洞庭湖年径流泥沙的演变特征及其动因

通过对洞庭湖1951~1998年径流泥沙演变过程及其驱动力的全面分析表明, 径流泥沙关系密切, 其相关系数r = 0.9013。年径流量、年输沙量总体均呈同步减少趋势, 在演变过程中表现出明显的阶段性。由于湘、资、沅、澧四水流域产水量大, 森林覆盖率达52%以上, 连年兴建的水利工程及工农业、生活用水量的增加, 未能对四水河流水文特征产生根本性的影响, 其入湖径流泥沙基本处于稳定状态, 故没有对湖泊径流泥沙的演变造成深刻影响。而由长江中游河段的调弦口堵口, 下荆江系统裁弯和葛洲坝截流所引起的3次江湖水沙关系调整, 即是导致洞庭湖径流泥沙缓减速减的主动因子。     

基于水库调蓄的黄河干流水体交换周期的量化研究

针对黄河流域存在的水危机,探讨水体交换周期的内涵和意义,分析水体蓄变情况下水体交换周期的变化特征,在此基础上建立基于水量调度和河段配水的黄河干流水体交换周期的量化模型,并计算了不同时间尺度下黄河水体交换周期。研究结果表明,水体交换周期可以从不同时间尺度上把握水资源的可更新能力,精确地确定区域水资源总量,指导水库的调蓄计划,为建立可持续利用的水资源供水系统及其管理提供科学依据。     

长江荆南三口河系水位演变规律及对江湖水量交换关系的响应

为分析荆南三口河系水位演变规律与江湖水量交换关系。依据1956—2017年荆南三口、湖南四水、洞庭湖城陵矶站以及长江干流枝城站月平均水位及流量和该流域8个雨量站的降水数据,运用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法、回归分析、流量年特征值等方法研究了三口水位的时序演变特征及其与流量、降水、江湖水量交换、人类活动的关系。结果表明：① 与阶段一（1956—1966年）相比,阶段二（1967—1980年）、三（1981—2002年）、四（2003—2017年）河系年平均水位、年最高水位分别下降0.74 m、0.37 m,年最低水位上升0.07 m;② 在涨（4—5月）、丰（6—9月）、退（10—11月）、枯（12月—次年3月）四个水文节点上,最低水位降幅最大（-0.98 m）,平均水位次之（-0.78 m）,最高水位最小（0.55 m）,并将其降幅按水文节点排序依次为退水期（-0.95 m）>丰水期（-0.61 m）>涨水期（-0.21 m）>枯水期（0.15 m）;③ 河系水位变化与其流量变化有着较好的一致性（二者的相关系数r =0.65）,与降水量相关性较弱（r =-0.16）,但2002—2017年相对干旱的气候加剧了河系水位的下降。从总体上看,长江枝城来水量减少和以水利工程为代表的人类活动方式是导致荆南三口河系特征水位下降的主要驱动因素。     

三峡水库调度运行初期荆江与洞庭湖区的水文效应

以1951-2008年实测水文资料为依据,运用对比方法,分析了三峡水库调度运行初期,荆江与洞庭湖区的连琐水文效应.结果表明:①莉江冲刷星占宜昌至城陵矶段的78.9%,其平均冲刷强度也远高于该河段;②三口分流比减少2.33%、分沙比减少2.78%;③三口多年平均入湖径流泥沙比依次减少7.7%及24.4%;④洞庭湖区淤积速率减缓26.7%、汛期水最较同期多年平均值偏少20.2%,使湖区连年季节性缺水,前者对延长湖泊寿命有利,后者酿成了连年性的夏秋连旱灾害、居民饮用水、生产用水和航运等水安全问题以及涉及到了珍禽鸟类数量和种类减少,东方田鼠种群数量极度膨胀等生态系统的稳定性;⑤湖口多年平均输沙泄洪能力增强了26.6%和3.7%,避免了溃垸决堤之灾.并认为,为适应新的江湖关系变化,必须进一步优化调整三峡水库调度运行方案,重新审视江湖治理的理念,维系江湖连通的纽带.     

