黄河流域河型转化现象初探

黄河以其高含沙水流以及下游河道的高沉积速率而著称于世。迄今的研究, 主要针对黄河中下游流域的 侵蚀、水文泥沙和河床演变方面的研究, 而对黄河流域主支流发生河型转化的现象关注不够。在黄河的不同河段, 河型的变化频繁, 类型多样, 现象复杂, 是研究者不可回避的科学问题。本文选取黄河上游第一弯的玛曲河段、黄河 上游末段托克托附近河段及黄河下游高村上下河段来研究河型转化的形式及影响因素。玛曲河段沿流向发生网状 河型→弯曲河型→辫状河型的转化现象, 该系列转化呈现出由极稳定河型向极不稳定河型的转化, 这与世界上通 常可以观察到的沿流向不稳定河型向稳定河型转化的情况完全相反。这主要受到地壳的抬升、上下峡谷卡口、水动 力特征、边界沉积物特征及植被的区域分布等因素的控制。托克托附近沿流向发生了弯曲河型→顺直河型转化的 现象, 这是较稳定河型向极稳定河型的转化, 主要受到边界沉积物、水动力等因素的控制。高村上下河段沿流向发 生的辫状河型→弯曲河型转化的现象, 是由极不稳定河型向较稳定河型转化的现象, 河道边界沉积物及水动力是 其主要控制因素, 人工大堤只是限制了河道摆动的最大幅度, 对河型的性质影响不大, 但其上游河段修筑的水库导 致下泻的水流在辫状河段的侵蚀能力增强而使其边界沉积物粗化, 并将泥质物大量沉积在弯曲河段, 客观上促进 了河型的转化。     

Analysis of controls upon channel planform at the First Great Bend of the Upper Yellow River, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The 270 km long section of the Upper Yellow River at the First Great Bend is comprised of single channel and multiple channel systems that alternate among anastomosing, anabranching, meandering and braided reaches. The sequence of downstream pattern changes is characterized as： anastomosing-anabranching, anabranching-meandering, meandering-braided and braided-meandering. Remote sensing images, DEM data and field investigations are used to assess ahd interpret controls on these reach transitions. Channel slope and bed sediment size are key determinants of transitions in channel planform. Anas- tomosing reaches have a relatively high bed slope （0.86‰） and coarser sediment bed material （d50 = 3.5 mm）. In contrast, meandering reaches have a low slope （0.30‰） and fine sediment bed material （d50 = 0.036 mm）. The transition from a meandering to braided pattern is characterized by an increase in channel width-depth ratio, indicating the important role of bank strength （i.e. cohesive versus non-cohesive versus channel boundaries）. Interestingly, the braided-meandering and meandering-braided transitions are coincident with variable flow inputs from tributary rivers （Baihe and Heihe rivers respectively）. Theoretical analysis of the meandering-braided transition highlights the key control of channel width-depth ratio as a determinant of channel planform.     

基于生态功能的河流等级划分及应用——以浙江省河流为例

河流等级划分是认识河流规律的一项基础性工作,对河流的治理和保护管理具有现实意义。现有的河流等级划分难以反映河流的时空特性,有的人为影响较大,有的不具备河流地貌特征,有的仅具备物理特征,有的仅方便行政管理。本研究基于河流连续体概念,综合了河流的物理、生物特征,引用北美新近提出的"基于生态功能的河流等级划分",阐明了对浙江省河流进行基于生态功能的等级划分意义。从流域尺度上构建了浙江省河流的等级层次结构,分析了浙江省河流各等级层次的物理特征和生态特征的共性和差异,明确了河流各等级层次的生态保护目标和相关对策。以钱塘江流域为例,对其进行了详细的等级划分,探讨了基于生态功能的河流等级划分在确定浙江省河流生态需水的作用及应用前景,并明确了在人类活动影响下,浙江省水行政管理机构在河流等级层次的相关管理范围和内容。     

澜沧江(湄公河)正源及其源头的再确定

澜沧江发源于我国青海省,流经云南省南阿河口以下改称湄公河,它是我国乃至世界上重要的国际河流之一。通过对澜沧江源头地区水文、地貌、冰川及河流特征的实地考察,并利用全球定位系统(GPS)、地理信息系统(GIS)和卫星遥感系统(SRS)等技术来确定澜沧江(湄公河)的正源及其源头。依据以河流的长度为主,并参照集水面积、河流水量等要素,确定了澜沧江的正源为扎阿曲,发源于中国青海省玉树藏族自治州杂多县扎青乡海拔5514m的果宗木查山。果宗木查山上的冰川面积为067km²,冰川末端的地理位置是东经94°41’44”、北纬33°42’31”,其海拔高度为5224m     

