Higher resolution total velocity <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vt</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Va</Emphasis> finite-volume formulations on cell-centred structured and unstructured grids

Novel cell-centred finite-volume formulations are presented for incompressible and immiscible two-phase flow with both gravity and capillary pressure effects on structured and unstructured grids. The Darcy-flux is approximated by a control-volume distributed multipoint flux approximation (CVD-MPFA) coupled with a higher resolution approximation for convective transport. The CVD-MPFA method is used for Darcy-flux approximation involving pressure, gravity, and capillary pressure flux operators. Two IMPES formulations for coupling the pressure equation with fluid transport are presented. The first is based on the classical total velocity Vt fractional flow (Buckley Leverett) formulation, and the second is based on a more recent Va formulation. The CVD-MPFA method is employed for both Vt and Va formulations. The advantages of both coupled formulations are contrasted. The methods are tested on a range of structured and unstructured quadrilateral and triangular grids. The tests show that the resulting methods are found to be comparable for a number of classical cases, including channel flow problems. However, when gravity is present, flow regimes are identified where the Va formulation becomes locally unstable, in contrast to the total velocity formulation. The test cases also show the advantages of the higher resolution method compared to standard first-order single-point upstream weighting.     

Unstructured, Control-Volume Distributed, Full-Tensor Finite-Volume Schemes with Flow Based Grids

Locally conservative flux-continuous, full-tensor, discretization schemes are presented for general unstructured grids. The schemes are control-volume distributed, where flow variables and rock properties are assigned to the polygonal control-volumes derived from the primal grid. A relationship between these finite volume schemes and the mixed finite element method is established. An extension for unstructured grids is described that leads to a general symmetric positive definite discretization matrix for both quadrilateral and triangular grids. A novel flow based gridding approach for unstructured mesh generation is also proposed for heterogeneous reservoir domains. Results computed with the flux continuous schemes on unstructured flow-based grids demonstrate the advantages of the methods.     

Accurate local upscaling with variable compact multipoint transmissibility calculations

We propose a new single-phase local upscaling method that uses spatially varying multipoint transmissibility calculations. The method is demonstrated on two-dimensional Cartesian and adaptive Cartesian grids. For each cell face in the coarse upscaled grid, we create a local fine grid region surrounding the face on which we solve two generic local flow problems. The multipoint stencils used to calculate the fluxes across coarse grid cell faces involve the six neighboring pressure values. They are required to honor the two generic flow problems. The remaining degrees of freedom are used to maximize compactness and to ensure that the flux approximation is as close as possible to being two-point. The resulting multipoint flux approximations are spatially varying (a subset of the six neighbors is adaptively chosen) and reduce to two-point expressions in cases without full-tensor anisotropy. Numerical tests show that the method significantly improves upscaling accuracy as compared to commonly used local methods and also compares favorably with a local–global upscaling method.     

Application of the edge function method to rock mechanics problems

Summary The edge function method is considered as an alternative to conventional numerical schemes for the solution of plane problems in rock mechanics. The essence of the approach is the approximation of the solution by a linear combination of solutions of the field equations. The unknowns in the linear combination are obtained from a system of equations which follows from the approximation of the boundary conditions by a boundary Galerkin energy method. No mesh generation is required over the domain or boundary of the problem. Previous edge function work in anisotropic elasticity is enhanced by the incorporation of a special solution for the effect of gravity. Examples are presented to illustrate the applicability of the method in determining stresses in various rock mechanics problems. A high level of accuracy is achieved with a relatively small number of degrees of freedom. Convergence is rapid because of the inclusion of special analytic solutions to model stress concentrations. The inclusion of the gravity force does, however, lead to a small increase in the number of degrees of freedom needed to achieve acceptable results. The optimum use of the edge function method, at present, may be as a special element within more general finite element or discrete element codes.     

