核蛋白体

核蛋白体的化学组成是核糖核酸与蛋白质。它的结构也颇为复杂,由两种不同亚基组成,每种亚基有一套独特的核糖核酸(rRNA)和结构蛋白质。在行使蛋白质合成时,单独一种亚基起不了作用,然而两种亚基各自履行着不同的职责。 核蛋白体的两个亚基,一个较小,另一个较大,分别称为“小亚基”和“大亚基”,它们以s值表示     

∑最小原理和海水化学模型

海水化学模型或海水中元素溶存形式的研究在海洋化学上具有特殊的重要性,它不仅是研究海洋中元素分布、迁移和变化规律等等“元素海洋地球化学”的基础,而且也是研究海洋污染和防污、海水化学资源开发等的基础之一.迄今文献报道研究海水化学模型的方法均属化学平衡法[1-7].     

名词解释

海洋沉积物中元素的丰度相对地接近大陆岩石而偏离大洋沉积物的性质,称为元素的“亲陆性”。在大陆架沉积物中大多数元素均显示亲陆性。     

太平洋海山富钴结壳中铂族元素赋存状态与富集机理

通过选择性化学提取法,对太平洋采薇海山富钴结壳样品中铂族元素进行分级提取实验,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定了铂族元素含量。赋存状态结果显示,富钴结壳中铂族元素在各个化学相态中富集比例从大到小依次为:铁氧化物相、残渣态、锰氧化物相、碳酸盐相、吸附态,未磷酸盐化新壳层和磷酸盐化老壳层中铂族元素都主要赋存于铁氧化物相中,其富集比例为59.26%～82.19%,残渣态中磷酸盐对铂族元素具有一定的富集能力,其富集比例为17.23%～35.37%。不同类型地质体中铂族元素的赋存状态结果,也证实了富钴结壳和海山结核中铂族元素富集主要受到铁氧化物相和残渣态的影响。太平洋海山富钴结壳中铂族元素的富集机理推测为铁氧/氢氧化物胶体粒子的吸附作用,使海水中PtC l24-离子被吸附到铁氧化物相中,从而使富钴结壳中铂族元素富集。     

名词解释

海洋地球化学是海洋地质学的一重大分支。就其涵义而言,有“广义”与“狭义”之说。广义的海洋地球化学是指研究整个海洋(包括海水及海底) 中的一系列化学问题。但由于研究海水中的化学问题习惯上多统称为“海洋化学”,故狭义的海洋地球化学就     

珠江口海域重金属的河口化学研究——Ⅱ.珠江口海域悬浮体中重金属的化学形态研究

过去,在测定海水和河水中各种元素和营养盐等基本要素时,往往没有将水相与悬浮相分开,或者只测水体中其可溶性的部分;或者统测其在两相中的总和。近来,随着海洋物理化学、环境化学及地球化学研究的发展,迫切需要了解一些元素在各相之间的存在形态及平衡问题。因此,对海水中悬浮体的成分及形态分析引起了人们的重视。     

英“三体舰”与美“电驱动舰”

就在当今某些国家全然不顾本国综合国力,热衷于发展传统航母、幻想凭藉几件外购的远洋重武器来走军事大国之路时,英、美这两个控制现、当代制海权的先进国家均在各自钟情领域实现了一次不小的成功突破,这就是被英国人称为“最前卫的设计”——“海神”号三体战舰和被美国人诩之是富尔顿式的“革命化电驱动”——DD21对陆攻击驱逐     

波利尼西亚大洋岛玄武岩熔融体包体中的Pb同位素变化

大洋玄武岩的研究表明,地幔是一个同位素非均质体,但这些非均质体的性质、分布和规模存在有问题。熔融物向表面的聚集、岩浆喷发前在岩浆房的混合作用可以使聚集前熔融体的化学和同位素特征变得模糊。橄榄石为主的熔融体包体的痕量元素和常量元素研究在确定聚集前熔融体...     

