海温距平的ENSO模和类ENSO模的三维结构

用美国马里兰大学提供的海洋同化(SODA)月平均资料,深入揭示了ENSO模的海洋三维结构及其年际和年代际变率。研究结果指出,ENSO海洋模随深度呈明显规律变化。在热带太平洋,它由热带中东太平洋表层显著海温异常分布型随深度增加逐渐过渡为热带西太平洋次表层显著反号海温异常分布型;在赤道太平洋以赤道西太平洋暖池次表层海温显著异常与赤道中东太平洋表层海温反号显著异常为主要特征。El Nino期间,热带中东太平洋表层为强海温正距平中心,西太平洋暖池次表层为强海温负距平中心,在年际尺度上,160°E以西的西北太平洋副热带海域还存在一个与西太平洋海温异常变化反号、与热带东太平洋同号的区域;La Nina期间正好相反。ENSO循环主要由ENSO年际变率所决定,年际ENSO模具有东部型ENSO事件的海温异常分布特征,其循环是东部型冷暖事件之间的转换,在200m以浅,它具ENSO模相同的三维结构和3-5年的显著年际变化周期;年代际类ENSO模具有中部型ENSO事件的海温异常分布特征,年代际ENSO循环是中部型冷暖事件之间的转换,其影响主要限制在200m以浅的海洋上层,具有ENSO模相似的三维结构和9-23年的显著周期。     

北赤道流区海温异常与ENSO循环

应用热带太平洋上层XBT温度资料，分析探讨了西太平洋暖池区次表层海温冷暖异常信号的变化规律，揭示了影响西太平洋暖池区次表层海温冷暖异常信号的机制。分析表明，西太平洋暖池区的次表层海温异常冷暖与太平洋北赤道流的海温冷暖异常信号西传有重要关系。北赤道流的海温异常冷(暖)信号是沿温跃层由赤道中东太平洋潜沉向西太平洋暖池区传播，对暖池区域次表层海温场产生重要影响。这一传播过程与西太平洋次表层海温异常暖(冷)信号向赤道中东太平洋传播，构成了热带海洋信号的气旋式“信号通道”。在这一“信号通道”中，北赤道流的海温异常信号西传是导致西太平洋暖池区及西太平洋次表层海温异常的重要机制，是影响El Nifio和La Nifia事件发生的关键。     

西太平洋暖池纬向变异及其对ENSO的影响

基于SODA再分析资料以及SST、JEDAC和TAO观测资料,利用加权平均法建立了具有良好代表性的暖池整体暖水的纬向运移指标序列,并利用Morlet小波变换等分析方法,研究了暖池的纬向变异特征及其对ENSO的影响。结果表明,暖池具有明显的年际(2—7年)和年代际(10—16年)纬向变异,并在1976年前后经历了一次由弱到强的气候跃变。暖池内部的暖水大致可以50m为界分为上、下两部分,其上半部分的纬向变异幅度非常大,而其下半部分的纬向变异幅度则相对较小。但两者具有很一致的年际、年代际变化趋势。暖池的年代际纬向变异对赤道中太平洋纬向风应力和纬向流有较好的响应,而且对赤道西太平洋上层热含量变化有较大影响。相关和合成分析表明,暖池的东扩、西缩对ENSO暖(El Nio)、冷(La Nia)事件的形成和发展具有直接的影响,而且暖池的异常东扩对El Nio有增强作用。     

热带太平洋第二类El Nio事件及其对中国气候的影响

基于热带太平洋次表层海温资料,分析了热带太平洋第二类El Nio事件海温异常的分布特征及其形成机制,讨论了与经典El Nio事件、El Nio Modoki、WP(西太平洋暖池)及CT(冷舌)El Nio事件之间的关系,揭示了第二类El Nio事件对中国降水的影响,得到以下结论。(1)第二类El Nio事件表征为热带太平洋次表层海温异常第三模态,占总方差贡献的4.7%。在海洋表面层,第二类El Nio事件暖期赤道东太平洋为沿赤道西伸的冷舌,热带中西太平洋为环绕冷舌的马蹄型大范围暖区。该型具11a和30~40a年代际振荡及3~4a年际变率,峰值多出现在春季。第二类El Nio事件是热带太平洋异常海面风应力场和赤道两侧的风应力旋度共同作用的结果,在赤道东印度洋-中西太平洋与赤道东太平洋-南美洲上空出现以反号垂直运动为特征的异常Walker环流。(2)El Nio Modoki与第二类El Nio事件有密切关系,它实质上是第二类El Nio事件次表层海温与近海面大气相互作用的结果,捕捉了第二类El Nio事件的主要信息。(3)第二类El Nio事件对中国春季及夏初降水有一定影响。在事件暖期,东海地区存在一个显著的异常反气旋性环流,其南侧的中国南方地区盛行异常东北气流,水汽来源减少,导致该地区少雨,其西侧的异常偏南气流北上直达华北地区,异常多水汽向北输送,并与北方的偏北流场相遇,导致该地区降水偏多。在第二类El Nio事件冷期相反。本文结果还指出,WP与CT El Nio事件是由经典El Nio事件第一模态与El Nio Modoki事件组合而成,它们不是独立的El Nio类型。此外,还讨论了夏半年El Nio事件对大气环流影响的物理过程。     

