香樟树沟泥石流形成条件与动力学特征分析

汶川"5·12"大地震引发了大量的次生地质灾害,彭州市香樟树沟泥石流是其中之一。通过深入分析该泥石流的基本特征、形成条件基本上,计算评价了该泥石流的重度、流速、流量、冲出量等动力学参数,预测该泥石流的发展趋势,最后根据泥石流危险性和被保护对象的重要性,提出了相应的综合治理措施。     

甘肃舟曲三眼峪沟泥石流的形成条件与发展趋势

2010年8月8日,舟曲县城北侧三眼峪沟和罗家峪沟暴发的特大山洪泥石流,给舟曲县城人民生命财产造成了巨大损失。本文基于现场调查,分析了三眼峪沟泥石流的形成条件和未来泥石流的发展趋势。调查发现,独特的地形条件、极其丰富的固体物质储备和极端降雨条件,导致了"8.8"特大泥石流灾害。崩塌堆积体是三眼峪沟泥石流固体物质的最主要来源,受"8.8"泥石流的影响,沟内堆积物的稳定性进一步降低,一旦有强降雨发生,该沟很可能再次发生泥石流,并且泥石流的规模和活动性可能进一步增强。     

云南永胜县三道河泥石流活动特征及治理方案

叙述了云南省永胜县期纳镇三道河泥石流的发育特征、危害对象,并对该地区泥石流成因进行了分析。阐述了泥石流的形成条件,并对物源区物源条件等局部滑坡崩塌情况进行分析。描述并分析了泥石流诱发因素及形成机制。提出三道河泥石流以"拦固排护结合,以拦排为主"的治理方案,以保护三道河流域居民的生命财产安全。     

四川省江油市四里沟泥石流基本特征及危险性评价

四里沟泥石流位于四川省江油市石元乡楠木园村,属"5.12"特大地震震区.特大地震不仅造成了一定的经济财产损失,同时还诱发了为数众多的崩塌、泥石流等次生地质灾害.文章分析了该泥石流频率规模、堆积特征、成因及发展趋势等基本特征,并进行了危害性评价,结合工程实际对泥石流进行防治建议,提出一级拦砂坝+防护堤治理方案.     

青海某沟谷“8·21”泥石流发育特征及危险性评价

泥石流是山区常见的地质灾害类型之一。位于青海省黄河右岸的某沟谷于2016年8月21日暴发一定规模泥石流,严重威胁流域内生产运营与沟口附近人民生命财产安全。通过现场调查、试验与计算,详细分析了本次泥石流的形成条件、发育特征、激发雨量及形成机制,评价了相关的动力学特征;在此基础上,参照单沟泥石流危险性评价中的评价因子,增加了24 h最大降雨量作为本次泥石流危险性评价指标,采用熵权法对该沟谷泥石流危险性进行了评价。研究结果表明:"8·21"泥石流容重为1. 635 t/m3,为稀性泥石流,一次泥石流冲出总量为3. 89×104m3,属中型泥石流,泥石流危险性值为0. 57,属于中度危险。考虑最大降雨量这一影响因子能较合理揭示泥石流的危险性。 更多还原     

潮揭泥石流物源分析

以广东潮州—揭阳地区为例,在分析泥石流形成条件的基础上,针对其来源提出了"隐形松散堆积物"的概念,并分析了物源的形成过程和机理,重点探讨了台风暴雨与植被以及人类活动对泥石流的影响,认为它们是潮揭泥石流物源形成的重要原因,从而改变了长期以来认为该地区泥石流松散固体物质缺乏的认识,为该类地区泥石流研究提供了一个突破口。     

热河沟泥石流成因机制分析

受汶川地震的影响,西南地区地质灾害近来年频繁发生,尤其是泥石流灾害。在地震作用下,有更多的松散物源参与泥石流的运动,加大了泥石流的危害性和暴发频率。本文收集了热河沟的地质、气象和水文等资料,通过分析该沟的地形、物源和水源条件来分析泥石流的形成过程,结合现场调查取证来综合分析泥石流的形成机制,为泥石流的治理提供更为可靠的依据。分析表明,热河沟泥石流的成因机制为"暴雨-溃决"型。     

四川省都江堰市虹口乡红色村干沟泥石流特征及危险性评价

红色村干沟位于都江堰市虹口乡,"5.12"地震之后多次发生泥石流。2013年"7.9"特大暴雨后引发泥石流,摧毁沟口居民房屋,淹埋农田;沟内仍存在大量松散物源,沟口的居民安置点和公路仍受泥石流的威胁。笔者结合灾害应急调查资料,采用单沟泥石流危险性评价方法,对红色村干沟泥石流的形成条件、发育特征、易发程度和危险性进行分析,结果显示该沟泥石流易发程度为中等,危险性中等,对沟口居民生命财产和公路交通存在威胁。     

四川都江堰市水机关沟泥石流应急勘查评价

2008年"5.12"四川汶川大地震发生后,导致灾区地质灾害危险性、易发性大大增强,严重影响周边居民的生命财产安全,部分重大地质灾害隐患点险情紧迫、危害巨大、严重影响到灾后恢复重建工作,需做应急勘查评价。都江堰市水机关沟泥石流灾害隐患点是其中之一。本文介绍了该条泥石流沟的地质环境,对泥石流的成因、易发程度、活动强度作了分析,并对该泥石流活动的危险性和危害性做了预测评估。     

四川什邡干河沟泥石流发育特征及防治措施

干河沟为一老泥石流沟,曾于1996年8月暴发较大规模泥石流冲毁沟口红灯桥及木材厂。"5.12"地震后流域内新增大量松散物源,以崩滑体为主,主要集中于3~#沟,物源丰富,动储量约26×10~4m^3。该沟泥石流一次冲出固体物质量较大,大于2万m^2,规模大型。结合该沟泥石流的发育特征,提出了相关的防治措施及建议。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.