Voronoi grids conforming to 3D structural features

Flow simulation in a reservoir can be highly impacted by upscaling errors. These errors can be reduced by using simulation grids with cells as homogeneous as possible, hence conformable to horizons and faults. In this paper, the coordinates of 3D Voronoi seeds are optimized so that Voronoi cell facets honor the structural features. These features are modeled by piecewise linear complex (PLC). The optimization minimizes a function made of two parts: (1) a barycentric function, which ensures that the cells will be of good quality by maximizing their compactness; and (2) a conformity function, which allows to minimize the volume of cells that is isolated from the Voronoi seed w.r.t., a structural feature. To determine the isolated volume, a local approximation of the structural feature inside the Voronoi cells is used to cut the cells. It improves the algorithm efficiency and robustness compared to an exact cutting procedure. This method, used jointly with an adaptive gradient solver to minimize the function, allows dealing with complex 3D geological cases. It always produces a Voronoi simulation grid with the desired number of cells.     

碳酸盐岩二次生烃研究综述

二次生烃是指停止生烃的烃源岩再次被深埋,并且受热温度超过一次生烃的最大温度,达到二次生烃门限时又重新开始生烃。主要生烃物质有干酪根及其衍生的丝沥青、可溶有机质,包裹体有机质、晶包有机质、固体沥青、一次生烃形成的吸附有机质以及缝合线有机质等。不管二次生烃起始成熟度是否达到一次生烃高峰所对应的成熟度,其二次生烃曲线均有一个相对的生烃高峰,而且二次生烃起始成熟度越高,生烃高峰就越迟,高峰值也相对较小。对于二次生烃的数量、演化路径以及生烃始点等关键问题仍存在分歧,今后应在热模拟实验的基础上,结合化学动力学和数值模拟方法,进一步加强碳酸盐岩二次生烃理论的研究。     

Monotone multiscale finite volume method

The MultiScale Finite Volume (MSFV) method is known to produce non-monotone solutions. The causes of the non-monotone solutions are identified and connected to the local flux across the boundaries of primal coarse cells induced by the basis functions. We propose a monotone MSFV (m-MSFV) method based on a local stencil-fix that guarantees monotonicity of the coarse-scale operator, and thus, the resulting approximate fine-scale solution. Detection of non-physical transmissibility coefficients that lead to non-monotone solutions is achieved using local information only and is performed algebraically. For these ‘critical’ primal coarse-grid interfaces, a monotone local flux approximation, specifically, a Two-Point Flux Approximation (TPFA), is employed. Alternatively, a local linear boundary condition can be used for the dual basis functions to reduce the degree of non-monotonicity. The local nature of the two strategies allows for ensuring monotonicity in local sub-regions, where the non-physical transmissibility occurs. For practical applications, an adaptive approach based on normalized positive off-diagonal coarse-scale transmissibility coefficients is developed. Based on the histogram of these normalized coefficients, one can remove the large peaks by applying the proposed modifications only for a small fraction of the primal coarse grids. Though the m-MSFV approach can guarantee monotonicity of the solutions to any desired level, numerical results illustrate that employing the m-MSFV modifications only for a small fraction of the domain can significantly reduce the non-monotonicity of the conservative MSFV solutions.     

Quantifying impacts of forecast uncertainties on predicted storm surges

In this paper, we propose a framework for quantifying risks, including (1) the effects of forecast errors, (2) the ability to resolve critical grid features that are important to accurate site-specific forecasts, and (3) a framework that can move us toward performance-based/cost-based decisions, within an extremely fast execution time. A key element presently lacking in previous studies is the interrelationship between the effects of combined random errors and bias in numerical weather prediction (NWP) models and bias and random errors in surge models. This approach examines the number of degrees of freedom in present forecasts and develops an equation for the quantification of these types of errors within a unified system, given the number of degrees of freedom in the NWP forecasts. It is shown that the methodology can be used to provide information on the forecasts and along with the combined uncertainty due to all of the individual contributions. A potential important benefit from studies using this approach would be the ability to estimate financial and other trade-offs between higher-cost “rapid” evacuation methods and lower-cost “slower” evacuation methods. Analyses here show that uncertainty inherent in these decisions depends strongly on forecast time and geographic location. Methods based on sets of surge maxima do not capture this uncertainty and would be difficult to use for this purpose. In particular, it is shown that surge model bias can play a dominant role in distorting the forecast probabilities.     

