和0.70%壳寡糖的饲料饲喂初始体重(3.81±0.23)g的吉富罗非鱼幼鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)10周,研究不同浓度壳寡糖的添加对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼的生长、非特异性免疫功能以及血脂指标的影响。结果表明:与对照组相比,在4个不同浓度添加组中,添加质量分数0.50%壳寡糖能显著提高幼鱼的增重率(P<0.05)、特定生长率(P<0.05),并降低饲料系数(P<0.05);添加质量分数0.3%和0.5%壳寡糖能显著提高幼鱼抗嗜水气单胞菌感染的能力(P<0.01);添加质量分数0.10%、0.30%、0.50%壳寡糖能显著提高幼鱼血清中碱性磷酸酶活性(P<0.05)。同时,各浓度的壳寡糖均能明显提高幼鱼血清中溶菌酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性以及抗嗜水气单胞菌感染的能力(P<0.05),并降低幼鱼血清中总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平(P<0.05)。在本实验条件下,添加壳寡糖可提高吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长性能、饲料利用率、非特异性免疫功能和调节血脂水平,添加量以质量分数0.30%~0.50%为宜。     

大黄对凡纳滨对虾生长和非特异性免疫指标的影响

在凡纳滨对虾饲料中分别添加大黄0、0.5、1.0、5.0、10.0和20.0g/kg,研究大黄对凡纳滨对虾(初始体重为0.34±0.004g)生长及非特异性免疫指标的影响。结果表明,大黄对凡纳滨对虾成活率、增重率、特定生长率、饲料系数、蛋白质效率和蛋白质累积率的影响不显著(P>0.05),对全虾和尾肌肉的灰分、脂肪和粗蛋白含量影响显著,全虾的粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量以1.0g/kg组最高(P<0.05),对凡纳滨对虾血清碱性磷酸酶、酸性磷酸酶、酚氧化酶、超氧化物歧化酶、溶菌酶以及血清总蛋白量等的影响显著,溶菌酶活性以1.0g/kg组最高(P<0.05);细菌感染实验中以1.0g/kg组存活率最高(P<0.05)。以非特异性免疫反应指标及感染实验存活率为指标,凡纳滨对虾饲料中大黄的适宜添加量为1.0g/kg。     

褐藻酸寡糖对大菱鲆幼鱼生长性能、血液学指标及非特异性免疫影响

用添加质量分数为0.00%(对照组)、0.02%、0.05%、0.20%、0.50%褐藻酸寡糖(alginate oligosaccharides,AOS)的基础饲料饲养初始体质量为(17.61±0.16)g的大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)幼鱼10周,研究AOS不同添加量对大菱鲆幼鱼生长、血液学指标、非特异性免疫的影响。结果表明:与对照组相比,在4个不同添加量组中,增重率、特定生长率差异无统计学意义(P0.05);各组血液中白细胞含量均提高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),血红蛋白、红细胞压积及红细胞数差异无统计学意义(P0.05);血清中谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白含量降低,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05);0.02%、0.05%、0.20%组的血清中酸性磷酸酶活力高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),但超氧化物歧化酶、溶菌酶活力与对照组差异无统计学意义(P0.05),其中0.05%、0.20%组碱性磷酸酶明显高于对照组(P0.05);添加AOS组肝脏中的酸性磷酸酶活力以及超氧物歧化酶SOD活力与对照组相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05);攻毒试验发现,大菱鲆幼鱼对腹水病的疾病抵抗力随添加量的增加而升高。在本实验条件下,饲料中添加AOS对大菱鲆幼鱼生长性能和血液学指标并无显著影响,但可提高其非特异性免疫功能。建议添加量为质量分数0.05%。     

溶藻弧菌疫苗对凡纳滨对虾免疫功能的影响

应用溶藻弧菌疫苗饲喂凡纳滨对虾,测定了弧菌疫苗对凡纳滨对虾免疫指标的影响以及 疫苗的免疫保护作用。结果发现,投喂弧菌疫苗后,溶菌活力在12～20d内迅速增强,在20d时 活力达到最高,VF1组高于VF2和VF3组,但VF2和VF3之间差异不显著;凝集效价在投喂后的 第8天开始升高,在14d时达到最高,实验组的凝集活力均高于对照组,但实验组之间无明显的差 异;而超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力和溶血活力变化不明显。以每克饲料含疫苗细胞1.0×109、 1.0×108和1.0×107个的浓度投喂,对凡纳滨对虾的免疫保护率分别为66.7%、46.7%和13.3%。 可见弧菌疫苗对凡纳滨对虾的免疫保护率随疫苗浓度的增大而升高。     

