New media, the new economy and new spaces

This paper counters proponents of the ‘weightless economy’ who have suggested the ‘death of distance’ in relation to economic and social activities that use the worldwide web (WWW). An analysis of new media developers in New York’s ‘Silicon Alley’ demonstrates that place and distance are still important. The most important aspect of this co-location is the possibility of social interaction. This paper points to the value of analysis of the material practice of the social (and the economic and cultural). The notion of ‘untraded dependencies’ is developed through looking at its manifestation and constitution in the specificity of space, time and economic activity.     

Exploring the ocean for hydrothermal venting: New techniques,new discoveries,new insights

Enumerating active hydrothermal fields on the seafloor has been a challenge since their discovery almost 40 years ago. High-temperature hydrothermal fields are readily discoverable, primarily by detecting mineral-laden plumes, but low-temperature, particle-poor vent fields resist discovery. Decades of exploration for vent fields have covered, though often cursorily, about one-third of the global lengths of both oceanic spreading ridges (OSRs) and volcanic arcs, identifying some 630 active vent fields. About 80% of these fields are on OSRs, and the spatial frequency of those fields is currently estimated as ∼0.5–5/100 km, generally increasing with spreading rate. Over the last decade, however, a few detailed surveys have added sensors capable of detecting ephemeral chemical tracers (oxidation-reduction potential) in addition to standard sensors that detect quasi-conservative optical tracers (such as light backscattering). This approach has revealed a new view of the distribution of venting fields along fast-spreading (>55 mm/yr) OSRs. Studies of four such ridge sections totaling 1470 km length suggest that the present inventory of vent fields may underestimate the true global population of vent fields on fast-spreading OSRs by a factor of 3–6. This increase implies that ridge axes are unexpectedly “leaky” reservoirs, from which hydrothermal fluids escape at far more sites than presently assumed; that the supply of dissolved hydrothermal iron, which may be fertilizing the primary production of the Southern Ocean, is higher than now calculated; and that present estimates of recoverable sulfide tonnage from ridge axes may be too low. Along slow-spreading ridges, which account for 60% of the global OSR length and 86% of known sulfide tonnage, expansive axial valleys present special exploration challenges that will not be easily overcome.     

Autoassociation, a new geological tool

Autoassociation is a computer method of comparing a sequence of nonnumeric elements, e.g., of rock types. The sequence is slid past a replicate of itself. At each position of overlap the number of matching elements is noted and statistics of goodness-of-match are computed. The method allows several properties to be coded at each position in the sequence. It also allows unknown, missing, or not applicable elements. Reverse matches also are performed, i.e., with the duplicate sequences reversed in direction. Autoassociation is used to detect partial repetitions in stratigraphic sequences and to compare regressive and transgressive phases of cyclothems.     

Phosinaite,a new rare-earth mineral

Using geophysical data, we studied the mechanism of deep-seated magmatic and volcanic activity in the region of the island arcs and associated structures. Data on magmatic activity below the volcanic belt of East Kamchatka, obtained during geophysical investigations, mainly during detailed seismological investigations and deep seismic sounding, provide evidence for an association between the volcanoes and the processes in the Pacific Ocean focal layer of earthquakes, and for the accumulation of magmas below the volcanic belt at depths less than 60 km. We found anomalous columnar bodies more than 5 to 7 km across, linking the volcanoes with the focal layer, and a very large concentration of convective heat flow and volatiles in the magma columns feeding the volcanoes. As to the role of different forces in the uprise of magmas into the volcanoes, hydrostatic forces probably predominate in the asthenosphere, supplemented by tectonic pressure in the lithosphere and forces associated with boiling of magmas during release of volatiles in the crust, especially in its upper layers.—Author.     

