青西油田窿六区块下沟组裂缝特征及成因

青西油田窿六区块是以碳酸盐岩、碎屑岩为主的复杂岩性裂缝性油藏,岩相多变、裂缝发育,储层非均质性极强。综合钻井、取心及成像测井资料,对研究区裂缝特征进行了详细的研究。分析表明:研究区以构造裂缝为主,且多数都未充填;裂缝走向主要为北东东~北北东向,以水平缝为主,次为斜交缝;裂缝在砂砾岩密度最大,其次是白云质泥岩,泥质白云岩裂缝密度较小。研究区裂缝受断层和岩性共同控制,其中喜山期北东向断层发育带为有效裂缝发育带,岩性控制裂缝的发育程度,含脆性成分高的砂砾岩裂缝最发育。     

辽河茨榆坨潜山太古界裂缝型储层特征及其控制因素

运用岩心观察、薄片鉴定、物性实测、裂缝统计、包裹体分析、裂缝分形等技术方法,研究了茨榆坨潜山太古界裂缝型储层特征及其控制因素。结果表明:茨榆坨潜山太古界4类变质岩中,黑云母二长片麻岩是最主要的储集岩,裂缝最为发育;黑云母钾长片麻岩次之,裂缝较发育;蚀变煌斑岩、黑云母角闪变粒岩均为非储集岩。茨榆坨潜山储集空间主要是裂缝和微裂隙,太古界储层主要发育北东向和北西向两组裂缝,以高角度张性裂缝为主,形成于中生代中、晚期;部分张剪性裂缝形成时间不晚于古近纪晚期。潜山储层的裂缝以细、微缝最发育,其宽度和面孔率之间存在着正相关性。控制研究区太古界储层裂缝发育的因素有岩性、断层、深度、古风化作用、溶解作用、岩浆侵入、裂缝组合等。     

徐家围子断陷火山岩储层裂缝发育特征及主控因素

徐家围子断陷火山岩储集物性明显受裂缝发育程度的影响。根据相似露头区野外调查、岩心观测以及铸体薄片和成像测井分析等资料,并结合应力场数值模拟技术,对该区火山岩储层裂缝的类型、走向、倾角、长度、密度、充填性以及影响裂缝发育程度的主控因素进行了分析。结果表明,研究区火山岩裂缝主要以构造剪切裂缝为主,其次为成岩裂缝;主要发育近东西向、近南北向、近北东向和近北西向4组裂缝;裂缝多为有效裂缝,很少被充填;以高角度和斜交裂缝为主,长度和密度变化较大。影响该火山岩储层裂缝发育程度的主控因素包括古构造应力、岩性、火山机构和断层等,其中古构造应力的高值区与裂缝较发育部位具有良好的匹配关系;在多种火山岩中,粗面岩、集块岩和流纹岩裂缝较发育;裂缝多发育在火山口和近火山口相组;在应力扰动作用明显的断层上盘裂缝较发育,且随着与断层距离的增大,裂缝发育程度不断降低。     

塔里木盆地巴楚凸起H气田奥陶系裂缝 主控因素及演化序列研究

塔里木盆地巴楚凸起H气田奥陶系储层是低孔低渗裂缝型碳酸盐岩储层,裂缝系统作为储层渗流通道,其空间分布和主要控制因素复杂,具有多期次叠加和演化的特征。文章采用岩心描述、镜下观察、成像解释等手段分析H气田奥陶系碳酸盐岩裂缝发育特征,明确裂缝主要控制因素,建立了裂缝演化序列。结果表明:巴楚凸起H气田奥陶系以剪切缝为主,张性缝次之,张剪缝最少,裂缝发育的主要控制因素为断层、褶皱及岩性等,与断层相关的裂缝主要发育在距断层460 m的范围内;地层变形程度越强,裂缝越发育;裂缝发育程度还受岩性的控制,灰岩的粒径或晶粒越大,构造裂缝越发育。根据已有碳氧同位素测试研究成果,并结合岩心观察发现:H气田奥陶系构造裂缝至少经历了三期演化活动,分别为加里东运动中期少量低角度北东东向和北北西向剪切缝发育期,海西运动晚期中-高角度北西西向张性缝和北东东向、北西向张剪缝以及南北向、北东向中-高角度剪切缝发育期,喜马拉雅运动早期大量高角度北东东向、北北东向剪切缝发育期,主要造缝期为喜马拉雅运动早期。      

松辽盆地朝阳沟油田储层裂缝发育特征及控制因素

裂缝是朝阳沟油田储层的有效储集空间和主要渗流通道,其复杂分布严重影响该油田的开发生产。通过区域构造研究与岩心构造解析,结合地表露头和薄片观察,分析了区内裂缝的发育特征、成因机制及控制因素。该储层主要发育近SN向、近EW向、NW向和NE向4组构造裂缝,裂缝以低角度裂缝为主,主要包括挤压褶皱作用下形成的顺层滑脱裂缝和与逆冲挤压作用有关的低角度剪切裂缝,高角度裂缝主要包括扩张裂缝和中高角度斜缝。裂缝的充填及含油性表明它们大部分为有效缝,并反映在地层条件下的储渗作用。明水组沉积末期的反转构造期是裂缝的主要形成时期,主要形成近SN向和近EW向构造裂缝。裂缝的发育程度受岩性、层厚、断层、褶皱、深度等因素的控制,不同岩性,裂缝发育程度也不同;裂缝的平均间距与裂隙化的岩层厚度呈较好的线性相关关系;绝大多数构造裂缝与断层作用相关;褶皱的不同形成阶段发育不同类型的裂缝;随深度增加,裂缝发育程度明显降低。     

