Generalization of PhaseNet in Shandong and its application to the Changqing M4.1 earthquake sequence

Waveforms of seismic events, extracted from January 2019 to December 2021 were used to construct a test dataset to investigate the generalizability of PhaseNet in the Shandong region. The results show that errors in the picking of seismic phases(P-and S-waves) had a broadly normal distribution, mainly concentrated in the ranges of-0.4–0.3 s and-0.4–0.8 s, respectively. These results were compared with those published in the original PhaseNet article and were found to be approximately 0.2–0.4 s l...     

Spatiotemporal evolution of the 2021 MS6.4 Yangbi earthquake sequence

Based on the seismic phase reports of the Yangbi area from January 1 to June 25, 2021, and the waveform data of M ≥ 4 earthquakes, we obtained the relocation results and focal mechanism solutions of the M_S6.4 Yangbi earthquake sequence using the HypoDD and CAP methods. Based on our results, our main conclusions are as follows: (1) the M_S6.4 Yangbi earthquake sequence is a typical foreshock-mainshock-aftershock sequence. The foreshocks of the first two stages have the obvious fronts of migration and their migration rate increased gradually. There was no apparent front of migration during the third stage, and the occurrence of the mainshock was related to stress triggering from a M5.3 foreshock. We tentatively speculate that the rupture pattern of the Yangbi earthquake sequence conforms to the cascading-rupture model; and (2) the main fault of the M_S6.4 Yangbi earthquake sequence is a NW-trending right-lateral strike-slip fault. As time progressed, a minor conjugate aftershock belt formed at the northwest end of this fault, and a dendritic branching structure emerged in the southern fault segment, showing a complex seismogenic fault structure. We suggested that the fault of the Yangbi earthquake sequence may be a young sub-fault of the Weixi-Weishan fault.     

2021年5月21日云南漾濞地震及5月22日青海玛多地震的支持向量机震级估算

2021年5月21日及5月22日,云南漾濞县与青海玛多县分别发生破坏性地震,主震震级分别为M_s6.4级与M_s7.4级。本文基于机器学习中的支持向量机方法,以多类型特征参数为输入建立地震预警震级估算模型SVM-M,离线模拟云南漾濞M_s5.6级前震、M_s6.4级主震以及青海玛多M_s7.4级主震的连续震级估算。结果表明:对于云南漾濞M_s5.6级前震,支持向量机方法在首台触发后1s可估算震级为5.6级,且随着首台触发时间的增加,估算震级一直在实际震级附近波动;对于云南漾濞M_s6.4级主震和青海玛多M_s7.4级主震,随着首台触发时间的增加,支持向量机方法对于大震低估问题得到了有效的改善,且震级估算结果逐渐接近实际震级。同时,这3次地震的震级估算离线模拟表明:引入震源距的支持向量机方法（SVM-M1模型）对于震级估算有更好的稳定性,且在地震预警系统的震级估算中有着潜在的应用前景。     

漾濞县MS6.4、玛多县MS7.4地震前地电场变化分析

2021年5月21日云南漾濞县发生M_S6.4地震、5月22日青海玛多县发生M_S7.4地震,分别分析漾濞震中500 km内12个地电场台数据、玛多震中500 km内8个地电场台数据,获知:(1)漾濞地震周围罗茨等8台优势方位角在震前出现了异常变化,弥渡等4台看不出明显异常变化;盐源等7台相关系数在震前2～6个月出现了大幅度下降,元谋、苴林等5台相关系数看不出明显异常变化。(2)玛多地震周围门源等4台方位角在震前出现了异常变化,都兰等4台方位角看不出明显异常变化;门源等5台在玛多地震前2～6个月相关系数出现了大幅下降、变化范围明显变窄等现象,都兰、白水河、金银滩等3台优势方位角和相关系数都看不出明显异常变化。(3)两次地震分析中地电场优势方位角和相关系数异常变化在时间上皆具有同步或准同步性。     