Vertumnite,a new natural silicate

Summary A natural calcium aluminum silicate hydrate, vertumnite, is described as a new mineral. It has been found as transparent flattened hexagonal prisms resting on a layer of tobermorite inside a subspherical geode of a phonolite from a quarry at Campomorto, Montalto di Castro, Viterbo, Italy. Most of the crystals are biaxial negative and twinned. The single crystal measurements on an optically homogeneous and biaxial individual gave:a=0.5744 (5) nm,b=0.5766(5) nm,c=2.512(1) nm, =119.72(5)° and space groupP2₁/m orP2₁. The optical properties are:n =1.531(1),n =1.535(1),n =1.541(2) and 2V =62°. The chemical formula is: (Na_0.02K_0.02Ca_3.76Sr_0.06Ba_0.01)_tot=3.87 Al_4.36(P_0.03Si_3.38)_tot=3.41O_5.18 (OH)_24.66·3.09H₂O or schematically Ca₄Al₄Si₄O₆(OH)₂₄ ·3 H₂O. Both the powder data and chemical analysis suggest the mineral to be stronghly related to the synthetic Strätling's compound or hexagonal hydrated gehlenite although the different Si/Al ratios in two inhibit direct correlations.

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Vertumnit, ein neues natürliches Silikat

Zusammenfassung Ein natürliches, wasserhaltiges Calcium-Aluminium-Silikat, Vertumnit, wird als neues Mineral beschrieben. Es kommt in durchsichtigen, flachen, hexagonalen Prismen vor, die auf einer Tobermorit-Schicht in einer kugeligen Geode eines Phonoliths einer Grube in Campomorto, Montalto di Castro, Viterbo, Italien, gefunden wurden. Die meisten Kristalle sind zweiachsig negativ und verzwillingt. Einkristallmessungen an einem optisch homogenen und zweiachsigen Individuum ergaben:a=0,5744(5) nm,b=0,5766(5) nm,c=2.512(1) nm, =119.72(5)° mit RaumgruppeP2₁/m oderP2₁. Die optische Eigenschaften sind wie folgt:n =1,531(1),n =1,535(1),n =1,541(2), 2V =62°. Die chemische Formel ist: (Na_0.02K_0.02Ca_3.76Sr_0.06Ba_0.01)_tot=3.87Al_4.36(P_0.03Si_3.38)_tot=3.41 O_5.18(OH)_24.66·3,09 H₂O oder schematisch Ca₄Al₄Si₄O₆(OH)₂₄·3 H₂O. Sowohl die Pulverdaten als auch die chemische Analyse weisen auf eine Verwandtschaft mit der Strätling-Verbindung oder hexagonal hydrated gehlenite hin, obwohl die verschiedenen Si/Al-Verhältnisse in beiden direkte Beziehungen verhindern.

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With 3 Figures     

Svetlozarite,a new high-silica zeolite

The new mineral was found in chalcedony veinlets cementing brecciated andesites in the eastern Rhodopes, Bulgaria. Its idealized formula is (Ca, K₂, Na₂) Al₂Si₁₂O₂₈ · 6H₂O. Referred to the mordenite group, it is the product of low-temperature postvolcanic hydrothermal activity. Products of its alteration have not been found.     

Fenestraliidae,new family of Fenestelloidea

The new fenestellid bryozoan family Fenestraliidae is proposed to include Fenestralia Prout and two new genera, Parafenestralia and Triznella, from the Upper Permian of the Russian platform. The new family is compared with the Polyporidae and the Fenestellidae and is thought to be more closely allied to the latter. Parafenestralia arborescens (Netschajew), Triznella permiana (Nikiforova), T. viatkensis (Nikiforova), and the new species T. formosa are described and illustrated.—J. Utgaard     

Louvain-la-Neuve,Belgium, from campus to new town

Summary Louvain-la-Neuve, the sole Belgian New Town in three centuries, is located about thirty kilometers southwards of Brussels. In its first stage it had been established for welcoming most of the faculties of the Catholic University of Louvain (C. U. L.), which transferred from the original location in Louvain. The estate acquired by the C. U. L. mainly covers an agricultural area of 900 hectares, partly divided into 338 hectares for the future urbanized perimeter, 180 hectares for a public forest, and 163 hectares for a scientific park, designed for private research and development activities in connection with academic laboratories.The first part of the city center is almost completed and is located in the dale of the Malaise, on a substructure with underground parking and a railway station. Four neighbourhood units have been planned on the top of the slopes; the first two are already nearly finished and a third is under way. The principle of segregation of automobile and pedestrian traffic and its advanced architectural style constitute the main features.The active population of Louvain-la-Neuve now reaches about 12,000 (two-thirds are the students of the C. U. L.), and the residential population numbers more than 6,000 inhabitants (three-quarters are students and their families). The age structure is very young, due to the high proportion of students.Commuting to Louvain-la-Neuve is facilitated by excellent road and public transportation connections. As time goes by, it is anticipated that commuting will diminish. Moreover, a phenomenon of external commuting is developing. The attractive sphere and environment, the pedestrian areas and the emphyteotic system are the key features of the future residential development for persons neither professionally linked to the C. U. L. nor to the New Town.When the student transference is completed in 1979, the stage of real diversification of activities and functions will begin. About 20,000 inhabitants are scheduled for location by 1985 and a maximum of 50,000 by the end of the century. At that time, Louvain-la-Neuve together with its neighbours, Wavre and Ottignies, will form an urban tripole on a regional level, thereby strengthening the urban framework of the Walloon Brabant.     