稀土元素和海洋化学

近年来研究海洋中痕量元素的化学行为日益受到人们的重视。通过对海洋中痕量元素浓度的分布、元素与阴离子和有机配位体的络合作用、在微粒上的吸附、痕量金属离子的氧化还原反应等的研究,可以解决海洋地球化学中的一些重要问题。稀土元素的离子半径在痕量金属的海洋化学研究中起着独特的作用。 海洋中稀土元素的主要来源有:大陆上的稀土元素随江河流入海洋,含稀土的气溶胶溶解在海水中;海洋底部的热液作用。通过生物体的下沉过程,使稀     

莱州湾E孔中更新世末期以来的地球化学特征

对1994年在莱州湾沿岸所取的E孔(37°07'N,118°55'E,孔深为821m)岩心进行了地球化学研究.用等离子光谱法测量了9个常量元素、15个微量元素和碳酸钙的含量.结果表明,(1)E孔大部分常量元素、微量元素含量、尤其元素特征比值(Mn/Fe,Sr/Ba,Sr/Ca,Ti/Al)在地层分界处都有明显变化,可作为该区第四纪地层划分的重要指标;(2)常量元素含量变化主要受宿主矿物控制,主要反映物质来源,同时也反映沉积作用和沉积环境,Fe,Al,Ca,Mg,Mn,Ti对物源和环境反映较为敏感;(3)微量元素在中更新世末期、最后间冰期、最后冰期和全新世四个不同沉积时期分布特征不同,尤其在气候“冷期”和“暖期”有不同分布规律;大多数微量元素含量变化旋回曲线之“波谷”对应着沙层沉积,有6个沙层代表“暖期”沉积,1个沙层代表“冷期”沉积;(4)E孔在冰期低海面时期风成粉砂沉积中碳酸钙含量偏高,间冰期时海侵沙层中碳酸钙的含量偏低,碳酸钙含量变化与粒度和沉积物类型有关,对气候、环境和地层划分有良好的指示.     

Biological control of trace metal residence time and speciation: A review and synthesis

The recent literature on control of trace metal concentrations and speciation was reviewed. The dominant mechanism in control of concentration for most metals appears to be adsorption on biologically produced particulate matter. Some proportion of the metals removed from the surface waters by this mechanism are put back into solution in deeper water by bacterial decomposition of the particles; as a result, many trace metals display distributions in the water column resembling those of the inorganic nutrients. The residence time, as classically defined, cannot be calculated with sufficient accuracy to provide useful information. Since the main method for removal of trace metals from surface waters appears to be physical and biological, rather than strictly chemical, speciation studies in homogeneous systems, particularly those systems which are completely inorganic, appear unlikely to furnish useful information on actual species distributions in the oceans.     

Preliminary study on the distribution of nutrients, organic matter, trace metals in sea surface microlayer in Xiamen Bay and Jiulong Estuary

-The enrichment of nutrients (NOa-, NOa-, PO43-), suspended particles, organic matter (POC, PON,DOC) , and trace metals (Cu, Ni, Cd) was determined in the sea surface microlayer of Xiamen Bay and Jiulong Estuary. The mean enrichment factors ([Xi]microlayer/[Xi ]15cm in depth) mostly ranged between 1 . 0 and 2. 0. The dissolved forms were the major forms of the components measured, the enrichment of dissolved organic matter and suspended particles could lead to the changes in the total amount and speciation of nutrients and trace metals. No correlation was observed between sample concentrations, speciation, enrichment factors and sample locations. However, some evidence shows that these parameters are correlated with sea state, indicating the complexity and dynamic nature of the sea surface microlayer.     

