日本刺沙蚕的性信息素研究

日本刺沙蚕（Ｎｅｒｅｉｓ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ）广泛分布于中国沿海，是鱼、虾的优良饵料，冬末春初敏殖时离开河口向盐较高的海区移动。与多齿围沙蚕，褐片阔沙蚕等其它沙蚕不同，日本刺沙蚕在繁殖过程中不出现完全变态，但是与其它沙蚕一样，其繁殖过程也受一组性信息素控制。从雌性熟的日本刺沙蚕体腔液中提取并鉴定出一种有生物活性的挥发性物质－辛二烯－［３，５］－酮－［２］，这种化合物可以增加群浮个体在配子释放之前婚舞     

沙蚕科性信息素的种间作用

本文对海洋多毛类沙蚕科4属7种沙蚕:褐片阔沙蚕(Platynereis dumerilii)、双管阔沙蚕(P.bicanaliculata)、日本刺沙蚕(Neanthes japonica)、琥珀刺沙蚕(N.succinea)、多齿围沙蚕(Perinereis nuntia)、绿沙蚕(Nereis virens)和涂沙蚕(N.fucata)性信息素的种间作用进行了电生理和行为反应的研究.结果表明,同属的双管阔沙蚕和褐片阔沙蚕及日本刺沙蚕和琥珀刺沙蚕的异沙蚕体的体腔液可以互相诱导异性的异沙蚕体发生婚舞(naptial dance)和释放配子;雌性或雄性的多齿围沙蚕、雄性的绿沙蚕和涂沙蚕的异沙蚕体体腔液分别可以诱导异性褐片阔沙蚕异沙蚕体发生婚舞并释放配子;但雌性或雄性褐片阔沙蚕、雄性的日本利沙蚕、琥珀刺沙蚕和涂沙蚕的异沙蚕体的体腔液却不能诱导异性多齿围沙的异沙蚕体发生婚舞或释放配子.不过,雌性褐片阔沙蚕异沙蚕体的体腔液能引起雄性多齿围沙蚕异沙蚕体脑电活性的增强.     

养虾池常用药物对沙蚕的毒性试验

沙蚕养虾能增大对虾规格、提高对虾产量、降低饵料成本、防止池底污染［１］。但目前仍有许多养虾者，自觉或不自觉地利用清池药物将养虾池内的沙蚕杀死，造成一定的损失。为找到虾池常用药物对沙蚕的安全浓度，笔者于１９９２年５～６月用漂白粉、茶子饼、ＣｕＳＯ４、生石灰对沙蚕的毒性进行了试验。１材料和方法１．１试验材料日本刺沙蚕（Ｎｅａｎｔｈｅｓｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ）［２］取自寿光县第二水产养殖公司１１１号养虾池，选用健康、肢体完整的个体，规格２．５～３．５ｃｍ（ＣｕＳＯ４毒性试验沙蚕规格４．５～５．５ｃｍ）。漂白…     

中国对虾对日本刺沙蚕的摄食率研究

于１９９６年６月在山东莱阳市养殖场采集中国对虾（体长４．５－６．０ｃｍ体重１．２－３．７ｇ）和日本刺沙蚕（体长１．０－５．０ｃｍ）通过持续２０的室内实验,研究中国对虾对日本刺沙蚕的摄食率,实验条件为：水温２１－２３℃,海水盐度３０－３１,ｐＨ＝８．２－８．６,室内自然光照,实验结果表明,中国对虾对日本刺沙蚕的摄食率Ｃ（ｇ．ｇ＾－１．ｄ＾－１）与体重Ｗ（ｇ）的关系为Ｃ＝０．１５３Ｗ＾０．７０７２,在     

日本刺沙蚕摄食沉积物的实验研究

日本刺沙蚕为典型的沉积食性底栖动物,通过大量吞食沉积物来获得能量,以维持自身的营养需求。作者于１９９６年１０月在山东省丁字湾北部泥滩潮间带采集日本刺沙蚕,利用肠道内含物分析方法测定了日本刺沙蚕对自然沉积物的摄食率,其结果为５．７１±２．７６ｍｇ．ｍｇ－１．ｄ－１,并估算出日本刺沙蚕饱食沉积物所需时间约为６．５８ｈ。日本刺沙蚕在摄食沉积物时偏向于选择较大的颗粒,这与最适觅食模型的结论相反。这一结果可用底栖生物对其栖居环境适应方式的特殊性来解释。     