三峡水库运行下洞庭湖盆冲淤过程响应与水沙调控阈值

以1951-2011 年洞庭湖区及荆江段干流主要控制站实测径流输沙量资料为依据,分析三峡水库不同蓄水阶段及不同调度方式下洞庭湖盆冲/淤响应,并提出上游来水来沙调控阈值。结果表明：① 荆南三（四）口流量与枝城站流量、荆南三（四）口输沙率存在极显著正相关（p < 0.0001）,决定系数r2分别为0.859 及0.895。② 与三峡水库蓄水运用前（1999-2002）相比,一、二期蓄水阶段及全面试验性蓄水阶段（2008.10-2011.12）洞庭湖盆年均冲淤量由+4796.4×10⁴ t 依次递减为+684.1×10⁴ t、+449.8×10⁴ t 及-559.6×10⁴ t,湖盆冲淤率由+70.25%分别降至+31.13%、+23.56%及-42.64%。③ 预泄调度及蓄水调度期,湖盆泥沙均由以淤积为主转变为以冲刷为主,防洪补偿调度期湖盆泥沙表现为淤积,而在补水调度运用期则表现为冲刷。④ 洞庭湖盆处于冲/淤临界平衡状态时的荆南三口平均流量、输沙率及含沙量分别为970.81 m³/s、466.82 kg/s 及0.481 kg/m³。并认为,为增强湖泊调蓄功能,必须进一步优化三峡水库调度方式,合理调控下泄水沙量。     

近50年来长江与鄱阳湖水文相互作用的变化

通过分析1957-2008 年长江与鄱阳湖相互作用的基本特征及其与长江中游、鄱阳湖流域的径流量和气候变化的关系,并用2004-2006 年三峡水库蓄水、放水量的数据,定量地计算和比较了三峡水库运行和区域气候变化对长江与鄱阳湖相互作用的影响程度,得出如下主要结论：1)从年际、年代际尺度上来看,鄱阳湖流域的气候变化和五河入湖流量是鄱阳湖水位和水量变化的主要因素,同时也在很大程度上决定了长江与鄱阳湖相互作用关系及其强弱变化。2) 长江与鄱阳湖的相互作用强度是此消彼长的关系。从季节来看,鄱阳湖对长江的较强作用主要在4-6月,而长江对鄱阳湖的较强作用主要发生在7-9 月。3) 三峡水库运行并没有改变长江与鄱阳湖作用的基本特征,在多数季节三峡水库的影响不足以解释长江径流量变化的10%,但是水库在不同季节的蓄水或放水在一定程度上影响了江湖作用的季节变化和鄱阳湖流域的旱涝机率。4-6月的放水加强了长江作用,由于此时正值鄱阳湖流域的雨季,增强的长江作用在湿润气候的环境下可能增加初夏鄱阳湖流域发生洪涝的概率;7-9 月的少量蓄水则减弱长江对鄱阳湖的作用,降低了湖区洪涝的概率;而10 月份三峡水库的大量蓄水可能增加鄱阳湖流域的旱季干旱发生率。     

基于能量的鄱阳湖—长江相互作用表征指标研究

鄱阳湖与长江之间存在着复杂的相互作用关系,决定着江湖水沙交换,对整个区域的水资源、防洪、航运、生态环境等均具有重要影响。本文基于能量的观点,在从新的角度解释鄱阳湖和长江相互作用原理的基础上,构建了江湖相互作用的表征指标—能差F_e,对20世纪50年代以来江湖作用关系变化进行了研究。结果表明,自20世纪50年代以来,F_e值整体呈现增加趋势,说明长江作用减弱,鄱阳湖作用不断增强。三峡水库蓄水运用对江湖关系产生了重要影响,进一步削弱了长江作用。从年内变化来看,由于三峡水库的调节,枯水期长江作用略有增强,汛末长江作用减弱较大。江湖作用一定程度上影响着湖区旱涝灾害的产生,当五河来流较大且长江顶托作用明显时,易发生洪涝;当五河来流较小但又对长江有明显的补水作用时,易发生旱情,三峡水库蓄水使湖区9-10月更易发生干旱。     