西太平洋暖池和东太平洋暖池变异对ENSO的联合影响

基于热带太平洋SST和850 hPa风资料,分析了西太平洋暖池东界和东太平洋暖池南界的年际和年代际变异,并探讨了赤道太平洋纬向风异常对西太平洋暖池纬向运移的驱动作用以及热带东北太平洋经向风异常对东太平洋暖池经向变动的影响。在此基础上,研究了西太平洋暖池和东太平洋暖池变异对ENSO循环的联合影响,并提出了一个联合影响指数。结果表明,当联合指数为1.6时,有可能出现一次新的El Nino事件。这为ENSO的形成和演变机制研究提供了一个新的线索。     

西太平洋暖池三维结构的季节和年际变化

基于1950-2011年间的太平洋月平均水温资料和ENSO指数,以28℃等温线作为暖池的定义标准,研究了暖池三维结构的季节和年际变化,并探讨了暖池三维结构与不同类型ENSO的关系。结果表明,暖池三维结构存在着较显著、但并不一致的季节和年际变化。其中,在季节变化方面,暖池冬季西缩、春季东扩,冬季偏南、夏季偏北,春、秋季变厚,冬、夏季变薄;在年际变化方面,暖池的三维结构在超前1~3个月时与ENSO有较密切的对应关系。在El Nio(La Nia)发生前1~3个月时,暖池异常东扩(西缩),暖水向赤道辐合(向赤道外辐散),暖池变薄(增厚)。初步分析表明,暖池三维结构的季节变化主要是由太阳辐射、风和海洋环流引起的,而其年际变化则主要是由热带太平洋的纬向风异常、赤道Kelvin波和Rossby波引起的纬向流异常以及Ekman输送共同导致的。此外,20m和50m层的暖池东界分别与东部型和中部型ENSO事件有非常密切的关系,可作为研究不同类型ENSO的指标序列。     

赤道太平洋纬向风和流异常与西太平洋暖池纬向运移

基于SODA再分析资料和TAO资料,利用EOF和统计分析等方法,分别研究了赤道太平洋海面纬向风应力异常和赤道太平洋上层纬向流异常的时空特征及其对西太平洋暖池纬向运移的影响。结果显示,赤道太平洋海面纬向风应力距平场第一模态具有2—5年的年际变化特征,其时空分布呈东、西向的反位相变化;而赤道太平洋上层纬向流距平场的第一模态则为1—2年的年和年际变化,且整个研究区域位相统一。纬向风应力和纬向流异常变化最显著的区域都在赤道中太平洋。相关分析显示,赤道中太平洋海面纬向风应力异常和赤道西太平洋上层纬向流异常分别对西太平洋暖池纬向运移有约2个月和4—6个月的超前影响,是暖池纬向运移的两个重要动力因素。回归分析表明,赤道中太平洋海面纬向风应力异常和赤道西太平洋上层纬向流异常对西太平洋暖池纬向运移有很好的预报意义。     

