虚拟土战略与土地资源可持续利用的社会化管理

土地资源紧缺是威胁世界食物安全的主要限制因素之一, 土地资源可持续利用是区域生态经济系统经济增长和社会发展的关键. 类似于国内已经开展的虚拟水和虚拟水战略概念及相关研究, 首次提出"虚拟土"和"虚拟土战略"新概念, 分析了土地资源管理不同管理阶段及其相关问题. 结合当前国家耕地总量平衡、区域粮食安全问题以及土地资源利用中出现的一些新情况, 从土地资源的社会属性出发, 实证分析了土地生产能力与社会适应性能力的关系, 提出了基于虚拟土概念及虚拟土战略下区域土地资源可持续利用的分析框架. 最后提出了当前我国土地利用中解决区域粮食安全的一些新思路. 建议: 在保证国家粮食基本自足基础上, 实行区域耕地总量弹性平衡政策; 成立专业性土地银行, 加快创新土地使用权流转机制; 强化土地使用权拍卖机制, 提高市场配置土地资源的透明度; 实施虚拟土战略举措, 构建新的土地可持续发展模式, 加强开展虚拟土战略相关理论及其对策的研究工作.     

黔南FAST周边典型喀斯特峰丛洼地石漠化生态修复模式研究——以平塘县克度镇刘家湾周边为例

为探讨黔南平塘县及周边喀斯特峰丛洼地石漠化生态治理与农户生计模式,在分析区内水土资源及其空间匹配结构特征,以及石漠化与生态景观垂直分异规律的基础上,提出了:（1）峰丛洼地生物多样性藤冠配置技术模式,包含轻度石漠化藤本+乔木模式、中度石漠化藤本+灌木模式、重度石漠化藤本+草本模式;（2）峰丛坡地“下修复、上保育”的分段治理（垂直分异）模式及其技术体系,包含峰顶生态公益林自然恢复（保育）模式、峰丛中上坡生态经济型林草生态修复与混农林业模式、峰丛下坡高效复合农林经营与水土保持（生态修复）模式;（3）筛选出酥李、西番莲、土人参、旱脆王枣、欧李等耐瘠耐旱适生品种,并对这些品种及其组合模式的经济、社会与生态效益进行了初步分析,得到西番莲+冰脆酥李、西番莲+土人参、西番莲+酥李+土人参等生物多样性配置模式的经济效益最佳,其是就地解决洼地农户生计的有效途径,这在类似地区有重要的推广和应用价值。      

Desert knowledge: integrating knowledge and development in arid and semi-arid drylands

Globalisation presents particular challenges for deserts given that their sparse populations, which are amongst the world’s poorest in an absolute economic sense, tend to be remote from major markets and have only a distant, marginal voice in political and policy decision making. Here we are defining deserts as the arid and semi-arid drylands that encompass 70% of Australia and 25% of the world’s land surfaces. The value of the knowledge that local traditions and science have generated about living sustainably in deserts is being promoted and extended through the ‘desert knowledge’ movement in Australia. The Australian research reported here, together with a contribution from Niger that offers a contrast and some lessons for Australia, is largely underpinned by a neopopulist paradigm of development stressing respect for local knowledge, participatory practice and empowerment. Research in partnership with desert Aboriginal groups is contributing to their engagement with new livelihood opportunities. The local knowledge of livestock graziers is also being engaged to support sustainable management of desert water sources and landscapes for multiple values. The research reported here also addresses opportunities and challenges for local norms, identities, knowledge systems, governance and livelihoods from broader scale processes and institutions. In doing so it contributes to a ‘neo-ideographic approach’ wherein desert people might better harness their locality, knowledge and diversity in adaptations that shape their encounters with globalisation. It also points to considerable scope to mature such an approach.     