中国对虾虾池几种动物的摄食能力和选择性研究

我国的养虾业大多尚处在粗养和半精养状态，这两种模式的特点是放苗密度较低，正因如此，天然饵料对生产的意义相对更重要，尤其对摄食量较少的养殖中前期的幼虾，基础饵料成为提高效益、减少污染、预防疾病的关键因素，是目前的人工饵料无法替代的。因此，基础饵料逐渐被人们所认识。国内最早开展研究开发工作的是原国家水产总局黄海所养殖室对虾组［３］①。有些地方在生产过程中采取措施繁殖基础饵料，取得好的经验［１，４］。到目前为止，对基础饵料的主要种类的认识多半限于沙蚕科的日本刺沙蚕（Ｎｅａｎｔｈｅｓｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ），…     

鳀鱼水解蛋白脱苦方法的研究

蛋白质水解产物常带有苦味，鱼蛋白经过酶水解后也产生强烈的苦味［４，６］。苦味来自水解过程中产生的含疏水基团的短肽和疏水性氨基酸［５］，其中，带有疏水基团的短肽比疏水性游离氨基酸的苦味大［２］。短肽的苦味与其疏水基团的多少、种类及其排列顺序有直接关系。大多数苦味肽的链端都有亮氨酸（Ｌｅｕ）［３］。水解蛋白的脱苦方法大致有５种［１～３］；水解法、类蛋白合成法、有机溶剂法、吸附法、掩盖法。鱼（Ｅｎｇｒａｎｌｉｓｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｓ）属于中上层低值鱼类，在我国沿海蕴藏量很大。随着大多数经济鱼类资源的日益匮…     

超声波锌(卷)-镉法测定天然水中的硝酸盐

硝酸盐的测定方法很多,目前常采用镉－铜法和锌－镉法［２］。镉－铜法还原率高,无盐误差,为目前国际上公认的测定硝酸盐的标准方法［３］,但测定速度较慢,还原柱的前处理工作较为繁琐。锌－镉法测定硝酸盐简便快速,但其还原享受盐度影响很大,在淡水中其还原率仅为２０％左右。于志刚等［１］发现锌－镉法在盐度１０～７５时还原率保持恒定为７４％,从而采取向样品中加入固体海盐的方法来消除盐误差,获得较好结果。但该方法存在的问题是振荡采用往复式振荡器,体积庞大不适合现场操作。作者采用超声波振荡法,并对试验条件进行了改…     

人工养殖条件下多齿围沙蚕亲体培育和繁殖生物学的初步研究

通过生态学及组织学方法对人工养殖条件下多齿围沙蚕(Perinereis nuntia Savigny)亲体培育条件及繁殖生物学进行了研究.结果表明,多齿围沙蚕雌雄异体,非成熟季节外观上无法辨别雌雄,性成熟时,雌(异沙蚕体)灰绿色,雄(异沙蚕体)红白色.生殖细胞起源于体腔膜上皮,不久就释放到体腔中,在体腔内卵原细胞和精原细胞http://ebook/成都,今夜请将我遗忘/index.htm分裂增殖形成卵原细胞群和精原细胞群,体腔中充满了外形不规则或近圆形的滋养细胞,细胞内可见嗜伊红颗粒,滋养细胞之间可见发达的微血管.卵原细胞群不断增殖发育,至初级卵母细胞后游离至体腔中继续发育为次级卵母细胞和成熟卵子;精原细胞群形成精子合胞体(syncytium),各级精母细胞在合胞体内发育,直至形成成熟精子时才分散游离.水温18℃以上,多齿围沙蚕的生长体经培育才可能形成异沙蚕体.特别是在经历了一定的低温期后,再提高温度可以有效的促进异沙蚕体形成.胚胎发育的适宜温度为18～25℃;适宜盐度为25～32.胚胎发育过程经历卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、担轮幼虫期、后担轮幼虫期、膜内游毛幼虫期等阶段,在水温25℃、盐度30条件下,从受精至孵出3刚节幼虫约需65 h.3刚节游毛幼虫至10刚节幼体约需28 d.     