Trace metal uptake by the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis: the role of osmoregulation

Changes in salinity affect the bioavailability and consequent uptake of trace metals by euryhaline invertebrates. In many cases, salinity-related effects on metal uptake can be explained by changes in chemical speciation but salinity may also influence uptake indirectly through its action on osmoregulatory mechanisms. Specifically, it can be hypothesised that trace metal uptake may be reduced at salinities approaching the isosmotic point of a species because, at this point, there is reduced activity of ionic exchange pumps. The present study tested this hypothesis using the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis, a hyper-hypoosmoregulator with an isosmotic point around 33 per thousand. Crabs were exposed to radio-labelled cadmium and zinc at 23, 33 and 43 per thousand for 4 days. To eradicate speciation effects, crabs were exposed to the same concentration of the radio-labelled free metal ion (estimated using MineQL computer software) at each salinity. Haemolymph samples were taken daily and radio-labelled metal concentrations were estimated from radioactivity counts and used to provide relative measures of metal uptake. Neither cadmium nor zinc uptake was lowest at the isosmotic point. The uptake of cadmium increased significantly with increase in salinity, while the uptake of zinc showed no significant change with increased salinity. Thus changes in trace metal uptake rates in E. sinensis do not appear to be controlled only by changes in free metal ion concentrations. The different effects of salinity change on the uptake of cadmium and zinc (in the absence of free metal ion change) also indicate that physiological responses to osmotic change alone do not control metal uptake rates for this species.     

海洋沉积物的顺序淋滤萃取分析研究现状与发展趋势

在过去几十年里,为了探索海洋沉积物中元素的赋存形态,发展了很多分离沉积物中不同元素结合态的淋滤萃取方法。这些方法对于了解沉积物中微量元素的来源、迁移、分散、活动、生物化学及物理化学行为等特征具有重要的意义,并且在海洋地球化学和海洋环境污染研究中已得到广泛应用。本文综合论述了海洋沉积物的顺序淋滤萃取分析方法的研究进展,介绍了两种影响较大的方法,对其选用的萃取试剂以及分析流程进行了详细讨论,并比较了方法的优点和不足。     

GEOCHEMISTRY OF ABYSSAL SEDIMENT IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN

The contents of Fe, Mn, Cu, Co, Ni, Pb and Zn in the seaiment associated with manganese nodules from the Northern Central Pacific Ocean and in their acid-soluble fractions were determined and correlations among the elements and between the trace metals and environmental parameters were discussed. It has been found that the contents of Mn, Cu and Ni in the sediment are one order of magnitude higher than those in the common sediment. As shown in the manganese nodules, they may mainly derive from seabed. The contents of all trace metals in the sediment are obviously governed by Fe-and Mn-oxides, organic matter, seawater depth, particle size and Eh. Multi-element correlation equations were developed for all trace metals. The trace metals in acid-soluble fraction of the sediment were also much higher than ihose of common sediment and negatively correlated with water depth, implying the possible influence of carbonate speciation.     

Size distribution of colloidal trace metals and organic carbon during a coastal bloom in the Baltic Sea

The physico-chemical speciation of organic carbon and selected metals was measured during a coastal bloom in Ekhagen Bay, Baltic Sea, using ultrafiltration.One important objective with the study was to see if any depletion of trace metals could be measured in the directly bioavailable fraction (<1000 Da, the soluble low molecular weight fraction, LMW) during a plankton bloom. Filters with five different cut-offs were used (1 kD (1000 Da), 5 kD, 10 kD, 100 kD and 0.22 μm) in order to delineate the size distribution of colloidal organic carbon (COC) and trace metals.During the bloom in May, LMW Al, Co, Cu, Mn and Ni concentrations decreased although the colloidal and particulate concentrations were relatively high. Data show that desorption of colloidal and particulate bound trace metals to the LMW fraction was slower than the process depleting the LMW fraction.Estimates of the maximum active uptake of Cu, Ni and Mn by the phytoplankton, and the loss of non-bioactive Al from the LMW fraction, indicate that processes other than active uptake by phytoplankton must contribute to the observed depletion of trace metals in the LMW fraction. Hence, in order to estimate the bioavailable pool of trace metals for plankton during bloom conditions, these other processes must be understood and quantified.Transparent Exopolymeric Particles (TEP, reflecting sugar-rich phytoplankton exudates) increased around eight times during the plankton bloom. We hypothesize that the formation of TEP is a process that might be important for the transfer of trace metals from the LMW to the particulate fraction during the phytoplankton bloom, but the significance of TEP for this depletion in Baltic Sea surface water remains to be shown.     