Althausite,a new mineral from Modum,Norway

Althausite occurs as cleavable masses in serpentine-magnesite deposits at Modum, Norway. The proposed formula in Mg₂PO₄ (OH_0.37F_0.25O_0.10)_0.81 with partly vacant halide sites. It is orthorhombic, space group Pna2₁, $\text{a}\text{= 8.258,}\text{b}\text{= 14.383,}\text{c}\text{= 6.054}\text{A}\text{?}\text{, Z}\text{= 8.}\text{D(meas)}\text{=2.97, ?(}\text{calc}\text{) = 2.91}\text{g/cm}{}^3\text{(}\text{X-ray}\text{), ?(}\text{calc}\text{) = 3.06}\text{g/cm}{}^3\text{(}\text{Gladstone-Dale}\text{),}\text{H}\text{= 3}\text{1}\text{2}\text{?4.}$ The strongest X-ray powder lines (41 given, FeKα radiation) with intensities and indices are 3.593 (100)(040), 3.316 (90)(211), 3.024 (80)(002), 2.786 (60)(112), 2641 (60)(122).The mineral is light grey with vitreous lustre, running brown on alteration to apatite. Non-fluorescent. Perfect cleavage {001}, distinct cleavage {101}. It is biaxial positive, α=1.588, β=1.592, γ=1.598, 2V_γ(calc)=78.5°, negative elongation, X=b, Y=c, Z=a. IR, DTA and TGA data are given.     

新世纪伊始的中国矿业

主席先生，各位代表，女士们，先生们：在金秋的９月，我们相聚在美丽的古都西安。西安是中国第一个封建王朝及多达１２个王朝的首都，是历史上中华民族鼎盛时期的经济、文化和政治中心。从恢宏的兵马俑阵到青铜战车和兵器，折射着近１８００年前中国古文化和中国古矿业的发展水平。从这个意义上讲，没有发达的古矿业，就没有古都西安。从青铜器到铁器，再到工业革命，矿业支撑着人类文明的发展。在进入２１世纪的今天，矿业依然对人类社会和经济的发展起着巨大的支撑作用。这也是我们汇聚一堂共计中国矿业发展和中国矿业应该对世界经济发展…     

A new tribe,new genus,and new species of Mordellidae (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea) from the Early Cretaceous amber of Spain

The new tribe Mediumiugamiini (Coleoptera: Polyphaga: Tenebrionoidea: Mordellidae) is described based on Mediumiuga sinespinis gen. et sp. nov. It is a fossil beetle from Albian (Early Cretaceous) amber from the Peñacerrada I outcrop (Spain). It is the first Spanish beetle described in amber. The mesotibiae and mesotarsi bearing multiple dorsal–lateral ridges, running oblique, metatibiae without any dorsal or dorsal–lateral ridge, only showing a subapical ridge, and metatibiae without apical spurs, define the new tribe. A key for worldwide tribes of Mordellinae, including Mediumiugamiini, is provided. Evolution of some characters of Mordellidae along Cretaceous is discussed.     