Territorializing land conflict: Space,place, and contentious politics in the Brazilian Amazon

Brazil possesses a long history of violent struggle for land, and its most recent phase is occurring predominantly in the Amazon Basin. Consequently, this paper attempts to territorialize land conflict in the Brazilian Amazon, and in so doing, to illuminate the place-specific intersection of historic social, political, and economic circumstance that created a violent landscape in the so-called “South of Pará.” The paper’s premise is that such conflict can be best viewed as resulting from a dialectic between general social processes operating across spatial scales, which create necessary conditions for conflict, and place-specific historical circumstances that transform necessary into sufficient conditions. The paper presents a framework integrating the theory of contentious politics and literatures addressing violence associated with the Amazonian frontier and with resource scarcity (and abundance). The discussion and theoretical application deconstruct the environmental, cognitive, and relational mechanisms that created violence in the South of Pará, and set the stage for the Eldorado dos Carajás massacre in April of 1996.     

Putting adaptive capacity into the context of people’s lives: a case study of two flood-prone communities in Puerto Rico

Recent developments in the vulnerability literature have contested the use of technical solutions as the sole adaptive strategies to reduce natural hazard impact; this literature emphasizes the need to attend to the wider everyday risks to which people are exposed and that aggravate hazard vulnerability. Using a case study of two flood-prone communities in Puerto Rico, this article supports and enhances that literature by placing floods within a wider context of other risks and determining how everyday risks influence people’s perceptions of and capacity to adapt to floods. Participatory methods are used to elicit the everyday risks that concern community members. The analysis reveals that participants perceive floods as one of their risks, but they see them as neither the most important nor most severe risk in their lives. Instead, they find other concerns—health conditions, family well-being, economic factors, and land tenure—more pressing. These competing risks limit adaptive capacity and increase vulnerability to natural hazards. The results suggest that addressing these multiple risks, mainstreaming flood management and adaptation into the wider context of people’s general well being, and increasing risk perception will strengthen adaptive capacity to present and future floods.     

Surviving in the periphery of the town — the living conditions of sahelian drought refugees in Mopti (Republic of Mali)

This article intends to describe the social situation and living conditions of the drought refugees living in the periphery of Mopti. The complex phenomenon of ‘poverty’ and of social discrimination is explained by different indicators (kind of ‘informal economy’, kind of dwelling, composition of food, hygienic situation). In contemporary Africa hunger has become a problem of those people who have lost their original social and economic roots. This holds expecially true for the drought refugees. The transformation of nomads and peasants into proletarian and dependent outcasts will be demonstrated.     

Assessment of erosion damage in Ndome and Ghazi, Taita Taveta, Kenya: Towards an integrated erosion management approach

Aerial photograph interpretation on erosion trends from 1961 to 1998 showed that by 1998, approximately 17 and 50% of agricultural land in Ndome and Ghazi respectively had been permanently lost due to the combined effect of rill, inter-rill, and gully erosion, and sand deposition. Although abnormally heavy rains received between 1996–98 caused much of the present land damage, the severity of the damage was enhanced by inappropriate and persistent human perturbations in the land-system notably through vegetative degradation and destruction of soil structure through inappropriate tillage practices. With soil organic matter contents of 1.6 and 1.9%, and clay ratios of 10.1 and 10.6 for Ndome and Ghazi, respectively, the areas inherent erodibility was considered as high thus pointing to the need for careful use and management of the soil resource. That farmers appreciated only land quality indicators that were visible to the naked eye and that directly affected their subsistence, revealed a knowledge gap that saw damages from intrinsic processes like rill and inter-rill erosion proceed unnoticed. This paper argues that the spread of erosion damage in rural agro-ecosystems is survival-driven. And as a remedy to this problem, there is need for the diversification of livelihood endeavours to alternative off-farm income sources to reduce pressure on the already fragile land resource. Further, being the ultimate implementers of conservation technologies and by virtue of the multiplicity and inter-relation of rural household needs, adoption of an integrated erosion management approach with food security as paramount presents the most practical entry point for sustainable land management in such rural agro-ecosystems. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Doubt and the Values of an Ignorance-Based World View for Restoration: Coastal Louisiana Wetlands