G23FM: a tool for meshing complex geological media

We present G23FM, a mesh generation tool for discretizing two- and three-dimensional complex fractured geological media. G23FM includes different techniques to generate finite element grids that maintain the geometric integrity of input surfaces, and geologic data and produce optimal triangular/tetrahedral grids for flow and transport simulations. G23FM generates grid for two-dimensional cross-sections, represents faults and fractures, for three-dimensional fractured media, and has the capability of including finer grids. Different examples are presented to illustrate some of the main features of G23FM.     

南京燕子矶滑坡地质灾害治理工程及其综合利用

南京燕子矾滑坡位于南京市栖霞区燕子矶中学校区内,其发生的多次滑动对学校师生人生安全和正常教学秩序构成严重威胁,曾被列入南京市重点地质灾害隐患点和省地质灾害防治方案。本文分析了该滑坡群的特征和地质环境背景条件,对滑坡稳定性进行了分析计算和综合评价;详细介绍了该滑坡治理与学校体育看台的建设巧妙结合以及在考虑整体美化和协调的前提下对原有治理结构加以利用,进行综合治理的思路和技术特点,体现了该地质灾害治理工程的创新性及其社会和生态环境效益。     

A Deep-Learning-Based Geological Parameterization for History Matching Complex Models

A new low-dimensional parameterization based on principal component analysis (PCA) and convolutional neural networks (CNN) is developed to represent complex geological models. The CNN–PCA method is inspired by recent developments in computer vision using deep learning. CNN–PCA can be viewed as a generalization of an existing optimization-based PCA (O-PCA) method. Both CNN–PCA and O-PCA entail post-processing a PCA model to better honor complex geological features. In CNN–PCA, rather than use a histogram-based regularization as in O-PCA, a new regularization involving a set of metrics for multipoint statistics is introduced. The metrics are based on summary statistics of the nonlinear filter responses of geological models to a pre-trained deep CNN. In addition, in the CNN–PCA formulation presented here, a convolutional neural network is trained as an explicit transform function that can post-process PCA models quickly. CNN–PCA is shown to provide both unconditional and conditional realizations that honor the geological features present in reference SGeMS geostatistical realizations for a binary channelized system. Flow statistics obtained through simulation of random CNN–PCA models closely match results for random SGeMS models for a demanding case in which O-PCA models lead to significant discrepancies. Results for history matching are also presented. In this assessment CNN–PCA is applied with derivative-free optimization, and a subspace randomized maximum likelihood method is used to provide multiple posterior models. Data assimilation and significant uncertainty reduction are achieved for existing wells, and physically reasonable predictions are also obtained for new wells. Finally, the CNN–PCA method is extended to a more complex nonstationary bimodal deltaic fan system, and is shown to provide high-quality realizations for this challenging example.

     

中太平洋SA海山钴结壳勘查网度分析

资源勘查过程是一个不断获取新的资源信息过程,选择最优勘查网度是降低勘查成本、加快勘查速度的关键之一,地质统计学方法在勘查网度研究方面有很大的优越性.本文选取中太平洋SA海山作为研究对象,利用地质统计学法,建立SA海山结壳厚度的理论变差函数模型.根据估计方差是勘探网度和网型的函数这一原理方法,分析认为当前的勘查网度无法控制该海山钻结壳的分布,还需加密调查取样,并模拟得出了最优勘查网度,为大洋矿产勘查航次设计提供参考.     

基于云架构的中国地质调查信息网格平台关键技术研究与实现

目前中国地质调查网格结点体系已基本形成,初步实现门户的自治,结点资源与门户资源的共享与协同。随着信息技术的发展,以及云GIS、大数据、北斗等技术在网格平台中的开展、应用,从网格平台基于云架构体系升级入手,阐述了基于云架构非结构化地质数据存储与管理、快速搭建地质调查业务系统中间件和野外地质调查工作管理与安全保障服务等一系列关键技术的研究与实现,为网格平台的下一步发展提供了研究基础。     