海洋上层热含量的分布特征、变化模态及观测手段综述

综述了近20年来国内外在有关西太平洋暖池热含量、热带西太平洋上层热含量与西太平洋年际变化事件(ENSO)的关系、热带太平洋上层热含量变化的主要模态以及热含量估算等方面所取得的主要研究成果。研究表明:(1)热带西太平洋暖池区是太平洋上层热含量异常变化最大的区域,上层热含量异常影响了暖池上空的环流(如南海夏季风、副热带高压系统)特征,进而影响气候;(2)赤道西太平洋温跃层以浅的热含量在ENSO发生之前有明显的积聚,其变化明显领先于赤道东太平洋SSTA的变化,领先时间可达数月之久,从而使热含量与ENSO的相关性,以及利用热含量的变异对ENSO进行更长时间的预报成为可能;(3)西太平洋上层热含量存在纬向变异和经向变异两种模态,其中纬向变异模态占主导地位,且超前经向变异模态;(4)由于海洋深层资料难以获取,各种仪器本身存在系统误差,以及采用不同的计算方法,对海洋上层热结构分布与变异的研究受到了一定的限制。随着由3000多个浮标组成的全球Argo实时海洋观测网的建成,Argo数据库每年可以提供多达10万个剖面(0～2000m层)的温、盐数据。Argo资料与其它海洋资料的结合,有助于研究全球海洋温、盐度和海流场结构及其变化规律,准确估算逐月甚至逐年的全球海洋热含量及其季节和年际变化将成为现实。     

西太平洋暖池变异及其对西太平洋次表层海温场的影响

应用热带太平洋上层XBT温度资料,分析研究了西太平洋暖池区(0°～16°N,125°～145°E)上层海洋的变化特征以及与西太平洋次表层海温场之间的关系.研究表明,西太平洋暖池区的垂向温度存在显著的年际变化,尤其在次表层(120～200m)的变化最为明显.西太平洋暖池区的次表层冷暖信号明显早于西太平洋次表层的海温异常.分析发现,西太平洋暖池区的海温异常是导致整个西太平洋次表层海温场变异的关键区,当西太平洋暖池区的次表层冷暖信号加强时,3～4个月后西太平洋海温场出现大范围的冷暖异常.     

热带大洋春季海气耦合模态及其与ENSO的关系

在北半球的春季,热带三大洋的海洋–大气系统年际变化会对同期太平洋厄尔尼诺–南方涛动(ElNi?o-Southern oscillation,ENSO)产生响应,同时也能通过区域海洋–大气耦合过程影响ENSO的发展。基于国际公开使用的海表温度资料和降水资料,通过联合正交经验分解方法分析,可以发现全球大洋春季存在两种显著的海气耦合模态。第一模态表现为:在热带中东太平洋,海表温度增暖、降水增多;在热带大西洋和热带印度洋,降水呈现经向偶极型分布以及跨赤道的海表温度梯度异常;即伴随ENSO在春季消亡期的空间型态,大西洋出现经向模态,印度洋出现反对称模态。第二模态表现为:太平洋经向海表温度和降水模态,即太平洋经向模态。回归分析结果表明, ENSO盛期的大气环流调整引起了热带大西洋和印度洋降水辐合带异常,并通过海面风场异常激发海盆内部的海洋–大气反馈,引起春季经向模态。进一步研究发现,冬、春季大西洋和印度洋热带辐合带分别位于赤道以北和以南,导致两个海盆经向模态的降水异常相对赤道呈反对称分布。在春季,太平洋经向模态的暖中心延伸到赤道上,引起西风异常,为后续El Ni?o的发展提供了有利条件。文章揭示了...     

Pacific Basin climate variability and patterns of Northeast Pacific marine fish production

A review of oceanographic and climate data from the North Pacific and Bering Sea has revealed climate events that occur on two principal time scales: a) 2–7 years (i.e. El Niño Southern Oscillation, ENSO), and b) inter-decadal (i.e. Pacific Decadal Oscillation, PDO). The timing of ENSO events and of related oceanic changes at higher latitudes were examined. The frequency of ENSO was high in the 1980s. Evidence of ENSO forcing on ocean conditions in the North Pacific (Niño North conditions) showed ENSO events were more frequently observed along the West Coast than in the western Gulf of Alaska (GOA) and Eastern Bering Sea (EBS). Time series of catches for 30 region/species groups of salmon, and recruitment data for 29 groundfish and 5 non-salmonid pelagic species, were examined for evidence of a statistical relationship with any of the time scales associated with Niño North conditions or the PDO. Some flatfish stocks exhibited high autocorrelation in recruitment coupled with a significant step in recruitment in 1977 suggesting a relationship between PDO forcing and recruitment success. Five of the dominant gadid stocks (EBS and GOA Pacific cod, Pacific hake and EBS and GOA walleye pollock) exhibited low autocorrelation in recruitment. Of these, Pacific hake, GOA walleye pollock and GOA Pacific cod exhibited significantly higher incidence of strong year classes in years associated with Niño North conditions. These findings suggest that the PDO and ENSO may play an important role in governing year-class strength of several Northeast Pacific marine fish stocks.     