ANABRANCHED RIVERS

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弯曲河型与稳定江心洲河型的关系

结合天然河流及室内实验所反映的河型演变过程,本文讨论了弯曲河型与稳定江心洲河型之间的相似性,认为江心洲河型应属于弯曲型河流的范畴。     

平原水网地区快速城市化对河流水系的影响

为了揭示平原水网地区快速城市化对河流水系的影响,基于1:50000地形图和30 m空间分辨率遥感影像数据,采用格网化河网密度、支流发育系数和分形维数等水系指标,分析了20世纪80年代至21世纪10年代苏州市河流水系的时空变化特征,探讨了土地城市化水平与河网密度变化之间的定量关系。结果表明：① 苏州市河流长度衰减了10.55%,其中干流长度增加了3.24%,一级支流与二级支流的长度分别减少了18.87%和11.76%;河网密度在空间上以减小为主,其中干流河网密度在空间上以增加为主,支流河网密度在空间上以减少为主。② 支流发育系数由3.36下降至2.78,水系结构趋于主干化;水系分形维数由1.70下降至1.63,水系形态趋于简单化。③ 土地城市化率高于40%时,河流水系衰减趋于明显,且土地城市化水平越高,河流减少的越多。为满足不同的经济社会发展需要,不同等级河流对土地城市化的响应不尽相同：为提高城市防洪排涝能力,一级河流总体上有所增加;土地城市化率小于40%时,部分二级河流被侵占以增加耕地面积,并新开挖了许多三级河流以提高农田排涝与灌溉能力;土地城市化率大于40%时,大量支流被填埋并转换为建设用地,而且等级越低的河流衰减的越严重。     

论"古河道学"的研究对象、内容与方法

"古河道学"是专门以"古河道"为研究对象的科学。它属于河流学、地貌学、地质学的综合性学科,有其独特、完整的研究内容和系统、综合的研究方法。它应日益发展的生产实践的需求而诞生,又为生产实践的进一步发展提供更多的科学依据。同时,它还可丰富已有学科的理论,并为新学科的诞生提供理论基础。     

城市河岸土地利用对河流廊道功能影响初探——以上海苏州河为例

城市河岸土地利用往往改变河岸的自然地理条件,对城市河流功能产生影响。通过总结城市河岸廊道功能以及国内外城市河岸规划土地利用的实践,分析了河岸土地利用对城市河流廊道功能的影响,并以上海苏州河为例进行了实证分析。结果表明,苏州河河岸规划土地利用方式提高了河岸开放带宽度,改善了河岸舒适性,控制了河岸建筑高度,有利于保护和开发苏州河河流的景观、遗产和经济廊道的功能。干流河岸在自然廊道功能方面,仍存在一定缺陷,与支流的部分河段相比仍有差距。     

间歇性河流湿地生态修复规划研究:以云南楚雄龙川江湿地为例

云南楚雄龙川江流域上游的水库建设和河道渠化等工程改变了河谷盆地、缓坡、农耕地、河道、间歇性河流湿地和季节性溪流的地形和水文条件,曾经支持健康河流生态系统的间歇性湿地大面积退化,导致河流自净能力下降、植被退化以及生物多样性降低。通过调查和评估龙川江湿地,分析间歇性河流湿地生态修复的轨迹,确定修复目标、参考模型和技术路线,并制定湿地管理计划,旨在恢复健康的河流湿地环境。在湿地修复措施方面,挖掘和重新连接关键生态属性的湿地斑块,通过间歇性湿地保留雨水和流域的径流水量,实施综合种植计划,在河岸两侧恢复具有重要生态意义的季节性湿地综合体等。     

Geomorphological Evolution of the Navua River,Fiji

The Navua River on the main island of Fiji displays anomalous drainage features and associated fluvial forms. The River course makes a right-angled bend approximately halfway along its course, beyond which it flows through a narrow gorge cut into hard volcanic rocks. Several tributaries enter the gorge as high cascades from hanging valleys. It is proposed that the former course of the palaeo-Navua River flowed east in a straight line along the modern Waidina River, and eventually discharged into Fiji's Rewa River system. Evidence for this is the presence of a spectacular dry gorge (a wind gap) at the head of the Waidina River. Previous ideas of river capture fail to explain the evolution of the local fluvial geomorphology. Instead, tectonic uplift probably dammed the palaeo-Navua and diverted it to its present short course to the sea. This new hypothesis provides a more plausible, simultaneous account for all the major fluvial geomorphic features, their geographical distribution and their relationship with geology in the Navua region.     