大震地震序列自动地震速报结果分析——以云南漾濞6.4级和青海玛多7.4级地震为例

根据国家台网中心自动地震速报系统在云南漾濞和青海玛多2个地区的台网监测能力,选取2个地区2021年5月18—29日的地震序列,对自动地震速报系统进行性能分析。国家台网中心自动地震速报系统基本实现1min内的单路自动地震速报信息初次产出,根据地震台网密度的不同,产出时间从30～60s不等。与地震编目结果相比,云南漾濞地震序列震中位置偏差较小,青海玛多地震序列震中位置偏差较大,2个地震序列震级偏差不大。青海玛多地震序列震中位置偏差较大的原因是该区域台站稀少且空隙角较大。自动地震速报系统存在少量的漏报地震,与系统定位时信噪比较低、台站空隙角较大及多个地震混叠在一起有关。     

Prompt seismic data sharing for the 2021 Maduo earthquake in Qinghai province,China

An M_S7.4 earthquake struck west China in Maduo county, Guoluo prefecture, Qinghai province on May 22, 2021, at 2:04 Beijing time (18:04 UTC on May 21, 2021), which broke the quiet period of Chinese mainland for 1382 days without earthquakes of magnitude 7 or higher. The analysis of the seismic data sequence would play an important role in the in-depth study of the Maduo earthquake and the Bayan Har block. The Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration (CEA), compiled observation data recorded through 57 broadband seismometers within 500 km of the earthquake epicenter and intended to share for further researches in earthquake science community. The shared dataset included waveforms of the event and its sequence with magnitudes of 3.0 or higher that occurred between May 22–31, 2021 with a sampling rate of 100 sps along with the continuous waveforms of 20 Hz and 100 Hz. Additionally, the seismic instrument response files also were shared. The event and continuous waveform records could be downloaded by submitting a request through the web platform of the Earthquake Science Data Center of the Institute of Geophysics, CEA (www.esdc.ac.cn).     

Coseismic deformation of the 2021 MW7.4 Maduo earthquake from joint inversion of InSAR,GPS, and teleseismic data

The M_W7.4 Maduo earthquake occurred on 22 May 2021 at 02:04 CST with a large-expansion surface rupture. This earthquake was located in the Bayan Har block at the eastern Tibetan Plateau, where eight earthquakes of M_S >7.0 have occurred in the past 25 years. Here, we combined interferometric synthetic aperture radar, GPS, and teleseismic data to study the coseismic slip distribution, fault geometry, and dynamic source rupture process of the Maduo earthquake. We found that the overall coseismic deformation field of the Maduo earthquake is distributed in the NWW-SEE direction along 285°. There was slight bending at the western end and two branches at the eastern end. The maximum slip is located near the eastern bending area on the northern branch of the fault system. The rupture nucleated on the Jiangcuo fault and propagated approximately 160 km along-strike in both the NWW and SEE directions. The characteristic source rupture process of the Maduo earthquake is similar to that of the 2010 M_W6.8 Yushu earthquake, indicating that similar earthquakes with large-expansion surface ruptures and small shallow slip deficits can occur on both the internal fault and boundary fault of the Bayan Har block.     

An accessible seismological dataset of 2021 Yangbi MS6.4 earthquake

A M_S6.4 earthquake occurred on 21 May 2021 in Yangbi county, Dali prefecture, Yunnan, China, at 21: 48 Beijing Time (13: 48 UTC). Earthquakes with an M3.0 or higher occurred before and after the main shock. Seismic data analysis is essential for the in-depth investigation of the 2021 Yangbi M_S6.4 earthquake sequence and the seismotectonics of northwestern Yunnan. Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration (CEA), has compiled a dataset of seismological observations from 157 broadband stations located within 500 km of the epicenter, and has made this dataset available to the earthquake science research community. The dataset (total file size: 329 GB) consists of event waveforms with a sampling frequency of 100 sps collected from 18 to 28 May 2021, 20-Hz and 100-Hz continuous waveforms collected from 12 to 31 May 2021, and seismic instrument response files. To promote data sharing, the dataset also includes the seismic event waveforms from 20 to 22 May 2021 recorded at 50 stations of the ongoing Binchuan Active Source Geophysical Observation Project, for which the data protection period has not expired. Sample waveforms of the main shock are included in the appendix of this article and can be downloaded from the Earthquake Science website. The event and continuous waveforms are available from the Earthquake Science Data Center website (www.esdc.ac.cn) on application.     