基于GF-1影像的洞庭湖区水体水质遥感监测

湖泊水质监测是有效开展湖泊水环境综合管理与水污染防治实施的基础,也是湖泊藻华风险评估与生态安全建设的重要依据。本文基于GF-1号影像对2014-2016年洞庭湖水体的叶绿素a浓度、悬浮物浓度和透明度展开遥感监测,结果表明：叶绿素a主要集中在水流速度较慢的安乐湖、大小西湖和东洞庭湖西部地区,其他区域水体扰动力大,叶绿素含量a较低。透明度从北到南递增,与悬浮物浓度的分布趋势相反,符合常规监测规律。东洞庭湖水质较南洞庭湖和西洞庭湖差,水污染程度处于全湖最高水平。GF-1数据可精确反映叶绿素a浓度、悬浮物浓度和透明度指数的空间变化规律,也为后续高分遥感影像湖泊水质监测的应用研究提供了重要参考。     

基于Landsat-TM和MODIS的非洲水体分布格局研究

卫星遥感是进行洲际或者全球尺度内陆水体信息提取的最有效、最为切实可行的技术手段。作为全球水资源较为匮乏的大洲,以遥感技术进行非洲内陆水体信息提取研究具有重要的应用价值。文章以2010年Landsat TM/ETM+卫星遥感影像数据为基础,辅以MODIS遥感影像,基于面向对象的分类方法,选用归一化差值水体指数（Normalized Difference Water Index,NDWI）及波段组合（Band 4/Band 2）进行水体信息提取。并根据不同气候区,选取4个典型区,监测年内水体的变化情况。结果表明：1）非洲内陆水体面积为311 479.2 km2,其中湖泊总面积为209 018.5 km2,占水体总面积的67.1%;河渠总面积64 550.1 km2,占20.7%;水库坑塘总面积37 910.7 km2,占12.2%。非洲拥有水库211个,总面积13 438.7 km2。2）撒哈拉以南的非洲是水体主要的分布区,统计分析表明约97%的水体分布在该地区。3）热带沙漠气候区湖泊面积呈减少趋势,热带草原气候区湖泊受干湿季节影响上下波动较大,热带雨林气候区和地中海气候区湖泊面积变化较小,总体上4个典型区水体面积变差系数＜10%。     

洞庭湖鱼类资源动态监测与研究

洞庭湖现为长江中游地区仅存的两大通江湖泊之一,研究其鱼类资源对了解湖泊通江的生态作用意义重大;2002-2008年我们对洞庭湖的鱼类资源进行了动态监测与研究,记录到和鉴定出鱼类109种,隶属于8目19科,详细报道了2002年9月至2008年6月的鱼类资源动态监测结果,分析了鱼类资源消减的原因,并提出了相应的增殖保护措施。     

Evolution characters of water exchange abilities between Dongting Lake and Yangtze River