Embracing doubt, a signature strength of science, is an essential core component of an ignorance-based-world view (IBWV) that assumes the areas of certainty are small relative to the large field of ignorance. The contrasting knowledge-based world view (KBWV) assumes that small and mostly insignificant knowledge gaps exist. When the KBWV is combined with a sense of urgency to “do something,” then the intellectual landscape is flattened, the introduction of new ideas is impeded, monitoring and adaptive management is marginalized, risky behaviors continue, and social learning is restricted. The history of three coastal Louisiana land-uses (agricultural impoundment, marsh management, and dredging) is one of ignored and untested assumptions that might have provided a cause-and-effect means to avoid catastrophic land losses—the result of a KBWV that remains the primary perspective of Louisiana’s current coastal restoration and management program that includes river diversions and a proposed expansion of hurricane protection levees into wetlands. I argue from the pathology of results that willful adoption of an IBWV in the administration, management, and implementation of restoration will reduce the scale and diversity of significant missteps in the future, improve project efficiencies, and cause fewer unintended consequences that cannot (again) be retracted.     

吉林省德惠—农安地区土地质量地球化学评估

土地质量的好坏直接影响到农牧业生产效益和人们的生活质量。土地资源数量、质量、生态管护协调管理是未来土地资源管理的方向,土地质量评估是土地资源优化配置和持续利用、社会经济持续发展的需要。吉林省正在开展的多目标区域地球化学调查为土地质量评估提供了丰富的地球化学数据。利用吉林省德惠—农安地区的1∶25万多目标区域地球化学调查数据,进行土地质量地球化学评估的试验研究。结果表明:研究区土地质量总体东部优于西部,黑土地质量最好,但已有7.97%的黑土已成为中等或差等土地,黑钙土有43%属于中低产田,黑土地退化严重;轻度沙化土地仍保持较好的土地质量,加强沙化治理与耕地保护,仍可发挥其生产潜力。依据土地质量因地制宜地利用土地,将促进区域生态农业的良性循环。     

Assessing Vulnerability to Agricultural Drought: A Nebraska Case Study

Recent drought events in the United States and the magnitude of drought losses indicate the continuing vulnerability of the country to drought. Until recently, drought management in many states, including Nebraska, has been largely response oriented with little or no attention to mitigation and preparedness. In 1998, Nebraska began to revise its drought plan in order to place more emphasis on mitigation. One of the main aspects of drought mitigation and planning is the assessment of who and what is vulnerable and why. This paper presents a method for spatial, Geographic Information Systems-based assessment of agricultural drought vulnerability in Nebraska. It was hypothesized that the key biophysical and social factors that define agricultural drought vulnerability were climate, soils, land use, and access to irrigation. The framework for derivation of an agricultural drought vulnerability map was created through development of a numerical weighting scheme to evaluate the drought potential of the classes within each factor. The results indicate that the most vulnerable areas to agricultural drought were non-irrigatedcropland and rangeland on sandy soils, located in areas with a very high probability of seasonal crop moisture deficiency. The identification of drought vulnerability is an essential step in addressing the issue of drought vulnerability in the state and can lead to mitigation-oriented drought management.     

基于GIS技术的矿山土地管理应用研究

基于GIS建立矿山土地管理信息系统可以进行矿山空间利用信息、土地与环境信息、土地可持续利用与社会经济发展的应用研究。通过对信息的数据采集深加工,可以在信息系统中,利用模拟仿真和虚拟现实等一系列的技术措施进行矿山土地资源合理利用,促进矿山生态环境的改善与为可持续发展作出最优决策。     

Towards domestic fair trade? Farm labor, food localism, and the ‘family scale’ farm

