海洋主体功能区划与海洋功能区划关系研究

开展海洋主体功能区划与海洋功能区划的关系和衔接研究,是保障两者在我国海洋事业中充分发挥各自作用的基础.本文从编制及实施2个方面理顺海洋主体功能区划与海洋功能区划的关系,促进两者在实际工作中的相互结合.     

海洋国土主体功能区划规划若干关键问题的思考

作为国土重要组成部分的海洋,在全国开展的主体功能区划规划工作中也是重要的工作地域之一.但无论从自然角度,还是从管理角度,海洋都具有其独特的特性,要求其主体功能区划规划工作与有所不同.文章从区划指导思想、区划类型、区划范围、区划指标体系、区划分区和区划管理六个方面讨论了海洋主体功能区划的特殊性及要求,并从整体上给出解决方案.     

试论海洋功能区划与近岸海域环境功能区划之间的关系及其实践意义

海洋功能区划与近岸海域环境功能区划是我国海洋环境管理的两项基本法律制度.文章从渊源、内涵、属性、功能、地位和适用范围等多方面、多角度论述了海洋功能区划和近岸海域环境功能区划之间的关系,并就如何指导海洋环境管理实践提出了粗浅的看法.     

海洋功能区划的意义和作用

海洋功能区是根据海区的地理位置、自然资源和环境状况,结合考虑海洋开发利用现状和社会经济发展需求,划分出具有特定主导功能、适应不同开发方式并能取得最佳综合效益区域的一项基础性工作。 （一） 国家海洋局从1989年开始,组织沿海 11个省、自治区、直辖市人民政府的海洋管理部门,以及部分高等院校和科研机构开展了全国海洋功能区划。在国务院有关部门的大力支持和协助下,经过长达4年的艰苦努力,在汇总各省（市、区）区划的基础上,完成了全国海洋功能区划工作,其成果包括《中国海洋功能区划报告》、《中国海洋功能区划登记表》和《中国海洋功能区划图集》及沿海11个省、市、自治区海洋功能区划报告、登记表和图件。通过功能区划工作,揭示了海区固有的自然属性及其与社会、经济发展因素的关系.为充分、合理地开发利用海洋空间和资源,有效保护海洋生态环境,加强     

天津海洋功能区划理论与实践

本文通过天津海洋功能区划工作实践,提出功能区划的八条原则,分析了区位条件、自然资源和生态环境、社会经济基础、科技进步是划分海洋功能区域的主要影响因素,阐述了功能区划的方法、程序、技术处理;根据海洋功能区划五大类三级体系的技术规定,天津海区共划定各种海洋功能区29种94个。     

海洋生态功能区划初探——以庄河市周边海域为例

通过海洋生态功能区划与海洋功能区划的对比,总结海洋生态功能区划的内涵;并根据海洋生态功能区划目标和依据,对海洋生态功能区划方法进行分析。文章以庄河市周边海域为例,依据辽宁省海洋功能区划和庄河生态市建设规划的相关数据,对庄河市近海海域进行了海洋生态功能区划。     

海洋功能区开发潜力评价研究--以江苏滨海县为例

新一轮海洋功能区划修编在即,为平衡海洋资源开发利用和资源环境可持续利用的关系,开展海洋功能区开发潜力研究成为合理确定海域功能的重要依据。本文构建了海洋功能区开发潜力评价模型,从环境生态现状、资源现状、开发现状和社会经济需求四方面选取评价指标,建立海洋功能区开发潜力评价指标体系,并选取具有代表性的江苏滨海县作为研究区,以滨海县各海洋功能区为评价单元开展了实证研究。结果表明:滨海县海洋功能区总体开发潜力较高,环境生态和资源现状等自然条件较好,开发潜力大,但海域开发现状和社会经济需求等社会条件较差,影响了海洋功能区开发的技术支持与需求。     

海洋功能区划保留区选划技术研究

海洋功能区划中的保留区是后备的海洋资源,是留给子孙后代的未开发海域.2009年启动的新一轮全国和省级区划编制中,对保留区内涵进行了调整,2006年颁布实施的《海洋功能区划技术导则》(GB/T 17108 2006)提出了功能区选划方法,但过于笼统,可操作性差,且不能满足保留区内涵调整后的需要.结合新一轮全国和省级海洋功能区划编制,探讨了海洋功能区划保留区设置的意义和保留区内涵,分析了保留区面临的主要问题,提出了目标导向法、排除法和综合分析法三种保留区选划方法,最后针对保留区的管理提出了建议.     

广东省海洋功能区划修编若干问题和思考

文章介绍了在省级海洋功能区划修编技术要求发生重大变化的背景下,广东省海洋功能区划修编工作组结合广东省海域自然属性、区域发展战略和海洋经济布局等,开展区划修编的主要划区方法和区划修编过程中的新思路。针对区划修编过程中遇到的问题,提出了区划修编过程中的处理方式,并就区划修编过程中的主要经验和心得进行交流,以期促进区划工作的开展。     

爱尔兰海域多用途区划的启示

对爱尔兰海域多用途区划的研究背景进行了介绍,研究了区划的发展历程、边界和不足之处.得出爱尔兰海域多用途区划对我国海洋功能区划、海洋主体功能区规划等工作的启示.     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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