By using field-survey hydrological data of the related control stations in Dongting Lake and the Yangtze River mainstream in 1951–2010, the evolution characters of water exchange abilities between the two water bodies and their response to the operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) from different time scales are analyzed based on their hydraulic relations. The results are shown as follows. Firstly, during July-September, the replenishment ability of Three Outlets to Dongting Lake is stronger, and in January-March, the replenishment ability of Dongting Lake to Yangtze River is stronger. Secondly, there has been an obvious inter-decadal wave on the water exchange coefficient between Dongting Lake and Yangtze River. In 1951–1958 and 1959–1968, the replenishment ability of Three Outlets to Dongting Lake was stronger, but in 2003–2010, the replenishment ability of Dongting Lake to Yangtze River has been strengthened. Thirdly, the spill-division ability of Three Outlets weakens, and the water of Dongting Lake coming from Three Outlets decreases either in typical years or under different dispatching modes of the TGR after the operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir. Furthermore, the water of Dongting Lake coming from Four Rivers takes the dominant position, which obviously enhances the replenishment ability of Dongting Lake to Yangtze River. Fourthly, if the effect of the runoff fluctuation in the basin is not considered, the evolution characters of the exchange capacities and the exchange process between Dongting Lake and Yangtze River in different time scales are generally changed with the variation of the water exchange amount between them, although the factors influencing the water exchange capacities between them is very complex. These show that there is an in-line growth or decline relation between the river-lake water exchange ability and the river-lake water exchange amount.     

三峡工程建设背景下的洞庭湖区治水方略探讨

在长江三峡工程建设的大背景下,本文分析了洞庭湖区的水灾减灾机制,探讨了洞庭湖区的治水方略,提出应充分发挥三峡水库的调蓄功能,协调江湖关系,改善冲淤关系,加强水利工程建设,实现三峡水库与湖南四水水库的优化调度     

鄱阳湖水文特征动态变化遥感监测

鄱阳湖是中国第一大淡水湖,对鄱阳湖的水文变化进行持续监测可以为流域内生态环境变化提供基础数据,有利于研究其与长江和流域内河流的交互关系,更好地服务于陆面过程模式和水资源管理。本文利用卫星测高数据反演的鄱阳湖水位数据与MODIS数据结合,对鄱阳湖2000—2015年的水位、水域面积和水量变化进行研究,并通过水量平衡模型,推导出了同期长江—鄱阳湖的水量交互。研究发现,2000—2015年鄱阳湖面积呈现波动性变化,最大水域面积为3600 km ²,是最小水域面积482 km ²的7.5倍。2004年、2007年、2009年和2011年水域面积比较低,2012年后形势好转。每年1月、2月、12月份是鄱阳湖干季,水域面积低至500 km ²,湖口处水位可低至4.71 m,湖面从南往北倾斜,南北水位差异达2.59 m。相对于2000—2015年最低水量,干季时湖泊水量平均增加量为3 km ³。每年6—9月份是鄱阳湖的湿季,水域面积一般大于2670 km ²,水位高于15 m,南北水位差异不大,相对于2000—2015年最低水量,湿季时湖泊水量平均增加量为12 km ³。2000—2015年鄱阳湖流入长江的水量范围为-7~40.66 km ³,每年有93.33%的时间水流从鄱阳湖流入长江。流入长江的水量多少具有明显的季节性,通常5月、6月流入长江的水量高于7月、8月,主要因为7月、8月长江中上游降水增加,长江干流来水增多,对鄱阳湖湖水倒灌有一定的顶托作用。     

Analysis of deposition and erosion of Dongting Lake by GIS

The Dongting Lake is located in the south beach of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Its catchment, with an area of 262,823 km2 or about 12% of the total Yangtze River catchment, is situated between 28o43?29o32扤 and 112o54?113o8扙, and crosses Hubei and Hunan provinces in administrative division. The main tributaries include Xiangjiang, Zishui, Yuanjiang, Lishui rivers (4 Tributaries) and some local rivers, such as Miluo River, Xinqiang River and other little streams. In the nor…     