沙蚕投喂池养虾技术

１沙蚕的主要用途用沙蚕养殖对虾的研究成果早已推广，且在不少地方取得了节约饵料１０～４０％、提高产量３０～３５％的较好效果［２，３］。但是，由于沙蚕自身进行新陈代谢需要耗氧，且具杂食的习性．因此，有时也发生争夺饵料，出现缺氧。在用沙蚕养虾的过程中，沙蚕和对虾之间的关系并非固定不变，沙蚕也并不总是处于被对虾捕食的地位。近年有不少地方，由于用沙蚕养虾，出现对虾小苗成活率极低，甚至全无的现象。在文登市销售的虾苗中发现，在同一批虾苗中，只是由于买主不同，虾苗成活率高低相差悬殊。分析发现：凡是虾苗成活率低的…     

裸体方格星虫壶状细胞复合体的形态结构

星虫动物利用体腔液中的多种细胞完成呼吸、免疫、生殖等功能,部分种类体腔中有一类能依靠纤毛摆动、在体腔液中自由"游动"的"壶状细胞复合体"(urn cell complex,UCC)。利用光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜,观察了裸体方格星虫体液内UCC的形态、结构和细胞组分,结果显示:UCC占体腔液细胞总数的0.1%~0.4%,由位于前端的泡状细胞(vesicular cell)和位于基部能分泌粘液的纤毛细胞(ciliated cell)构成。泡状细胞呈帽状,长径为10~33μm,短径为8~25μm,内有一泡状体占据了细胞绝大部分体积,泡状体内含物均匀,电子密度低;位于细胞膜下有一或两个核,核内具团块状异染色质;细胞器极少。纤毛细胞呈扁平状,核大且位于正中,核仁明显,异染色质少;内质网和高尔基体发达,有大量分泌泡;线粒体丰富;细胞边缘有大量纤毛,具有典型的微管结构。泡状细胞质中仅有少量非网状细胞骨架,细胞形状多变;纤毛细胞骨架结构发达,尤其在纤毛着生区域。在UCC内部发现了多糖成分,泡状细胞主要含有酸性多糖,纤毛细胞则含有中性和酸性混合多糖。经对照实验发现,壶状细胞复合体内不存在碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)。实验结果说明,UCC可通过分泌粘液收集体液中的细胞碎片、异体杂质等,但是不具有细胞内消化的能力,其运动的动力由纤毛细胞提供。     

日本鳗鲡早期阶段耳石中心核外周标记轮的观察

１９８９年１０月自江苏太湖捕获到日本鳗鲡亲鱼，经暂养、人工催产后孵出 仔鳗。对仔鳗耳石进行观察，发现耳石中心核外周存在标记轮，与１９９０年４月取样 子长江口启东的白仔鳗耳石中心核外周的标记轮比较，两者无显著差别。两者耳石 中心核与其外周标记轮之间都存在两个生长轮。人工培育仔鳗耳石标记轮（第３个 日生长轮）的存在证实了白仔鳗耳石标记轮是第３个日生长轮。     

刺参体腔液几种免疫指标的周年变化

为了调查刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)免疫机能的周年变化,初步探索刺参免疫的规律,于2006年7月至2007年6月对刺参体腔液几种免疫指标进行了周年测定.结果显示,周年内刺参体腔液内几种酶类显著变化的转折点为9月、10月,1月,2月、4月和5月.刺参体腔液几种酶类活性变化与温度和盐度等环境因素并不存在相关关系,因此推测这些显著变化并不是单一的温度、盐度等环境因素作用的结果,综合分析,其变化原因可能与刺参的夏眠、生理及繁殖等因素的作用有关.     

