新疆刀峰山地区水系沉积物地球化学特征及找矿方向

刀峰山地区位于黄羊岭(前陆盆地)Sb-Hg-Au-Cu矿带,具备优越的构造成矿环境和丰富的成矿物质来源,在其周边已发现一系列大-中型锑汞矿床,具备良好的锑金多金属找矿前景。以该区1:5万水系沉积物测量的17中元素数据为基础,通过对各元素富集系数、变异系数统计,R聚类分析和因子分析,结合研究区成矿地质条件及成矿事实,确定了研究区Sb为主成矿元素,组合特征为Sb-As-Hg-Au;共圈定综合异常8处,找矿靶区4处,优选出A1找矿靶区;新发现11条锑金多金属矿(化)体;并提出主攻矿种为锑、金矿种,找矿类型为低温热液型锑金多金属矿。     

新疆刀峰山地区水系沉积物地球化学特征及找矿方向

刀峰山地区位于黄羊岭(前陆盆地)Sb-Hg-Au-Cu矿带,具备优越的构造成矿环境和丰富的成矿物质来源,在其周边已发现一系列大-中型锑汞矿床,具备良好的锑金多金属找矿前景。以该区1:5万水系沉积物测量的17中元素数据为基础,通过对各元素富集系数、变异系数统计,R聚类分析和因子分析,结合研究区成矿地质条件及成矿事实,确定了研究区Sb为主成矿元素,组合特征为Sb-As-Hg-Au;共圈定综合异常8处,找矿靶区4处,优选出A1找矿靶区;新发现11条锑金多金属矿(化)体;并提出主攻矿种为锑、金矿种,找矿类型为低温热液型锑金多金属矿。     

内蒙古古朔根乌拉地区金属矿成矿规律及矿产预测

通过古朔根乌拉地区1/5万矿调项目实施,共圈定1/5化探综合异常27个,新发现矿点两处,矿化点9处,矿种有金、铜、钼、银、铅、锌。通过对研究区成矿地质条件、1/5万化探综合异常特征、矿(化)点特征及分布等信息进行研究,阐明了该区成矿的时空分布规律和矿产的共生组合规律,划分成矿远景区4个,提交找矿靶区4个。对其中两处找矿靶区进行钻探验证,海勒斯特沟金锑多金属找矿靶区具有形成与岩浆活动关系密切的中-低温热液型金锑多金属矿的潜力,博和铜金多金属找矿靶区具有形成与中酸性侵入岩及后期岩脉有关的岩浆热液型-接触交代型铜多金属矿的潜力。     

青海立新地区水系沉积物地球化学特征及找矿预测

根据1∶5万水系沉积物测量分析结果,研究了青海立新地区水系沉积物地球化学特征。通过对元素的含量、元素的相关性、元素异常组合等特征的研究,结果显示地球化学水系沉积物测量在圈定找矿远景区上有较好的找矿效果,在此基础上结合区内地质成矿构造条件,优选了拉忍科钨铋多金属矿、多香琼陇铅铋多金属矿和巴陇斜尼金多金属矿3处找矿靶区。     

陕西省留坝县营盘一带土壤地球化学特征及找矿方向

研究区大地构造位置位于秦岭造山带南秦岭构造带,属南秦岭晚古生代、中生代金-铅-锌-铁-汞-锑-蓝石棉-重晶石三级成矿带,区域上已在石泉—汉阴北部一带黑色岩系地层中发现多处金多金属矿床。研究区找矿潜力巨大。通过对1∶2.5万土壤测量地球化学分布特征进行分析,对研究区有利的找矿方向进行探讨。研究表明:研究区主攻矿种、成矿有利元素为Au、Mo、Sb、Ag、W;成矿有利地层为舟曲组;成矿有利岩性为含炭板岩、含炭千枚岩(黑色岩系)。     