USTC-Pickers: a Unified Set of seismic phase pickers Transfer learned for China

Current popular deep learning seismic phase pickers like PhaseNet and EQTransformer suffer from performance drop in China. To mitigate this problem, we build a unified set of customized seismic phase pickers for different levels of use in China. We first train a base picker with the recently released DiTing dataset using the same U-Net architecture as PhaseNet. This base picker significantly outperforms the original PhaseNet and is generally suitable for entire China. Then, using different subsets of the DiTing data, we fine-tune the base picker to better adapt to different regions. In total, we provide 5 pickers for major tectonic blocks in China, 33 pickers for provincial-level administrative regions, and 2 special pickers for the Capital area and the China Seismic Experimental Site. These pickers show improved performance in respective regions which they are customized for. They can be either directly integrated into national or regional seismic network operation or used as base models for further refinement for specific datasets. We anticipate that this picker set will facilitate earthquake monitoring in China.     

2021年青海玛多7.4级地震前地震活动异常特征分析

结合青海玛多7.4级地震前日常跟踪工作中出现的地震活动异常,系统梳理羌塘块体6级地震成组、中国大陆5级地震低频活动、青藏高原东北缘中等地震活动显著增强以及青藏高原东北缘地区震群活动的时空异常特征,总结多项指标的预测意义,并对部分重要指标做了预测效能评估。同时,通过研究碌曲震群的时空分布特征,认为碌曲地区是一个应力敏感区域,对周边地区中强地震的发生有较好的预测意义,在后续震情监视过程中应该作为重要指标来跟踪。     

基于深度学习的地震检测模型在区域台网的泛化性研究

将识别地震的深度学习算法PhaseNet应用于四川台网和首都圈台网,对该模型的泛化能力进行了测试和评估.首先利用2010年1月至2018年10月首都圈台网199个地震台站记录的29 328个事件(ML0～ML4)所对应的126761段事件波形,以及2019年4-9月四川及邻省部分台网227个地震台站记录的16595个事...     

Benchmark on the accuracy and efficiency of several neural network based phase pickers using datasets from China Seismic Network

Seismic phase pickers based on deep neural networks have been extensively used recently, demonstrating their advantages on both performance and efficiency. However, these pickers are trained with and applied to different data. A comprehensive benchmark based on a single dataset is therefore lacking. Here, using the recently released DiTing dataset, we analyzed performances of seven phase pickers with different network structures, the efficiencies are also evaluated using both CPU and GPU devices. Evaluations based on F₁-scores reveal that the recurrent neural network (RNN) and EQTransformer exhibit the best performance, likely owing to their large receptive fields. Similar performances are observed among PhaseNet (UNet), UNet++, and the lightweight phase picking network (LPPN). However, the LPPN models are the most efficient. The RNN and EQTransformer have similar speeds, which are slower than those of the LPPN and PhaseNet. UNet++ requires the most computational effort among the pickers. As all of the pickers perform well after being trained with a large-scale dataset, users may choose the one suitable for their applications. For beginners, we provide a tutorial on training and validating the pickers using the DiTing dataset. We also provide two sets of models trained using datasets with both 50 Hz and 100 Hz sampling rates for direct application by end-users. All of our models are open-source and publicly accessible.     

Broadband ground motion simulation using a hybrid approach of the May 21, 2021 M7.4 earthquake in Maduo,Qinghai, China

In this study, the broadband ground motions of the 2021 M7.4 Maduo earthquake were simulated to overcome the scarcity of ground motion recordings and the low resolution of macroseismic intensity map in sparsely populated high-altitude regions. The simulation was conducted with a hybrid methodology, combining a stochastic high-frequency simulation with a low-frequency ground motion simulation, from the regional 1-D velocity structure model and the Wang WM et al.(2022) source rupture model,respect...     