Micronutrient effects on cyanobacterial growth and physiology

Trace metals play crucial roles in the carbon and nitrogen metabolism of cyanobacteria. Physiological responses to metal limitation and toxicity in culture have shown that iron is important for photosynthesis and energy distribution in the cell while both iron and molybdenum are biochemically involved in nitrate reduction and nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen fixation is also relatively sensitive to copper toxicity. Consequently, factors that affect the supply rate, chemical speciation, or the recycling of trace metals can alter patterns of primary productivity and nitrogen metabolism. Overall, three trace metal dependent processes may contribute towards dominance: efficient use of limiting light, nitrogen fixation, and production of extracellular iron binding compounds.     

Using iron speciation in authigenic carbonates from hydrocarbon seeps to trace variable redox conditions

Seepage of hydrocarbon-rich fluids out of the marine sedimentary column is characterized by temporal changes of flow intensity and resultant spatially variable redox conditions. Authigenic carbonates at marine hydrocarbon seeps provide excellent geological and geochemical archives that serve to explore seepage dynamics over time. In this study, we investigated the potential of Mössbuaer spectroscopy and Fe contents of seep-related authigenic carbonates from the Congo Fan, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Black Sea for reconstructing past redox conditions and fluid seepage activity at cold seeps. The Fe speciation observed by Mössbauer spectroscopy and Fe contents suggest that (1) the Congo Fan carbonates precipitated in a sulfidic environment, (2) the formation conditions of seep carbonates were variable at the Gulf of Mexico seep site, ranging from oxic to suboxic and anoxic and even spanning into the methanogenic zone, and (3) the stratified water column of the Black Sea or suboxic condition resulted in low Fe contents of Black Sea carbonates. The study reveals that Fe speciation can provide constraints on the wide range of redox conditions that imprinted seep carbonates during the life span of seepage. Similarly, Mössbauer spectroscopy – particularly when used in combination with the analysis of redox-sensitive elements – is a promising tool to trace variable redox conditions in marine paleoenvironments other than seeps.     

Simulating a heavy metal spill under estuarine conditions: Effects on the clam Scrobicularia plana

We describe the effect of heavy metals Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu on the induction of methallothioneins on the clam Scrobicularia plana along a salinity gradient simulated under laboratory conditions. The clams were exposed to constant heavy metal concentrations in a dynamic estuary simulator during a 15-day assay to investigate possible induction of metal-binding proteins in them. The concentration of heavy metals in water was analysed. Clams were analysed for methallothionein concentrations. The speciation of Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu along the salinity gradient was modelled. Zn showed the highest concentrations and its prevalent species was the free ion. Intersite differences have been observed in methallothionein concentration and related to the salinity gradient. It seems that synthesis of methallothioneins is the result of physiological forces acting in concert with the changes in the chemical speciation of metals, owing to the trace metals uptake is controlled by means of an interaction of physiology and physicochemistry.     

Simulating a heavy metal spill under estuarine conditions: effects on the clam Scrobicularia plana

We describe the effect of heavy metals Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu on the induction of methallothioneins on the clam Scrobicularia plana along a salinity gradient simulated under laboratory conditions. The clams were exposed to constant heavy metal concentrations in a dynamic estuary simulator during a 15-day assay to investigate possible induction of metal-binding proteins in them. The concentration of heavy metals in water was analysed. Clams were analysed for methallothionein concentrations. The speciation of Zn, Cd, Pb and Cu along the salinity gradient was modelled. Zn showed the highest concentrations and its prevalent species was the free ion. Intersite differences have been observed in methallothionein concentration and related to the salinity gradient. It seems that synthesis of methallothioneins is the result of physiological forces acting in concert with the changes in the chemical speciation of metals, owing to the trace metals uptake is controlled by means of an interaction of physiology and physicochemistry.