Chlorofluorocarbons in the western North Pacific in 1993 and formation of North Pacific intermediate water

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC-11 and CFC-12) in the intermediate water having between 26.4 and 27.2 were determined at 75 stations in the western North Pacific north of 20°N and west of 175.5°E in 1993. The intermediate water of 26.4–26.6 was almost saturated with respect to the present atmospheric CFC-11 in the zone between 35 and 45°N around the subarctic front. Furthermore, the ratios of CFC-11/CFC-12 of the water were also of those formed after 1975. These suggest that the upper intermediate water (26.4–26.6) was recently formed by cooling and sinking of the surface water not by mixing with old waters. The water below the isopycnal surface of 26.8 contained less CFCs and the area containing higher CFCs around the subarctic front was greatly reduced. However, the CFC age of the lower intermediate water (26.8–27.2) in the zone around the subarctic front was not old, suggesting that the water was formed by diapycnal mixing of the water ventilated with the atmosphere with old waters not containing appreciable CFCs, probably the Pacific Deep Water. The southward spreading rate decreased with depth and it was one sixth of its eastward spreading rate of the North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW).     

Origin of West Pacific seamounts and features of the cretaceous dynamics of the Pacific plate

A correlation between the age and position of 25 seamounts in the West Pacific Ocean formed, judging from the ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar data, in the period from 120 to 65 My B.P. was recognized. The seamounts studied are joined into linear zones with extensions up to 5000 km; the age of the seamounts decreases in the southeastern direction. In the interval 93–83 My B.P., the seamount formation was extremely rapid; this interval coincides with the period of acceleration in the Pacific plate movements. In the middle of this interval, 87 My B.P., an intensification of the magmatic activity accompanying the seamount formation was observed simultaneously with the extinction of the Isanagi plate and the appearance of the Kula plate. The results of this study are in the best agreement with the hypothesis of diffuse tension of the Pacific plate at its displacement in the northwestern direction, which led to the formation of weak zones of decompressional melting. The complementary character of the system of tension zones in the western part of the ocean with respect to the system of major transform faults in its eastern part, which probably reflects the common general process of deformation of the Pacific lithosphere in the Cretaceous, is shown.     

赤道中太平洋对流活动与西太平洋副高西伸的时延相关分析

采用交叉小波与相干小波变换方法,利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和 NOAA卫星观测的外逸长波辐射(OLR)资料,在多年平均资料分析的基础上,选择2005和2006年夏季西太平洋副高的西伸过程进行了诊断分析,重点讨论了赤道中太平洋地区的对流活动对西太平洋副高西伸与维持的影响与关联.结果表明,7月中旬到8月中旬间,赤道中太平洋地区的对流活动通常表现出半月左右的准周期振荡,与副高活动具有相似的时频结构和周期特征,且前者对后者存在着约一个周期的超前影响,两者的这种时延相关性表现出较好的预报意义;运用大气视热源和全型垂直涡度方程,讨论了赤道中太平洋地区对流活动引起的经向加热异常对副高西伸的影响,指出由于异常的非绝热加热在副高西伸区域产生异常的反气旋性涡度输送,进而影响和制约副高形态和位置的变异.     

热带外太平洋通过海洋过程对热带太平洋的影响

利用MOM2海洋环流模式分别研究了年际和年代际尺度上热带外太平洋通过海洋过程对热带太平洋的影响.利用1945~1993年COADS资料的表面通量强迫海洋模式,积分46 a作为模式控制试验.取热带外太平洋海表面强迫为气候值做敏感性试验.将控制试验结果减去敏感性结果就可以得到热带外太平洋通过海洋过程对热带太平洋的影响.结果表明,年际尺度上,主要是海洋波动过程起作用,但总的海洋过程的影响较小.年代际尺度上,主要是副热带环流输送起作用,其中包括平均环流输送的温度异常以及异常环流输送的平均温度,并且后者贡献相对较大.年际和年代际尺度上,热带太平洋的温度异常主要发生在密度跃层附近.研究发现热带外南太平洋对热带和热带外太平洋之间的水量交换有影响,而热带外北太平洋的影响较弱.     