A summary of seismic activities in and around China in 2021

In this article, we review the general characteristics of seismicity in and around China and the overall statistics of earthquake damage in 2021, focusing on several significant events and related scientific topics. Among them, the largest event is the M_S 7.4 Madoi earthquake in Qinghai Province, northwest China. The event marks another M_S ?≥ ?7 earthquake occurring near the boundary of the Bayan Har Block that has ended a remarkable quiescence of the M_S ?≥ ?7 earthquakes within the Chinese mainland. In addition, the M_S 6.4 Yangbi earthquake in Yunnan Province, southwest China draws the most attention because of its abundant foreshocks, which are well recorded by the densely distributed seismic stations in the surrounding regions. Regarding this event, we review several recent publications focusing on the Gutenberg-Richter b-value change and the physical mechanism of foreshocks associated with this sequence. The M_S 6.0 Luxian earthquake in Sichuan Province, southwest China has caused serious damage with a relatively low magnitude, partly because the focal depth of the mainshock is relatively shallow (3.5 ?km). It is another strong earthquake occurring within the southeast Sichuan basin with low historical seismicity yet has increased significantly since 2015, probably due to shale gas development and associated hydraulic fracturing.     

2017年3月渤海地震序列微震检测与发震构造分析

地震序列发震构造研究是区域地震活动性和地震危险性分析的重要基础。2017年3月渤海海域发生地震序列活动,该序列发生在郯城-庐江断裂带与张家口-渤海地震带的交汇部位,区域构造较为复杂。然而在渤海海域,连续运行的固定地震监测仪器难以布设,导致地震监测能力相对较弱。本文首先采用模板匹配方法对序列遗漏地震进行检测,再使用波形互相关震相检测进行震相校正,基于校正后的震相到时数据对序列进行精定位,并计算序列中2次最大地震的震源机制解。通过计算共检测到目录遗漏地震32个,约为台网目录中地震数量的1.8倍。根据波形互相关聚类分析发现渤海地震序列可分为2组,一组为M_L4.4地震及其余震序列,一组为最大震级M_L3.5的震群,另有一个M_L1.6地震与其他地震波形相似度较低,可能为一个孤立的地震事件。精定位和震源机制结果显示,2组地震均为NE走向,M_L4.4地震发生在低倾角正断层,M_L3.5地震发生在高倾角走滑断层。最后结合区域地质构造相关研究成果,认为M_L4.4地震及其余震序列发震构造为渤中凹陷内NE向低倾角的伸展性正断层,M_L3.5震群发震构造为NE向倾角较陡的次级走滑断层。     

嘉峪关气氡浓度异常与2021年玛多MS7.4地震关系分析

嘉峪关气氡浓度在多年上升的背景下,于2017年出现了转折异常变化,但祁连山地震带内一直没有发生与异常幅度和持续时间相匹配的地震,直到2021年5月22日,在距离嘉峪关气氡测点570 km的玛多发生M_S7.4地震。为了判断嘉峪关气氡浓度异常与玛多地震的关系,结合震例,从异常信度、震前异常特征、震后异常变化及地质构造背景等方面对其进行深入分析。结果发现:嘉峪关气氡浓度的异常特征与地震所处的构造有关,发生在祁连山地震带内的地震,气氡浓度异常表现为1年或半年尺度的年畸变,发生在该地震带以外远距离的地震,气氡浓度异常表现为多年的趋势性变化;玛多地震发生后,嘉峪关气氡浓度下降速率减缓之后转折,呈恢复状态;嘉峪关气氡测点与玛多地震都位于青藏高原东北部,具有相同的动力背景且在构造上具有关联性。综合分析认为嘉峪关气氡多年趋势异常与玛多M_S7.4地震有关,研究对建立可靠的异常指标体系、提高地震预测水平具有重要意义。     

A real-time AI-assisted seismic monitoring system based on new nodal stations with 4G telemetry and its application in the Yangbi MS 6.4 aftershock monitoring in southwest China