可口革囊星虫Phasolosma esculenta体腔液的抗菌活性研究

可口革囊星虫Phasolosma esculenta为我国特有的一种可食用海洋经济动物。本文以可口革囊星虫为研究对象,利用琼脂径向扩散、涂板计数等方法研究其体腔液中物质的抗菌活性以及理化特性。研究结果表明,可口革囊星虫体腔液中存在抗菌活性物质,并且该物质对金黄色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus aureus等3种革兰氏阳性细菌具有明显的抗菌效果,但对大肠杆菌Escherichia coli等3种革兰氏阴性细菌以及葡萄牙假丝酵母Candida lusitaniae抗菌效果不明显。结果还发现:(1)不同提取方式出现明显不同的抗菌效果,与体腔液上清液和2%乙酸提取体腔液所得提取物的抗菌效果相比,超声破碎处理提取物的抗菌效果最为明显。(2)理化特性研究发现该抗菌物质抗菌效力持久,抗冻融,并且在5~30 ℃范围内最适抗菌温度约为25 ℃;该物质不耐高温,60 ℃处理10 min后该物质的抗菌作用完全消失;此外,该物质的抗菌作用不依赖金属离子的存在。(3)超滤管过滤截留琼脂扩散结果表明该抗菌物质的分子量在100 kDa以上。     

Population Dynamics of Sergio mirim RODRIGUES 1971 Decapoda: Thalassinidea: Callianassidae in Cassino Beach, Southern Brazil

Abstract. Thalassinid shrimps have been extensively exploited for bait in many countries around the world. In order to prepare future management strategies for a little-exploited population of Sergio mirim in southern Brazil, growth, mortality and reproduction of this species were studied between June 1988 and November 1992. Size-frequency distributions were dominated by mature individuals, and recruitment occurred in austral spring, with widely variable abundances between years. Females attained larger mean and maximum sizes than males. The sex ratio was balanced for young individuals and female-biased for the mature segment of the population, as previously reported for other species of burrowing shrimps. Ovigerous females were found mostly between September and January, and egg numbers were a function of carapace length. From parameters of the VON BERTALANFFY growth curves, a maximum life span of approximately 4 years was estimated for both sexes. Among callianassids for which reproductive measures are known. S. mirim represents one of the highest reproductive potentials. The advantages of the thalassinidean female-biased sex ratio pattern is discussed.     

Life history and productivity of Pectinaria koreni Malmgren (polychaeta)

Growth, survivorship, reproduction and productivity of a Pectinaria (Lagis) koreni population was studied in Colwyn Bay, from July 1975 to August 1976. The cephalic disc diameter of the worms was chosen as an index of size, after the relations between linear and weight measurements of the body were established. Settlement of Pectinaria was estimated to have occured at the beginning of June, and the whole population had disappeared by April. Growth was initially fast but it ceased completely during the winter, probably due to low temperatures and disturbance by storms. Bundles of gametes first appeared in the coelomic fluid in November, but maturation was not completed before May. Mature ova, 60–65 μ in diameter, were released individually: sperms, a few microns in diameter, were released in bundles. The highest standing crop, 47·5 g m^?2 was present in September and the total production of the cohort during its lifetime was 138·8 g m^?2. The ratio between total production and mean biomass was given by P/B: 7·3.     