松辽盆地南部大情字井向斜区葡萄花油层石油富集规律及成藏模式

针对松辽盆地南部大情字井向斜区葡萄花油层石油成藏及富集规律研究程度低的问题,从有效烃源岩、优质储层、油源断层及断裂密集带4个方面入手,深入开展石油富集规律及成藏模式研究。根据断裂发育特征及构造高程,将向斜区进一步划分为3个次级构造单元,并对不同构造单元油藏类型和石油分布特征进行剖析：向斜断裂深洼区以断层-岩性油藏为主;向斜过渡缓坡区以岩性油藏、断层-岩性油藏和构造-岩性油藏为主;向斜过渡陡坡区发育少量岩性油藏。平面上,受断裂密集带发育位置的影响,石油主要呈条带状富集于向斜断裂深洼区和过渡缓坡区;垂向上,受储层发育位置的影响,石油集中分布于葡萄花油层Ⅱ砂组。以此为基础分析向斜区石油富集规律,得出石油富集的4个主控因素：①有效烃源岩厚度控制石油富集;②油源断层组成垂向优势输导通道;③分流河道岔道口是石油富集的有利部位;④断裂密集带控制石油富集。最终建立了向斜区4种成藏模式：①向斜断裂深洼区黑157井以南,嫩一段烃源岩供烃,超压倒灌,油源断层沟通,反向构造控藏;②向斜断裂深洼区黑157井以北,青一段烃源岩供烃,油选择性充注分流河道成藏及断裂密集带内断层组合形成的局部构造控藏;③向斜过渡缓坡区,构造-岩性和岩性圈闭控藏模式;④向斜过渡陡坡区岩性圈闭控藏模式。     

塔里木盆地玉北构造带断层特征及其裂缝分析

塔里木盆地玉北构造带形成于加里东中晚期, 主要断裂以挤压逆冲为主, 早期形成断层传播褶皱样式, 断层总体终止于石炭系/奥陶系不整合面之下.该地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层易发育断层伴生裂缝和褶皱调节性裂缝, 主要分布在膝褶带和断层传播褶皱区.海西晚期玉北地区断裂重新活动, 仍以挤压为主形成三角剪切样式, 但断层位移量并不大, 该时期玉北构造带基本定型, 储层裂缝易发育在三角剪切变形区.喜马拉雅期玉北地区存在微弱构造变形, 玉北构造带主要受到构造的叠加改造.新生代青藏高原向东的扩张产生北东-南西向的构造应力场, 使得北东-南西向的玉北断裂带具有开启性, 对玉北地区油气调整和聚集会有一定的影响.     

多不杂斑岩型铜矿激电中梯方法有效性试验分析

<正>多不杂矿区位于班公湖-怒江缝合构造带中段中生代铁格龙构造岩浆弧与羌塘地块南缘交接部位,班公湖-怒江缝合构造带是拉萨地块与羌塘地块分界,在大地构造位置中有利于产出岛弧型斑岩铜金矿。矿区出露地层自老到新依次为:早侏罗统曲色组第二岩性段,该地层是多不杂花岗闪长斑岩的主要围岩,岩性为变长石石英砂岩;下白垩统美日切组,岩性以安山质火山碎屑岩、安山玢岩为主;第三系康托组,岩性以砂砾岩为主。区域内构造线主要由大量的东西向、北东向和晚期北西向断层组     

涠西南凹陷西北陡坡带流三段砂砾岩储层特征与主控因素

通过岩心观察、薄片鉴定、扫描电镜、X射线衍射分析等实验手段,结合物性、有机质演化、埋藏史、测录井等资料,研究涠西南凹陷西北陡坡带流三段砂砾岩储层储集性能、成岩特征及物性主控因素.结果表明:（1）流三段储层岩石类型以岩屑砂岩为主,岩性以粗粒级砂砾岩、含砾粗砂岩为主,储集空间以粒内溶孔、残余粒间孔、铸模孔等为主,物性变化大,以低孔特低渗、中孔低渗、中孔中渗、高孔高渗为特征,非均质性强.（2）持续的压实作用是物性变差的主要原因,碳酸盐胶结和自生粘土矿物充填使部分原生孔隙丧失,高泥质含量部位表现为早期强压实;粗粒级砂岩的中-强溶蚀作用有利于次生孔隙的发育,而微裂缝是深层砂砾岩储层的重要渗流通道之一.西北斜坡带流三段扇三角洲水下分流河道发育厚层的砂砾岩、含砾粗砂岩,杂基含量低,压实作用较弱,是研究区的优质储层发育带;湖底扇压实作用强,微裂缝提供了有机酸性流体活动的渗流通道,砂砾岩储层发生次生溶蚀使储集性能得以改善,为深层相对有利储层.      

渤中19-6凝析气田孔店组砂砾岩储层压实成岩裂缝垂向演化特征

为了研究砂砾岩储层压实成岩裂缝对储层的影响,以渤中19-6凝析气田孔店组砂砾岩为解剖对象,借助岩心观察、薄片鉴定、测井识别及压实成岩物理模拟实验等手段,对砂砾岩储层压实成岩裂缝的垂向演化特征进行了深入研究。结果表明：1)渤中19-6孔店组砂砾岩储层压实成岩裂缝普遍发育,包括继承性裂缝与非继承性裂缝,继承性裂缝发育较早,沿碎屑颗粒的原有裂纹产生,非继承裂缝主要以共轭剪裂缝的形式沿长石解理破裂发育;2)砾级颗粒较砂级颗粒、长石颗粒较石英颗粒压实成岩裂缝更为发育,压实成岩裂缝裂缝发育程度与脆性指数成正比,与填隙物含量成反比;3)模拟的垂向上发育3期砂砾岩压实成岩裂缝发育带,其中第2压实成岩裂缝发育带与研究区的裂缝分布一致,控制着优质储层的发育。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.