A rapidly deployable dense seismic monitoring system which is capable of transmitting acquired data in real time and analyzing data automatically is crucial in seismic hazard mitigation after a major earthquake. However, it is rather difficult for current seismic nodal stations to transmit data in real time for an extended period of time, and it usually takes a great amount of time to process the acquired data manually. To monitor earthquakes in real time flexibly, we develop a mobile integrated seismic monitoring system consisting of newly developed nodal units with 4G telemetry and a real-time AI-assisted automatic data processing workflow. The integrated system is convenient for deployment and has been successfully applied in monitoring the aftershocks of the Yangbi M_S 6.4 earthquake occurred on May 21, 2021 in Yangbi County, Dali City, Yunnan in southwest China. The acquired seismic data are transmitted almost in real time through the 4G cellular network, and then processed automatically for event detection, positioning, magnitude calculation and source mechanism inversion. From tens of seconds to a couple of minutes at most, the final seismic attributes can be presented remotely to the end users through the integrated system. From May 27 to June 17, the real-time system has detected and located 7 905 aftershocks in the Yangbi area before the internal batteries exhausted, far more than the catalog provided by China Earthquake Networks Center using the regional permanent stations. The initial application of this integrated real-time monitoring system is promising, and we anticipate the advent of a new era for Real-time Intelligent Array Seismology (RIAS), for better monitoring and understanding the subsurface dynamic processes caused by Earth's internal forces as well as anthropogenic activities.     

一种低频地震事件的检测方法在汶川地震和芦山地震前的初步应用

本文发展了一种单台检测低频地震事件的方法, 并用其检测2008年汶川M_S8.0地震、 2013年芦山M_S7.0地震震前的低频事件。 使用汶川地震、 芦山地震前周边的宽频带台站数月的垂直向连续波形, 经过2~8 Hz带通滤波、 窗长为10 s的包络平滑、 窗长为20 min的中值滤波, 去除近场天然地震及远场大震与低频噪声的影响后, 发现这两个大地震前有少数台站在连续数天的时间内, 出现持续时间长(数十分钟到数小时)、 包络中值明显大于背景噪声的现象, 其波形记录及包络特征与非火山震颤(NVT)的波形记录及包络特征具有较好的相似性, 我们认为这是汶川地震和芦山地震前的疑似慢地震事件。 初步应用表明, 本文所用的方法对于从宽频带连续波形资料中提取NVT信号是可行的。     

2021年青海玛多MS7.4地震前地下流体异常特征分析

地震地下流体在地震预测研究与震情跟踪方面发挥着重要作用,本文对2021年5月22日青海玛多MS7.4地震前震中附近地下流体观测资料及异常特征进行系统分析,并结合震前预测过程进行了回顾性总结。结果表明,玛多MS7.4地震震中距500km范围内存在5项异常,其中4项为短期异常,主要出现在震前2～3个月。异常在空间上分布不均匀,主要位于玛多MS7.4地震震中的东北部和西南部,整体呈现出由外围向震中收缩的迁移特征,且玛多MS7.4地震和2010年青海玉树MS7.1地震在异常特征和应力加载作用方面具有较好的相似性。研究结果为地震监测能力较低地区积累了震例资料,对于提升强震地下流体前兆异常认识及未来震情趋势判定水平具有一定的参考意义。     

玛多7.4级地震和门源6.9级地震前佐署地下流体异常特征分析

2021年5月22日青海玛多发生了M_S7.4地震,该次地震打破了中国大陆长时间的7级地震平静,随后在2022年1月8日发生青海门源M_S6.9地震,分析这两次地震前的前兆异常变化对于青藏高原强震孕震过程和强震短临跟踪具有重要意义。通过对两次地震前青海西宁佐署地震台地下流体异常变化特征、同震响应和震后效应特征分析,发现：佐署动水位异常在2021年2月25日和2021年8月25日出现突降异常变化,较好地对应了玛多M_S7.4和门源M_S6.9地震;佐署动水位、水温在2021年7月10日同步出现的趋势性转折异常对门源M_S6.9地震有一定的时空指示意义。佐署台作为构造敏感点,其地下流体异常变化对青海及邻区次级块体上强震具有较好的短期指示意义。