氨氮慢性胁迫对刺参免疫酶活性及热休克蛋白表达的影响

以初始体重为(50.50±1.67)g左右的刺参(Apostichopus Japonicus Selenka)为研究对象,研究了不同氨氮浓度对刺参体壁和体腔液中酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及HSP70表达的影响。20d慢性毒性实验研究结果表明:(1)刺参体壁和体腔液ACP、AKP活性在0.51和2.04mg/L氨氮浓度下表现出先上升后降低的趋势,而在5.09、10.19和50.93mg/L下,则表现出降低的趋势;(2)不同浓度氨氮胁迫下,刺参体壁CAT活性均呈现降低趋势,且与氨氮浓度呈现显著的负相关性(P<0.05),而刺参体腔液CAT活性在0.51、5.09、10.19和50.93mg/L浓度下则均随取样时间而降低;(3)在氨氮浓度0.51～5.09mg/L时,刺参体壁和体腔液SOD活性均表现出不同程度的先增高后降低的趋势,而在高浓度下则与氮氮浓度显著负相关;(4)在氨氮胁迫下,刺参体壁、呼吸树、肠道和体腔液中HSP70表达量迅速升高,氨氮胁迫第5天时检测到达到最高;随后各组织HSP70的表达量缓慢降低,但在氨氮胁迫第20天时,各组织HSP70的表达量仍显著高于氨氮胁迫前的水平(P<0.05)。各组织中HSP70最高表达量与氨氮浓度呈现明显的正相关性。综合本研究结果可以看出,随着氨氮胁迫浓度的增加和胁迫时间的延长,刺参免疫酶活性趋于降低,同时机体清除自由基的能力下降,机体非特异性免疫防御系统遭到损伤。而HSP70表达量维持在较高水平,可能对于增强机体的抗逆性具有重要的作用。     

Determination of nitrate in the blood of the hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila using a bacterial nitrate reduction assay

The vestimentiferan tubeworm Riftia pachyptila derives most or all of its nutrition from intracellular chemosynthetic bacterial symbionts. Because purified preparations of symbionts respire nitrate, possibly nitrite, and oxygen, host transport of nitrate is a topic of interest. In the present study, we have developed a nitrate detection assay that utilizes a nitrite reductase-deficient Escherichia coli strain for the reduction of nitrate to nitrite, which is then determined spectrophotometrically. Nitrate and nitrite concentrations were measured in the blood and coelomic fluids of R. pachyptila collected from hydrothermal vent sites at 9°N and 13°N. The blood was shown to have nitrate concentrations up to one hundred times that of ambient sea water (40 μM). Blood nitrate levels reached concentrations of>1 mM, while nitrite was measured in the range of 400-700 μM. The concentrations of nitrate and nitrite in the coelomic fluids were 150-240 μM and <20 μM, respectively. The nitrate determination technique we present here is simple, applicable for laboratory and shipboard use on sea water or biological fluids, and works reliably within the 0.5 to 2000 μM range.     

Changes in the population structure of Calanus sinicus during summer–autumn in the southern Yellow Sea

Calanus sinicus is a calanoid copepod widely distributed in coastal waters of China and Japan, and oversummering strategies may have major impacts on their population dynamics which in turn affect local marine food web structure. The abundance, stage composition, and sex composition of the planktonic copepod C. sinicus were studied from August to October 2002 in the southern Yellow Sea to understand how its population recovers from the over-summering state. Results showed that C. sinicus had low reproduction in August due to high temperature, except in waters near the Cheju Island with rich food and moderate bottom temperature, but the reproduction rates here decreased in September–October as food availability declined. When temperature dropped in September–October, C. sinicus actively propagated in coastal shallow waters. However, reproduction rates of C. sinicus individuals inhabiting the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass(YSCWM) remained low during the three months of the study. The percentage of C. sinicus females was high during the reproductive period, which suggests that the sex composition of adult C. sinicus may reflect whether or not the population is in the reproductive mode.Numerous fifth copepodite stage(CV) C. sinicus aggregated in the YSCWM in a suspended developmental stage during the three months of this study, and they potentially served as the parental individuals for population development when conditions became optimal for reproduction later in the year.     

单环刺螠纤溶酶的分离纯化及其性质的初步研究

从单环刺中制得单一组分的纤溶活性纤溶酶,并对其性质进行初步研究.单环刺体组织液经离心,超滤,离子交换层析,凝胶过滤等方法进行分离纯化,制得单一洗脱峰酶组分,经Native-PAGE电泳分析,SDS-PAGE电泳分析和飞行质谱分析,鉴定了酶制品纯度和相对分子量,进行了体外溶血栓试验.所得纯品UFEIa水解酪蛋白的比活力为442.0 U/mg,纯化倍数为12.1倍,回收率为27.0%.UFEIa为单一组分,相对分子量约23 800 Da.体外溶血栓实验表明此纤溶活性蛋白酶与蚓激酶相比具有很好的溶血栓活性.