Carinoclymenia,new genus of family Rectoclymeniidae

This new genus is based on the species Tornoceras? beuelense Lange, originally described from the top of the Prolobites horizon in the Fammenian stage of West Germany. Additional specimens from Aktyubinsk province (South Urals) show clearly by the dorsal position of the siphuncle that this is a clymeniid. The general shape of the suture line is close to that of other members of the family Rectoclymeniidae, to which this genus belongs. The flat phacoidal, involute shape of the shell with its carinifortn venter suggests derivation of Carinoclymenia from the phacoidalforms of Rectoclymenia. In West Germany C. beuelensis (Lange) occurs with Platyclymenia and Prionoceras in Fammenian zone LVα. In the Urals it is found with Prolobites and rare Prionoceras in the slightly older Fammenian zone IIIβ.-M. Gordon, Jr.     

Tveitite,a new calcium yttrium fluoride

Tveitite is a new mineral with formula of the type $\text{Ca}{}_{\mathrm{1?x}}\text{(}\text{Y, RE}\text{)}{}_{\mathrm{x}}\text{F}{}_{\mathrm{2+x}}\text{where}\text{x}$ is approximately 0.3. It is found in a cleavelandite pegmatite at Høydalen in Tørdal, Telemark, S. Norway. The sub-cell is thought to be monoclinic, $\text{a}\text{′=3.924,}\text{b}\text{′=3.893,}\text{c}\text{′=5.525, ß=90°26′,}\text{Z}\text{=2}$. The structure is very similar to that of fluorite and can be described in terms of a pseudo-cubic cell $\text{[1}\text{1}\text{0]}{}_0\text{= 5.527, [110]}{}_0\text{= 5.527,}\text{c}\text{= 5.525, α = 90°18′, γ = 89°37′}$ which contains approximately 1[YCa₃F₉]. The mineral shows twinning in at lest three different directions giving a grating structure probably due to high-low inversion. DTA studies show an inversion point at about 670°C. Material heated above this temperature gives X-ray diffraction patterns corresponding to yttrofluorite (a₀ 5.528). The effect of trivalent ions on the stability of fluorite is discussed.     

Feroxyhyte,a new modification of FeOOH

Two modifications of the delta-hydroxide of iron have been synthesized under laboratory conditions. Both are formed topotactically by the rapid course of the abiogenic reaction of the oxidation of Fe⁺² at the expense of Fe(OH)₂. Natural δ'-FeOOH, for which the authors propose the name "feroxyhyte," was found as yellowish-brown deposits in iron-manganese nodules from the bottom of the Pacific Ocean, Baltic, White, and Kara seas, and in gley soils. Feroxyhyte is an unstable hydrous oxide of iron, apparently transformed spontaneously into goethite, the stable modification of FeOOH. Its theoretical composition is Fe₂O₃ - 89.86, H₂O - 10. 147%.     

Holtedahlite, a new magnesium phosphate from Modum, Norway

Holtedahlite occurs in a serpentine-magnesite deposit at Modum in association with althausite and (OH,F) apatite. It is colourless, transparent, has a vitreous lustre, occurs in massive form and shows no cleavage. The Mohs' hardness is $\text{4}\text{1}\text{2}\text{?5}$; specific gravity 2.94(2) (Berman balance), calculated density 2.936 g/cm³. It is uniaxial negative, ω = 1.599(1), ? = 1.597(1).Chemical analysis with the electron microprobe and separate determinations of CO₂ and H₂O give a formula close to Mg₂PO₄OH or more specifically (Mg,Na)₂(PO₄, CO₃OH)(OH,F). Holtedahlite is hexagonal, $\text{α = 11.188(2), c = 4.975(1)}\text{A}\text{?}\text{, V = 539.3(3)}\text{A}\text{?}{}^3\text{Z = 6}$, space group $\text{P321, P3m}\text{l}\text{or}\text{P}\text{3}\text{m}\text{l}$. The strongest lines in the X-ray powder pattern are (in Å, with intensities and indices): 3.722(90) ($\text{11}\text{2}\text{1}$), 3.475(50) ($\text{20}\text{2}\text{1}$), 3.234(30) ($\text{30}\text{3}\text{0}$), 2.796(30), 2.438(100) ($\text{22}\text{4}\text{1}$), 2.177(30) (2.177(30) ($\text{40}\text{4}\text{1}$), 1.859(30) ($\text{22}\text{4}\text{2}$). The infrared spectrum shows the presence of OH^?, CO₃^2?, and PO₄^3? and indicates an O-H… O distance of ca. 3.02 Å.