Temperature-Dependent Fatty Acid Composition Change of Phospholipid in Steelhead Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Tissues

In this study, the changes of the fatty acid composition of phospholipid in different tissues(muscle, heart, brain and spleen) of steelhead trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss) were analyzed when the water temperature decreased gradually from 16 to 12℃℃, 8℃, 6℃, 4℃, 2 and 1℃℃. Three fish individuals each tank(average weight 70.32 g ± 9.12 g) were collected and used to analysis at each designed temperatures. At normal temperature(16℃), the fatty acid composition of phospholipid of muscle and heart was similar each other. The highest concentration of saturate fatty acids(SFA) was found in the phospholipid of spleen. The brain phospholipid contained higher oleic acid(18:1 n9) than the phospholipid of other tissues at 16℃. When the environmental temperature decreased, the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids of phospholipids in all tissues increased, and accordingly the ratio pf the unsaturated to saturated fatty acids(U/S) and unsaturation index(UI) increased, indicating that steelhead trout can compensate temperature-dependent changes in membrane fluidity by remodeling the fatty acid composition of phospholipids. The changes in the fatty acid composition of phospholipid were tissue-specific. At the early stages of the experiment(16 to 8℃℃), the fatty acid composition of phospholipid changed remarkably in muscle, heart, and spleen. When temperature decreased to less than 8℃, an obvious response of phospholipid fatty acid was observed in all tissues. The change of phospholipid composition of steelhead trout tissues may be affected by both cold stress and starvation when the temperature decreased to 2℃, and the change of phospholipid composition of muscle was very obvious.     

Effect of Stocking Density on Water Quality and(Growth,Body Composition and Plasma Cortisol Content) Performance of Pen-Reared Rainbow Trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)

The goal of the study was to examine the effect of stocking density on the water quality of culture area, as well as the growth, body composition and cortisol content of rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss). Pen-reared trout were stocked in densities of 40, 60, 80 fish individuals m~(-3)(4.6, 6.6, 8.6 kg m~(-3), SD1, SD2 and SD3 groups, respectively) for 300 days. Compared to the water from SD1 and SD2, that from SD3 exhibited significantly higher NH_4~+-N content and COD(chemical-oxygen-demand), and a significant reduction of dissolved oxygen in day 180(40.6 kg m~(-3)). Stocking density was significantly associated with body weight, standard length, VSI(viscerosomatic index), CF(condition factor) and FC(food coefficient) in group SD3, particularly in day 240 and day 300(45 or 49.3 kg m~(-3)). Increased crude fat and decreased crude protein were displayed in high density group when the density reached to 36 kg m~(-3). As a cumulative effect of density-related stress, VSI, CF, FC, moisture, and crude protein content varied over time in each density group(SD1, SD2, and SD3). In summary, trout exhibited a better growth performance in low density(26.3 kg m~(-3)) than those reared in high densities(36 and 45 kg m~(-3)). The results indicate that rainbow trout(114.44 g ± 6.21 g, 19.69 cm ± 0.31 cm) initially stocked in 6.6 or 8.6 kg m~(-3) should be lightened to less than 36 kg m~(-3) after an intensive rearing for 240 days.     

Comparisons of Salinity Adaptation in Terms of Growth,Body Composition,and Energy Budget in Juveniles of Rainbow and Steelhead Trouts (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

This study examined the effect of different salinities(0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30) on the growth performance and energy budget of juveniles of two different ecotypes of Oncorhynchus mykiss, landlocked rainbow trout and anadromous steelhead trout. In the 42 d experiment, fish were cultured in three replicate tanks per salinity treatment(eight fish per tank). At the end of the experiment, the growth of rainbow and steelhead trouts was significantly higher at salinities of 5 and 10, respectively, than at all other salinities. The protein, lipid and energy content of both ecotypes declined with the increase of salinity. Based on their energy budgets, the percentage of energy consumed for growth by rainbow and steelhead trouts were significantly higher at salinities of 5(34.00% ±1.69%) and 10(43.76% ± 1.29%), respectively, than at all other salinities. The percentage of energy consumed for respiration by rainbow and steelhead trouts was lower at salinities of 5(54.90% ± 1.77%) and 10(46.73% ± 0.62%), respectively, than at all other salinities. Our results indicated that the salinity adaptation ability of juvenile steelhead trout was slightly better than that of juvenile rainbow trout, and salinities of 10 and 5, respectively, were most suitable for growth of these two fishes.     