Water masses and hydrography in the tropical Pacific during Japanese Pacific Climate Study '91 cruise

Hydrographic measurements by CTD were made in the western-central Equatorial Pacific (160°W–147°E) during the Japanese Pacific Climate Study cruise in January–February 1991. InT-S diagram, three water masses are seen in the layer of kg/m³: salinity water corresponding to the Tropical Water of eastern South Pacific origin, less saline water in the North Pacific, and water with salinity between the above two, found on the equator. In three meridional sections (160°W–160°E), the Tropical Water of eastern South Pacific origin extends further equatorward than the climatological data of Levitus (1982).     

Pacific decadal oscillation and European climatic anomalies

By using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data sets for 1951–2001, we study the characteristics of Pacific cyclones. It is shown that the northeast-southwest direction is predominant in the displacements of cyclones in the North Pacific. We study the variability of the field of surface atmospheric pressure in different phases of the Pacific decadal oscillation characterizing the temperature anomalies on the surface of the ocean in the region bounded by 20 and 60°N. It is shown that the decadal variations of the North Atlantic Oscillation supported by the large-scale anomalies of the Pacific decadal oscillation is the most important cause of natural decadal oscillations in the European region. We study and evaluate the regional response to the Pacific decadal oscillation by using, as an example, the analysis of variations of the discharge of European rivers. __________ Translated from Morskoi Gidrofizicheskii Zhurnal, No. 4, pp. 13–23, July–August, 2007.     

太平洋海平面变化特征及影响因素分析

采用经验模态分解法对太平洋沿岸验潮站的月平均海平面资料进行处理,结合T/P高度计资料、Church(2004)重构SSH资料、Ishii(2005)月均海温资料,研究太平洋海平面年际、年代际变化以及资料长度内海平面变化趋势。太平洋沿岸海平面总体呈上升趋势,平均上升速率为1.4 mm/a,趋势项分布有明显的区域性和纬度特征。ENSO对太平洋地区海平面年际变化有显著影响,海平面年际变化与Nino3指数在西(东)太平洋为负(正)相关,海平面年际变化与Nino3指数的相关性在热带太平洋最大,并随着纬度升高相关性减弱,且不同地区年际变化有滞后ENSO时间不等的最大相关。海平面年际变化与PDO指数在西(东)太平洋为负(正)相关,海平面与PDO的相关性分布有区域性和随时间演变特征。年代际变化对目前使用卫星高度计资料分析海平面长期趋势项的预测有直接影响,可能完全掩盖海平面长期变化趋势。     

The Pacific Decadal Oscillation

The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) has been described by some as a long-lived El Niño-like pattern of Pacific climate variability, and by others as a blend of two sometimes independent modes having distinct spatial and temporal characteristics of North Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) variability. A growing body of evidence highlights a strong tendency for PDO impacts in the Southern Hemisphere, with important surface climate anomalies over the mid-latitude South Pacific Ocean, Australia and South America. Several independent studies find evidence for just two full PDO cycles in the past century: “cool” PDO regimes prevailed from 1890–1924 and again from 1947–1976, while “warm” PDO regimes dominated from 1925–1946 and from 1977 through (at least) the mid-1990's. Interdecadal changes in Pacific climate have widespread impacts on natural systems, including water resources in the Americas and many marine fisheries in the North Pacific. Tree-ring and Pacific coral based climate reconstructions suggest that PDO variations—at a range of varying time scales—can be traced back to at least 1600, although there are important differences between different proxy reconstructions. While 20th Century PDO fluctuations were most energetic in two general periodicities—one from 15-to-25 years, and the other from 50-to-70 years—the mechanisms causing PDO variability remain unclear. To date, there is little in the way of observational evidence to support a mid-latitude coupled air-sea interaction for PDO, though there are several well-understood mechanisms that promote multi-year persistence in North Pacific upper ocean temperature anomalies.     

Anomalous eastward displacement of the tropical western Pacific warm pool and warming of the tropical eastern Pacific

INTRODUCTIONSincetheTOGA-COARElOP(October1992--March1993),usingthelOPdatamanyscientistshaveanalyzedthedifferenttimescaleair-seainteractionduringoccurringanddevelopingperiodof1992/1993EINifio,andespeciallyemphasizedtheintraseasonalvariation(Wuetal.,1993;Liu,1993;WuandSheng,1993).ThishasgottenanewunderstandingoftheEINino*ThisworkissupportedbytheNationalKeyProjectStudiesonShort-rangeClimatePredictionSysteminChinaundercontractNo.96--908-04-02--2.1.FirstinstituteofOceanography,S…