Over the past several decades, consumers in the global North have increasingly looked to fair or alternative trading systems as a means to promote ecologically and socially sustainable agricultural production. While fair trade has historically been limited to international commodity networks, US-based agro-food activists have recently turned their attentions towards building a domestic movement, to bring fair trade principles and standards ‘home.’ Through an exploration of this growing movement, we consider the potential for third party certification and labeling to incorporate social justice into US-based agricultural production, with a particular focus on the implications for farm workers. We view current efforts to bring the principles of fair trade to the domestic arena as a reflection of several interrelated developments: a growing need on the part of small and mid-sized farmers to garner price premiums due to the erosion of the organic price premium; a recognition of the failure of organic certification to advance a holistic vision of sustainability; and the strategic embrace of voluntary regulatory mechanisms as an alternative to public regulation and collective bargaining. Initial research suggests that this has led to particular framings of the domestic fair trade concept, which may undermine the movement’s ability to address the social relations of agro-food production. Specifically, prioritization of the ‘family-scale’ farm and an undercurrent of food localism may obscure farm workers’ role in valorizing the US agricultural landscape.

Creating sustainable communities through tenure-mix: the responsibilisation of marginal homeowners in Scotland

The idea that the deprived communities of the UK’s towns and cities are ‘unsustainable’ has been a central theme of government housing policy since New Labour came into power in 1997. The creation of ‘mixed-tenure communities’ has been heralded by some policy makers as a key component of creating sustainable communities by overcoming concentrations of deprivation as well as creating responsible citizens who make few demands on the state. Since devolution, support for owner-occupation has been promoted by both Scottish Labour and SNP regimes as a regeneration tool, and has been included in the Local Housing Strategy of many local authorities in Scotland. Drawing on research in Glasgow, this paper achieves three things. First, it highlights the ethopolitics associated with the identities of owner-occupiers and social rented tenants as skilled or flawed consumers; second, it explores the tools used in recent years to create mixed communities through encouraging owner-occupation; and third, it questions the continued uncritical support of the insertion of owner-occupiers into deprived areas as a regeneration and responsiblisation tool.     

垦利县国土资源管理委员会集体会审系统建设初探

国土资源已成为社会经济发展的基础和根本支撑,如何科学合理的管理、利用资源,关系到整个社会的发展和未来。通过建立垦利县国土资源管理委员会集体会审系统,对土地出让的前期工作做了数字化、信息化,提出一个基于工作流技术和GIS技术的综合解决方案,利用现有的地理信息服务平台,建立会审系统为国土资源管理委员会的集体会审工作提供技术支撑并对出让地块加以管理。     

Sustainable management of Mogan and Eymir Lakes in Central Turkey

Mogan and Eymir Lakes, located 20 km south of Ankara in Central Turkey, are important aesthetic, recreational, and ecological resources. Dikilitas and Ikizce reservoirs, constructed on upstream surface waters, are two man-made structures in the basin encompassing an area of 985 km². The purpose of this study is to quantify groundwater components in lakes’ budgets and to assess the potential impacts of upstream reservoirs on lake levels for sustainable management of the system. Available data have been used to develop a conceptual model of the system. A three-dimensional groundwater model, incorporating a lake component, has been developed for the system. The model has been calibrated successfully under transient conditions over a period of 6 years using monthly periods. The results show that groundwater inflows and outflows have the lowest contribution to the overall lakes’ budget. The model has been subsequently used to evaluate the impacts of upstream reservoirs. The results show that these reservoirs have a significant effect on lake stages but not on groundwater levels. A trade-off curve between the quantum of water released and the average stage in Lake Mogan has been developed to enhance decision makers’ ability for sustainable management of the system in the long term.     

