印尼海啸区附近海域沉积物声速测量及声学特性分析

介绍了沉积物柱状样超声透射法测量方法和原理.对印尼海啸区附近海域沉积物柱状样进行了现场测量,通过测量数据的处理和分析,给出了沉积物的垂向声速剖面.讨论了声速与频率的关系,指出声速具有随频率的0.1次方增大的频散特性.分析沉积深度、结构以及生物扰动等方面的因素对声学测量结果的影响,结果表明海底地震引起的沉积物变迁、沉积物结构扰动、气体的混入等对声速的测量结果均产生影响.     

白令海和楚科奇海表层沉积物的声速特性

白令海和楚科奇海大陆架蕴藏着丰富的油气资源,地震勘探方法是主要的油气勘探方法,而沉积物声速是解释地震勘探资料的主要参数之一。第十次北极科学考察中,利用箱式取样器在白令海和楚科奇海采集了16个站位的表层沉积物样品,并通过插管取得柱状样品,在实验室环境下测量了25、50、100和200 kHz等频率的沉积物声速以及密度、孔隙度等物理性质参数。测量结果表明,沉积物类型主要包括粉砂质砂、砂质粉砂、黏土质粉砂和粉砂质黏土,沉积物声速范围为1 485.19～1 619.29 m/s。声速比与物理性质的相关分析表明,声速比与孔隙度、湿密度、平均粒径和砂粒含量等之间相关性较好。与经验关系模型比较发现,实测数据与Richardson和Briggs经验模型具有较好的一致性。此外,研究还表明声速随着测量频率呈现缓慢增加的变化,不同类型沉积物的声速频散特征存在较大差异。     

超声无损检测技术在海底沉积物调查中的应用

论文就超声波无损检测技术在海底沉积物声学特性测量上的应用,介绍了其所需的必要设备、样品采集和测量基本原理。探讨了沉积物超声无损测量的资料处理与分析方法及其内容,主要包括声速、声衰减、声阻抗和声速比等声学特性计算;声速与孔隙度、平均粒径和粘土含量等物理力学参数的统计相关性研究。     

印度洋某测区多波束测量声速改正分析

海水声速是影响多波束测深精度的主要因素之一,声速改正方法是否正确直接关系测量结果的精度和可靠性。为保证多波束测深精度,除需具备符合精度要求的多波束系统及其外围设备外,在测量过程中还必须保证各项校正和改正的精度,而在各项校正和改正过程中最难以控制精度的因素便是声速改正。因此,应在测量前充分了解测区的声速变化情况,掌握海区声速变化特征,确定合理的声速剖面测量间隔和布设方位。文中阐述了海水声速特性,分析了印度洋某测区温度、盐度、声速变化规律,对多波束测深进行了正确的声速改正。     

生物样品中重金属含量的分析测试法比较研究

用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仪 (ICP AES)和石墨炉原子吸收光谱仪 (GAAS)分别测定河蚬样品中镉和铬的含量 ,以比较不同测试方法对这两种重金属测定的影响。结果表明 :2种测试法对生物样品中镉和铬含量的测定结果都有显著的影响 ,同一样品中镉和铬含量的ICP AES测定值均显著高于其相应的GAAS测定值。相比ICP AES法 ,GAAS法对河蚬样品中镉和铬含量的测定更为准确。不同方法测定的镉和铬含量的差异程度分别为 1 8.8%和1 36.4 %。本研究显示 :不同测试法对铬含量测定结果的影响比对镉含量测定结果的影响更大。     

用射线参数法遥测浅海沉积层声的特性

本文根据射线参数法测量了浅海(水深约40米)沉积层中的声速与层厚。实验中采用爆炸声源,两个水听器,其中一个固定于声源附近,用以计算爆炸开始时间,另一个用于在不同水平距离接收海底及沉积层下界面的反射信号。用磁带记录仪和示波器配以照相记录仪两种方式记录。所得沉积层中声速值与根据底质取样所得声速值基本一致。     

用射线参数法遥测浅海沉积层声的特性

本文根据射线参数法测量了浅海(水深约40米)沉积层中的声速与层厚。实验中采用爆炸声源。两个水听器．其中一个固定于声源附近。用以计算爆炸开始时间．另一个用于在不同水平距离接收海底及沉积层下界面的反射信号。用磁带记录仪和示波器配以照相记录仪两种方式记录．所得沉积层中声速值与根据底质取样所得声速值基本一致。     

生物样品中重金属含量的分析测试法比较研究

用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仪（ICP－AES）和石墨炉原子吸收光谱仪（GAAS）分别测定河蚬样品中镉和铬的含量，以比较不同测试方法对这两种重金属测定的影响，结果表明：2种测试法对生物样品中镉和铬含量的测定结果都有显著的影响，同一样品中镉和铬含量的ICP－AES测定值均显著高于其相应的GAAS测定值，相比ICP－AES法，GAAS法对河蚬样品中镉和铬含量的测定更为准确，不同方法测定的镉和铬含量的差异程度分别为18．8％和136．4％，本研究显示，不同测试法对铬含量测定结果的影响比对镉含量测定结果的影响更大。     

北部湾南部重力柱状样的MSCL地声学性质测量及分析

利用钻孔多参数连续记录仪(multi-sensorcorelogger,MSCL),对在南海北部湾南部海区所取得的6个孔重力柱状样进行了测量,获得了连续P波波速、湿密度和孔隙度数据。在室内实验室对柱状样分样之后的沉积物样品进行了孔隙度与湿密度的测定。利用不同的统计回归方法对所获得的6个柱状样的孔隙度与P波波速进行相关分析,并对比室内测量的P波波速、湿密度、孔隙度,建立了基于孔隙度数据对沉积物P波波速进行预测的方法,对MSCL测量方法的优缺点进行了讨论。结果表明,MSCL测量结果与实验室柱状样测定结果较为吻合。样品所在深度对声速的变化影响不大。孔隙度与声速的多项式回归,样条插值回归和GAM模型回归都获得了较高的相关系数,GAM模型可以提供一个较为接近测量值的声速预测方法。MSCL用来测量海底沉积物,可以获得大量的高密度、高精度的沉积物地声学及其他参数数据,但是,如果空气混入沉积物样品中则会导致MSCL测量结果失真。该研究为使用MSCL在区域海底地声学性质、恢复区域海洋沉积历史、海底地声学模型建立等研究提供了参考。     

黄、东海柱状沉积物中生物硅含量的分析

对东、黄海2 0 0 0年10月和2 0 0 1年5月2个航次所获得的表层及柱状沉积物样品进行分析,在单点提取测定方法的基础上采用连续提取方法,利用斜率校正法扣除非生物硅的干扰,测定了东、黄海柱状沉积物中生物硅的含量。从整个东、黄海海域来看,沉积物中生物硅的含量<1% ,属于低含量海域;讨论了沉积物样品处理方法对分析结果的影响,在此基础上分析了不同海区柱状沉积物中生物硅的分布特征以及沉积物中叶绿素、水体中硅酸盐、叶绿素、N/P比值等生态要素与沉积物中生物硅分布的相关关系。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.