澜沧江—湄公河流域的水资源及其开发利用现状分析

世界大河澜沧江—湄公河流跨亚洲中国、老挝、泰国、柬埔寨、越南和缅甸６ 国, 是亚洲第一国际大河。流域内有多种气候区和地理环境,其水文特征和水资源分布地域差异极大。文中着重对该区流域内的河川径流特征和水资源时空分布规律进行全面的分析,同时对该区流域内的水资源利用现状及其影响进行初步分析。为国际河流的国际合作开发和流域内水资源的可持续利用提供最基本的依据。     

帕隆藏布河流纵剖面演化的最小功模式

河流地貌最小功原理表明河流纵误时面形态将向力示使流速增大的方向演化，据此推导出矩形流域全程流速的平均值（u^-）与河流纵误时面形态指数（N）的关系式：u^∝-f(N)={1/2-1/[(N 1)(N 2)]}^1/2，f(N)被称为流速函数。这一最小功模式表明河流纵剖面演化方向是N由小变大。以西藏帕隆藏布中上游流域系统、干流全程及Ⅰ级阶地为例，由最小功模式计算的全程流速均值与实测值相吻合，从而检验了上述最小功原理和数学模式。     

Testing links between river patterns and in-channel characteristics using MRPP and ANOVA

This study tests the assumption that the characteristics of channels within multiple channel rivers are different from those of single channel rivers. Some river restoration approaches propose radical transformation of river patterns, from multiple to single channels, based on the link between river patterns and their in-channel characteristics. Determining the links between river patterns and their in-channel characteristics is complicated by differences in geology, history, climate and discharge among rivers. Furthermore, multiple channel rivers are composed of a mosaic of channel types with a range of in-channel characteristics. This study minimizes these problems by analysing a single river containing neighbouring single and multiple channel patterns with little change in discharge downstream, and by analysing all channel types. The study addressed two objectives: to determine the hydraulic geometry, energy, and sediment mobility characteristics of neighbouring single and multiple channel river patterns, and to test for statistical differences in these characteristics between patterns. The Renous River shows a wandering pattern for 11.5 km, with multiple channels around semipermanent islands and abandoned channels in the flood plain. The river displays a single channel river pattern where channels are confined by their valley walls, upstream and downstream of wandering. The analysis was conducted at three scales. First, the confined single channel and wandering multiple channel patterns were compared (pattern scale). Second, the confined channel pattern was compared to single and multiple channel sections within the wandering pattern (section scale). Third, all channel types were compared (channel type scale). Multi response permutation procedure (MRPP) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to analyze differences between channels. Difference tests found no simple discrimination between the single and multiple channel river patterns of the Renous River. Tests between the single confined and multiple wandering channel patterns found few differences in the in-channel variables. The tests did find differences between multiple channel sections within the wandering pattern and confined single channels; however, a greater number of differences were found between multiple channel and single channel sections within the wandering pattern, highlighting the variability within the wandering pattern. Two groups emerged when all channel types were tested for differences: perennial main-channels containing the thalweg, and ephemeral side-channels. Therefore, side-channels define the in-channel characteristics of wandering rivers because few differences were found among main-channels in either pattern. This analysis suggests that all channel types, not just main-channels, should be investigated to obtain a complete picture of a river pattern prior to any restoration efforts. Engineers must exercise caution when applying the link between river patterns and in-channel characteristics to river restoration efforts.     