Analysis of deposition and erosion of Dongting Lake by GIS

The sediments of the Dongting Lake come from four channels (one of them was closed in 1959), connected with the Yangtze River, four tributaries (Lishui, Yuanjiang, Zishui and Xiangjiang) and local area, and some of them are transported into the Yangtze River in Chenglingji, which is located at the exit of the Dongting Lake, some of them deposit into drainage system in the lake region and the rest deposit into the lake. The annual mean sediment is 166,555x104 t, of which 80% come from the four channels, 18% from the four tributaries and 2% from local area, whereas 26% of the total sediments are transported into the Yangtze River and 74% deposited into the lake and the lake drainage system. Based on topographic maps of 1974, 1988 and 1998, and the spatial analysis method with geographic information system (GIS), changes in sediment deposition and erosion are studied in this paper. By overlay analysis of 1974 and 1988, 1988 and 1998, erosion and sediments deposition areas are defined. The main conclusions are: (1) sediment rate in the lake is larger than erosion rate from 1974 to 1998. The mean deposition in the lake is 0.43 m; (2) annual sediment deposition is the same between 1974-1988 and 1988-1998, but the annual volume of deposition and erosion of 1988-1998 is bigger than that in 1974-1988; (3) before the completion of the Three Gorges Reservoir, there will be 7.82x108 m3 of sediments deposited in the lake, which would make the lake silted up by 0.33 m; (4) in the lake, the deposition area is found in the north of the east Dongting Lake, the south-west of the south Dongting Lake, and the east of the west Dongting Lake; while the eroded area is in the south of the east Dongting Lake, the middle of the south Dongting Lake, the west of the west Dongting Lake, as well as Xiangjiang and Lishui river flood channels.     

基于能量的鄱阳湖——长江相互作用表征指标研究（英文）

The complex relationship between the Yangtze River and Poyang Lake controls the exchange of water and sediment between the two,and exerts effects on water resources,flooding,shipping,and the ecological environment.The theory of energy is applied in this paper to investigate the physical mechanisms that determine the nature of the contact between the Yangtze River and Poyang Lake and to establish an energy differenceindex to quantify the interactions between the two systems.Data show that Fe values for this interaction have increased since the 1950s,indicating a weakening in the river effect while the lake effect has been enhanced.Enclosure of the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR)has also significantly influenced the relationship between the river and the lake by further reducing the impacts of the Yangtze River.The river effect also increases slightly during the dry season,and decreases significantly at the end of the flooding period,while interactions between the two to some extent influence the development of droughts and floods within the lake area.Data show that when the flow of the five rivers within this area is significant and a blocking effect due to the Yangtze River is also clearly apparent,floods occur easily;in contrast,when the opposite is true and the flow of the five rivers is small,and the Yangtze River can accommodate the flow,droughts occur frequently.Construction and enclosure of the TGR also means that the lake area is prone to droughts during September and October.     

The hydrological effect between Jingjiang River and Dongting Lake during the initial period of Three Gorges Project operation

Based on the measured hydrological data from 1951 to 2008, the chain hydrological effect between Jingjiang River and Dongting Lake is analyzed by comparative method after the Three Gorges Project operation. The result indicates that 1) the scouring amount in Jingjiang River made up 78.9% of the total from Yichang to Chenglingji, and its average scouring intensity was higher than the latter; 2) the water and sand diversion rates at the three outlets of the Jingjiang River were reduced by 2.33% and 2.78% separately; 3) the proportion of multi-year average runoff and sediment through the three outlets in the total into the Dongting Lake decreased by 7.7% and 24.4% respectively; 4) in Dongting Lake, the speed of sediment accumulation was lowered by 26.7%, in flood season, the runoff amount was 20.2% less than the multi-year average value, leading to seasonal scarcity of water year by year. The former prolonged the lake life, while the latter induced droughts in summer and fall in successive years, shortage of drinking and industrial water, shipping insecurity, as well as ecological problems such as decrease of birds and quick increase of Microtus fortis; 5) The multi-year average values of sediment and flood transporting capacity at the lake outlet were respectively increased by 26.6% and 3.7%, the embankments were protected effectively. Then, to adapt to the new change of the river-lake relation, some suggestions were put forward, such as optimizing further operation program of the Three Gorges Reservoir, reexamining the idea of river and lake regulation, and maintaining connection of the river and the lake.