湘西茶庵铺地区地球化学特征及找矿方向

在1∶5万水系沉积物测量的基础上,初步总结了湘西茶庵铺地区的地球化学特征。通过元素含量特征、变异系数等分析探讨了元素的成矿可能性,通过相关分析得出了多种元素组合,进而圈定了19处综合地球化学异常。AS10异常区经初步查证发现了3条较大规模的金多金属矿体。通过成矿地质条件和区域成矿规律分析,确定了沃溪式金多金属矿和沉积型钼钒多金属矿为主要矿产预测类型,圈定了3处找矿远景区。结果表明:水系沉积物测量方法在湘西地区有较好的金多金属矿找矿效果。     

黑龙江省木兰县六块地南土壤地球化学异常特征及成矿预测

黑龙江木兰县六块地南大地构造位置属于小兴安岭-张广才岭岩浆弧,成矿区带为伊春-延寿多金属成矿亚带的重要组成部分,成矿地质条件优越。为查明该区各成矿元素和矿(化)体的分布特征,实现找矿突破,开展了1：2万土壤地球化学测量及成矿预测工作。利用12种成矿元素进行相关性分析、聚类分析、因子分析、单元素异常分析和组合元素异常分析,圈定了元素异常区,优选了找矿靶区。结果表明,区内Au、As、Sb、Mo元素变异系数值高,成矿潜力较强;As、Sb元素的相关性较好,相关系数为0.73,R型聚类分析将成矿元素分为4类,因子分析将分析元素分为4组;结合区内成矿地质条件和土壤地球化学异常特征,共圈出单元素异常113处,组合异常3处;测区主攻矿种为Au和Zn, Au元素主要找矿靶区为Au-5和Au-7异常区,Zn元素主要找矿靶区为Zn-6异常区,As、Sb、Mo找矿前景非常好,可作为第一找矿目标元素。     

甘肃临夏太子山一带1:5万水系沉积物地球化学特征及找矿远景区划分

通过在甘肃临夏太子山一带开展1 ∶ 5万水系沉积物测量工作,初步查明了研究区1 874 km²范围水系沉积物的地球化学特征,依据元素组合特征、区域成矿地质背景等圈定综合异常31处,其中见矿异常19处,划分找矿远景区6个,优选找矿靶区10处,结合异常查证,确认大多数异常受岩浆岩和断裂构造控制,区内与酸性侵入岩有关且强度较高、元素组合较好的异常区有利于找矿。通过矿产检查新发现金、铜、铅、锌、锑等金属矿（化）点13处,取得了较好的找矿效果,为找矿选区提供了依据。     

航空时间域电磁法在澳大利亚新英格兰造山带铜多金属矿靶区优选与评价中的应用

澳大利亚新英格兰造山带构造演化历史复杂,已知铜多金属矿床(点)众多,成矿条件较为优越,是实现铜多金属矿找矿突破的有利区域。通过以航空时间域电磁法测量为核心的工作手段,以航电、磁异常为基础,以"类比—求同"为靶区优选评价指导思想,对新英格兰造山带某探矿权内开展铜多金属矿靶区优选和评价工作。在该地形条件复杂的工作区内,快速、科学有效圈定并优选出铜多金属矿找矿靶区共计9处,其中Ⅰ类找矿靶区3处,Ⅱ类找矿靶区5处,Ⅲ类找矿靶区1处,为在境内外类似工作条件的地区快速有效开展铜多金属矿找矿靶区优选和评价工作提供了参考案例。     

黑龙江黑河五道沟地区区域地球化学特征及其与成矿的关系

五道沟地区处于兴安地块与松嫩地块结合部位,多宝山矿集区东部,成矿地质条件优越.该区为森林覆盖区,在该区开展矿产调查过程中,化探方法显得尤为重要.分层次开展区域地质调查、区域地球化学测量和重点区土壤测量,研究该区地球化学特征,确定主攻矿种,圈定重点找矿靶区,取得了一定的找矿成果.通过异常查证新发现铜矿点2处,金矿化点2处,金（铜）矿化信息地10处,找矿线索3处.圈定Ⅰ级找矿靶区3处,Ⅱ级找矿靶区2处.通过研究元素分布规律等,结合成矿地质背景分析,认为该区Au、Ag、Cu、Pb等元素局部富集,Au、Cu成矿的可能性较大,中生代岩浆作用与成矿关系密切.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).