“分水岭迁移与河流袭夺”客观存在

分水岭迁移的结果必然会引起河流的袭夺，这是水系演变中的客观规律。分水岭之所以会发生迁移，关键在于分水岭两侧分别存在着高位河流与低位河流，这就使得分水岭两侧的侵蚀能量有差异。分水岭的被切穿主要是由于低位河流溯源侵蚀较强，迫使分水岭向高位河流的一例移动，并最终袭夺高位河流。     

长江中游马口-田家镇河段40年来河道演变

Quantitative analysis was performed on the filling-scouring process for the river reach within Makou and Tianjiazhen, the middle Yangtze River with the help of GIS and DEM techniques. The research results indicate that the river reach between Makou and Tianjiazhen was dominated by the scouring process, and the magnitude of scouring is increasing over time. The intensity of scouring process is more in the deep and narrower river reach than shallower and wider ones. The river reach in the Makou and Tianjiazhen river knot is in fre-quent scouring and filling process, however the river reach upper to the Makou and lower to the Tianjiazhen river knot is in moderate scouring and filling process. The river reach just upstream or downstream to the river knot (e.g. Makou and Tianjiazhen river knot in this research) is dominated by filling process and the river reach in the river knot is dominated by the scouring process. Research results indicate no changes in the boundary of the river but the scouring and the filling magnitude in specific river channel is strong. The filling and the scouring process of the study river reach is greatly impacted by the sediments and water from the upstream of the study river reach. The construction of the Three Gorges Dam just upstream to Yichang will cause further decrease of the release of the sediment load to the middle and the lower Yangtze River basin, which will further intensify the scouring process of the river channel in the study river reach.     

半干旱区季节性河流在荒漠化发育中的作用——以内蒙古四子王旗塔布河流域为例

荒漠化发育方式和过程的各不相同 ,具有明显的地域性和成因差异性特点。半干旱区季节性河流在荒漠化地貌发育中的作用是引人注目的一个科学问题。内蒙古四子王旗塔布河流域内有丰富的第三系和第四系河湖相冲 (洪 )积沉积物。该流域正发生着内蒙古乌兰察布盟最严重的荒漠化。本文基于LandsatTM图像的处理与分析 ,对该区季节性河流流域的荒漠化程度、分布及其成因作了研究 ,探讨了风 -水复合作用下荒漠化发育的具体模式。在干旱 -半干旱的气候背景下 ,地表植被稀疏、甚至裸露 ,在暴雨作用下 ,形成的洪流搬运大量泥沙碎屑物质沉积在中下游的宽谷地带 ,随着河道的淤积、抬高与加宽 ,干燥的流沙向两岸蔓延 ;再在特殊地段河道的“狭管效应”与局部气流循环共同作用下 ,流沙向四周进一步扩展 ,与山前洪积扇相连 ,造成荒漠化大范围的发生和发展 ,并可能导致整个地区的荒漠化。     

Channel changes of the Makou-Tianjiazhen reach in the middle Yangtze River during the past 40 years

Quantitative analysis was performed on the filling-scouring process for the river reach within Makou and Tianjiazhen, the middle Yangtze River with the help of GIS and DEM techniques. The research results indicate that the river reach between Makou and Tianjiaz-hen was dominated by the scouring process, and the magnitude of scouring is increasing over time. The intensity of scouring process is more in the deep and narrower river reach than shallower and wider ones. The river reach in the Makou and Tianjiazhen river knot is in fre-quent scouring and filling process, however the river reach upper to the Makou and lower to the Tianjiazhen river knot is in moderate scouring and filling process. The river reach just upstream or downstream to the river knot (e.g. Makou and Tianjiazhen river knot in this re-search) is dominated by filling process and the river reach in the river knot is dominated by the scouring process. Research results indicate no changes in the boundary of the river but the scouring and the filling magnitude in specific river channel is strong. The filling and the scouring process of the study river reach is greatly impacted by the sediments and water from the upstream of the study river reach. The construction of the Three Gorges Dam just up-stream to Yichang will cause further decrease of the release of the sediment load to the mid-dle and the lower Yangtze River basin, which will further intensify the scouring process of the river channel in the study river reach.     

河流形态特征的分维计算方法

本文运用分形的基本定义及河系定律探讨了河长和河网结构的分维。海河水系河长的分维在１．０１－１．１４之间，河网的分维在１．５０－１．６９之间。     

数字流域及其在流域综合管理中的应用

流域的治理需要从系统的角度出发 ,综合考虑流域的自然、经济和社会子系统 ,实行综合管理。本文从新近发展起来的数字地球的概念出发 ,建立了数字流域的基本模式 ,初步探讨了数字流域的数据采集、处理、集成、显示及其在流域综合管理中的应用。