三维无缝工程地质建模系统的研制

在边界表示法的基础上,提出了无缝工程地质模型的概念,实现了基于模型线框架的无缝工程地质建模方法,研制了无缝建模系统（ROCKModel）。该系统包括3个部分：原始数据转换工具、实体建模工具与辅助工具,涉及剖分、插值、曲面求交等8个基本功能模块。在基本功能模块的基础上,提出并实现了形态复杂曲面的创建、构建模型线框架、界面编辑与重构、块体搜索、岩体质量三维分级等关键技术。该系统能够实现复杂地质对象与工程对象的无缝建模与可视化,并为数值模拟软件直接提供几何模型。     

四川峨眉山地质遗迹及其地学意义

峨眉山在1996年与乐山大佛一同被列入世界自然与文化遗产名录,是自然和文化的双重遗产之地。其地质遗产以麦地坪震旦—寒武系国际层型参考剖面等典型地层剖面、新构造运动产生的峨眉山断块山等现代地貌以及独特的峨眉山玄武岩和峨眉山花岗岩为代表。以峨眉山风景区地质遗迹景观为基础,以上扬子地层分区的部分地层区域、四川盆地东缘断块山地貌单元为研究视角,构建峨眉山地质遗迹资源体系——包括5个大类、18个亚类共60余处地质遗迹景点;在峨眉山地质构造特征分析的基础上,对前人研究进行了总结,探讨了峨眉山风景区地质构造特征、地质遗迹资源体系类型与分布,以及地质遗迹的地学意义。研究表明,峨眉山风景区完整地层序列的出露是地质剖面类地质遗迹景观、古生物活动遗迹景观以及岩溶地貌景观的物质条件,新生代以来的强烈构造运动为构造地貌景观、水体景观等提供了外动力条件。峨眉山的地质遗迹研究在古生物与地层学、沉积学、地球深部动力学、构造学等方面具有重要科学意义。     

地质体单元边界的自动搜索技术探讨

地质体边界数据是油藏数值动态模拟、盆地模拟、油气分布预测等应用的基础数据。过去,地质工作者通过地质图或有关剖面图对地质体边界单元数据进行提取,这种方法不便于数据的自动采集和计算,且工作量极大。作者应用八方向测试算法和改进的左方向技术,用Ｖｉｓｕａｌ Ｃ＋＋语言编程并实现二维地质体单元边界的自动搜索。该方法对松辽盆地某剖面数据进行实际运算和处理,结果表明效果良好,值得推广。     

3-D geometric description of fractured reservoirs

Traditional stochastic modeling of fracture networks usually failed because it required unaccessible statistics and may not be able to honor available local data. This paper presents an algorithm for the 3D geometric simulation of fractured reservoirs. It is based on geological rules of fracture propagation and interaction. It is part of a methodology which aims at integrating diverse data about the fracture system in the subsurface. This information can come from well cores and logs, analog outcrops, geomechanical stress studies, seismic surveys; it may be quantitative or qualitative, and have different degrees of reliability.     

证据权模型中两种预测单元划分方式对比

证据权模型作为一种数据综合方法已被广泛应用于矿产资源定量预测与评价。在模糊证据权基础上,发展了基于地质单元思想的矢量证据图层构建和数据综合方法,并通过实例作具体阐述：它以矿点缓冲区图层作为训练图层,以各证据变量图层在空间上的叠置所形成的唯一地质单元作为评价对象,统一计算各个证据变量的证据权重,进而基于地质单元进行证据综合和后验概率成图。与基于栅格（或规则格网）的模型不同,基于矢量证据权模型以具有明确地质内涵的地质单元（而非规则网格单元）为预测单元,易于解释,并且消除了边界误差;相比基于规则格网划分所得到的成矿单元,以矿床（点）缓冲区作为训练对象,提高了已知矿点的代表性。实例表明：若预测单元大小为初始栅格大小整数倍,各缓冲等级平均面积计算误差为0.26%,否则面积平均误差达到6%;即使在预测单元大小为初始栅格大小整数倍情况下,矿点平均计算误差也达到4.78%。因此,基于地质单元思想的证据权预测单元划分方法在精度上优于基于栅格或规则格网方法。