Effects of Hypoxia on Dopamine Concentration and the Immune Response of White Shrimp （Litopenaeus vannamei）

Effects of hypoxia on the dopamine concentration and the immune response of White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei were studied. The results showed that hypoxia had significant effects on the concentration of dopamine (DA) in the haemolymph, haemocyte count, phenoloxidase activity, phagocytic activity of haemocytes and bacteriolytic and antibacterial activity in the haemolvmph (P<0.05). The concentration of the dopamine in haemolymph reached its maximum in the 3.0 and 1.5mgL-1 DO groups at 12h and 6h, and then returned to normal after 24h and 12h, respectively. All immune parameters decreased with the reduction of dissolved oxygen. Total haemocyte count (THC), the hyaline cells and semi-granular cells in the 3.0mgL-1 DO group became stable after 12h,while granular cells did so after 24h, The THC and different haemocyte count (DHC) in the 1.5mgL-1 DO group became stable alter 24h. Phenoloxidase activity and bacteriolytic activity in the 3.0 and 1.5mgL-1 DO groups reached their stable levels after 24 h and 12 h respectively, while phagocytic activity and antibacterial activity became stable after 24 and 12, and 36 and 24 It, respec-tively. It was also indicated that the changes of dopamine concentrations in haemolymph, haemocyte count and phenoloxidase activ-ity were obviously related to the exposure time under hypoxic conditions.     

A study on pathogens of Chinese prawn (Penaeus Chinensis) virus diseases

This pathogenic study shows that the viral diseases of Chinese prawns (Penaeus chinensis, O'sbeck) is due to three kinds of viruses: epithelium envelope baculovirus ofPenaeus chinensis (EEBV-PC, detected by the authors in 1993), infections hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus, and hepatopancreatic parvo-like virus, and that the first two viruses seem to be the main pathogens of the epidemic in the northern regions in 1993.     

复合中草药对凡纳滨对虾生长和消化酶活力的影响

选用豆粕-鱼粉型饲料,分别添加0.0、0.5、1.0、2.0和4.0g·kg-1的复合中草药(CTMs),检测其促生长作用及其对消化酶活性的影响。结果显示,生长第1阶段:2组特殊生长率(SGR)、饲料系数(FCR)和蛋白质效率比(PER)均显著大于对照组(P<0.05),与余下三组差异不显著(P>0.05);2组、3组体长增长率(LGR)与对照组差异显著(P<0.05);2组、3组存活率与5组差异显著(P<0.05)、与对照组差异极显著(P<0.01);各组间相对增重率(RWG)和日生长速度(AGR)差异不显著(P>0.05)。生长第2阶段:2组AGR与对照组差异极显著(P<0.01),与其他三组差异不显著(P>0.05);2组、3组FCR分别与对照组差异显著(P<0.05)和差异极显著(P<0.01);2组、3组PER与对照组差异显著(P<0.05);和对照组相比,4组成活率提高显著(P<0.05),2组和3组提高极显著(P<0.01);RWG和LGR变化规律与第一阶段相似;各组间SGR无显著差异(P>0.05)。CTMs提高消化酶活性,对蛋白酶活性影响明显。     

Effect of Bacillus baekryungensis YD13 supplemented in diets on growth performance and immune response of sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus)

The effect of a potential probiotic on the growth performance and immune response of sea cucumber(Apostichopus japonicus) was investigated. Bacillus baekryungensis YD13 isolated from sea cucumber culturing ponds was added to sea cucumber basal feed as a probiotic in different doses(0, the control; 1×104(YD134), 1×106(YD136) and 1×108(YD138) CFU g-1 of diet), and administered orally to A. japonicus(initial mean wet weight 5.44 g ± 0.17 g). The sea cucumbers were fed in 20 aquaria, 5 each treatment, for 60 d. At the end of growth trial, 20 sea cucumbers from each treatment were challenged with Vibrio splendidus. A. japonicus in YD134 and YD136 exhibited significantly better growth performance than control(P 0.05). Five non-specific immune parameters including lysozyme, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, superoxide dismutase and catalase in coelomic fluid were measured to evaluate the immune response of A. japonicus to the probiotics. Results showed that all parameters were significantly improved when YD11 was supplemented in the dose of 1×106 CFU g-1(P 0.05). The cumulative incidence and mortality after the Vibrio splendidus challenge decreased significantly in sea cucumbers of YD136. Accordingly, 1×106 CFU g-1 of YD13 in diet was recommended for the growth promotion and immune enhancement of A. japonicus.