Re-conceptualising desert landscapes: unpacking historical narratives and contemporary realities for sustainable livelihood development in central Australia

Desert landscapes of central Australia have inspired various narratives for nation building. These narratives, based upon discourses of land as a commodity for the colonial project, include the inferior peripheral wastelands of the colonial centre; the wild and pristine haven of ‘noble aborigines’; and the frontier home of heroic explorers and pastoralists. These narratives continue to influence land management policy and practice. However they do not reflect the diverse contemporary realities of individuals living in the region. In this paper I juxtapose these narratives and realities to reveal the multitude of ways in which desert landscapes are known and understood. A case study of a fire management project that involved Aboriginal, pastoral and conservation land managers from the southern Tanami region of central Australia provides evidence as to why desert landscapes should be re-conceptualized as cultural, contested and dynamic. To conceive of these spaces and places in this way can facilitate open discussion and dialogue between land managers from the region. It is the first step in working towards the process of cultural hybridity that I argue is necessary for equitable and sustainable environmental governance and management in Australia.     

Ravine erosion and reclamation in India

Ravine and gully erosion affects 1% of India's land area. Zones of severe ravine trenching are found along the margins of the Gangetic Basin and in the semi-arid northwest. Ravine reclamation is currently rated as a high national priority, and India has the Third World's leading soil conservation movement. This paper reviews the technical contributions made to the study of ravine origins and genesis by government soil conservation research workers in the light of the dissident views expressed by academic geoscientists. It also reviews the soil conservation establishment's major contributions to cost-effective ravine reclamation planning. However, it is emphasised that while great advances have been made towards technological remedies for ravine erosion, relatively little has been accomplished in the realm of social science. Successful ravine reclamation requires the support and involvement of the local cultivator and local community and, probably, reform of local land tenure and social arrangements. Towards this end, much experience has been accumulated in non-government circles through the activities of Gandhian sarvodaya groups. It is recommended that their ideas and methods are integrated into ravine reclamation activities.     

Effects of common property resource utilization on wildlife conservation in Nigeria

A survey was conducted in 21 rural settlements to assess wildlife conservation under a common utilization. Wildlife was managed through traditional regulations to meet subsistence requirements for food, income, recreation and health care. However, the conditions under which common property resource utilization thrived: traditional beliefs, communal land tenure system and uncertain income streams were almost disintegrated by changes in land use and social attitudes.The resource base for rural economies, the natural vegetation, was in crisis of depletion and degradation due to modern techniques of agricultural and forestry production. A conservative strategy is suggested. Rural land use should be based on planned agroforestry practices: smallholder tree planting, protection and regeneration of indigenous plants with potential social and economic value, domestication of wild animals and ranching of game with livestock.     

Two-dimensional maps in multi-dimensional worlds: A case of community-based mapping in Northern Thailand

Community-based mapping has become a necessary tool for development work worldwide - its adoption is near hegemonic. Mapping community land, however, can have unforeseen consequences in part due to its tendency to render what are complex configurations of social-ecological relationships into two-dimensional form. I argue that one of the key limitations to commonly practiced community-based mapping is the assumption that the spatial organization of resource use and management is an abstract entity that can be mapped independent of the social relations that produce it. This paper uses a case study from Northern Thailand to show how mapping techniques that fix and simplify fluid and complex associations can inadvertently prescribe changes to how residents manage their land, effectively becoming not only a tool for securing land tenure but also a tool for the spatial re-organization of land-use and management.     

Development from within: an evaluative research on economic development strategies

Research on the practice of adopting local economic development (LED) strategies is important to understand our local world as it is and what it might be made to be as a place for community. This article on economic development strategies (EDS) highlights the results from a survey of 82 small communities representing the Yukon Territory and ten provinces in Canada. The purpose was to evaluate the positive and additive effects of past local action and community initiatives so as to understand the variation in the adoption of local economic development strategies of Canada’s small towns and local municipalities. Using a questionnaire as instrument for data collection, the study employed hierarchical regression analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) as method for factor extraction and composite assessment on the effects of adopting EDS for community. The PCA solution was applied to evaluate the structure of correlation between the community characteristics as control variables in the baseline model for regression analysis and the past local action and community initiatives as independent variables. The results of the hierarchical regression analysis showed that local initiatives have significant and additive effects on the adoption of EDS by small communities. The study findings offer some insights into some perspectives of ‘development from within’ to mean the local economic development practice in Canadian communities.