萨拉乌苏河地区晚更新世环境演化

对萨拉乌苏河地区上更新统地层作进一步划分的基础上,本文论述本区晚更新世前期萨拉乌苏组沉积时的古地理环境为暖湿的森林草原.后期城川组主要形成于干冷的荒漠草原-荒漠环境,期间经历了一系列温凉湿润的灌丛草原-疏林草原、森林草原等环境的交替演化过程.     

萨拉乌苏河地区第四纪地层中的元素分布与古气候

本文试图通过研究萨拉乌苏河滴哨沟湾第四纪地层中的元素分布,认识该地区第四纪以来气候的变迁与沉积环境。文中指出滴哨沟湾地区晚更新世以来存在三个暖湿期和三个干冷期。风成沙和黄土是晚更新世以来相对干冷气候时期沉积的。     

萨拉乌苏河地区粘土矿物组合分析与古气候的关系

萨拉乌苏河嘀哨沟湾剖面中晚更新统下部萨拉乌苏组,晚更新统上部的城川组中部,全新统中下部河湖沉积或黑垆土中的粘土矿物组合以伊利石为主,但伴有少量的高岭石类矿物;而晚更新统上部的城川组上下部,全新统上部嘀哨沟湾组以风成沙为主的粘土矿物组合均以伊利石-绿泥石为主,并有少量的蒙脱石。萨拉乌苏河雷家咀子、马达渠以北西北部梁地的第四纪地层中的粘土矿物组合与萨拉乌苏河嘀哨沟湾剖面的结果基本吻合。这表明本区第四纪风成沙与黄土是在相对干冷气候下沉积的,而河湖相、湖沼相及古土壤是在相对暖湿的气候下形成的。由本区第四纪地层中的粘土矿物组合,反映自晚更新世以来,本区气候曾经历暖湿→干冷→温湿→干冷→暖湿→干冷的多次更替,大体与北半球的玉木——里斯间冰期、前玉木冰期、玉木间冰阶、玉木主冰期、冰后转暖期和新冰期气候变化趋势一致。     

由萨拉烏苏河地层看晚更新世以来毛烏素沙漠的变迁

萨拉乌苏河位于鄂尔多斯高原毛乌素沙区东南缘, 发源于陕北白子山北麓, 是无定河在内蒙巴图湾以上的上游河段(图1)。沿岸河湖相地层发育, 且含有较丰富的动物化石和古人遗迹, 早为人们所举目。     

萨拉乌苏河对芦河的袭夺及其历史地理意义

通过对地形、综合地层剖面年代、遥感影像、历史地图和历史文献等的分析，深入探讨了无定河上游历史时期河湖水系的情况。现今无定河上游，即萨拉乌苏河上游山区的水源地为袭夺无定河的另外一条支流芦河而来，且袭夺发生在北魏以后，明代之前。袭夺之前，东西向湖泽湿地的存在，影响了该区历史人类活动的空间分布，主要表现在人类聚落选址、交通通道等。本研究为重新认识《水经注》中有关奢延水的记载提供了新的地理参照，有助于重建无定河上游的历史景观，同时为理解黄土地区的历史河流演化提供了典型案例，具有重要意义。     

萨拉乌苏动物群

目前在萨拉乌苏地区共发现脊椎动物化石４６种，其中哺乳类３４种，鸟类１２种。本文根据新采集到的８０多件化石的出产层位和对前人资料的分析，把全部化石按地层即萨拉乌苏组、城川组和大沟湾组作了统计。并根据地层划分和化石种类的变化，新建立了城川动物群。萨拉乌苏动物群和城川动物群在时代上分别属于晚更新世中期和晚更新世中期之末到晚更新世晚期，代表较暖湿和干冷的气候环境。     

萨拉乌苏地层研究新进展

从历史回顾、分歧焦点和新进展三个方面，评述和总结了中国北方重要的第四纪地质问题之一－－萨拉乌苏地层研究所取得的成绩。     

萨拉乌苏地区末次冰期酒坊台剖面光释光年代及其环境意义

萨拉乌苏地区位于毛乌素沙漠东南部,属于东亚季风的北部边缘区。由于萨拉乌苏地区还拥有我国非常重要的旧石器考古遗址,该地区的气候变化广受国内外学者的关注。通过野外考察发现,在萨拉乌苏河谷酒坊台地区的上部地层中,广泛沉积有两层湖相沉积物。在米浪沟湾选择剖面,共采集了8个光释光样品,以此来恢复湖泊发育的年代及环境变化。根据地层沉积相对比和年代学结果,得出在约40~30 ka毛乌素沙漠东南边缘地区发育有古湖泊,说明当时的有效湿度较高。通过区域对比,发现毛乌素沙漠和其他亚洲季风区在氧同位素3阶段(MIS3)晚期都有古湖形成或高湖面记录,说明这些湖泊的演化过程存在一定的等时性,反映当时亚洲夏季风的增强及有效湿度的增加。     

150ka B.P.以来萨拉乌苏河流域的CaCO3旋回

以米浪沟湾地层剖面作为萨拉乌苏河流域的典型剖面，探讨了150kaB.P.以来的CaCO3含量分布与气候变化的关系。1）该剖面CaCO3含量及其低-高变化同古风成沙与上覆河湖相或古土壤构成的没积旋回呈现出明显的对应关系。与米浪沟湾剖面的沉积旋回一样，CaCO3在分布上相应地构成了27个含量高低变化旋回。2)CaCO3在风成沙中含量的分布比较稀散，0.8%-7.18%，平均值2.50%；在河湖相和古土壤中土壤中相对富集，2.20%-14.90%，平均值5.74%。从而揭示出其时两者的气候背景是不同的，前者是干旱寒冷气候作用下的风力的侵蚀、搬运与堆积的产物；而后者则与暖湿气候环境下萨拉乌苏河流域地处鄂尔多斯高原和黄土高原这间特殊的低洼地貌位置有关。气候暖湿，河湖沼泽发育、成土成壤作用增强，低洼的集水条件有利于CaCO3的聚集。3）导致米浪沟湾剖面CaCO3的多旋回相对稀钐与聚集的根本原因可能是150kaB.P.以来北半球冰期-间冰期气候波动影响下乌素沙漠冬夏季风的多次更迭所致。     

“河套东南角理想剖面”的新近研究

以在萨拉乌苏河流域近年命名的“米浪沟湾地层剖面”作为河套东南的理想剖面,描述了其地层特征,讨论了地层磁化率值和粒度分布与气候变迁的关系,研究提出,该剖面记录了150ka BP以来毛乌素沙漠27个旋回的砂丘与河湖相和古土壤互为交替的演化历史;剖面风成砂丘的堆积时期和河湖相或古土壤发育时期分别主要与过去冬季风和夏季风作为加强有关。根据中国沙漠及黄土区现代沙尘暴发生的区域特征认为,米浪沟湾剖面记录的150ka来的27次砂丘期代表了中国沙区存在27个沙漠堆积时期。     

末次间冰期我国半干旱盆地Rb、Sr的迁移聚集规律与环境演变——以萨拉乌苏河流域米浪沟湾剖面研究结果为例

萨拉乌苏河流域米浪沟湾剖面末次间冰期层系记录了8.5个有风成的古沙丘砂与河湖相和/或古土壤构成的沉积旋回。该层系Rb、Sr元素含量分布具有明显的规律,主要表现为古沙丘砂中的Rb、Sr含量相对迁移,而在上覆河湖相和/或古土壤中相对聚集,构成末次间冰期的Rb、Sr含量迁移与聚集的8.5个元素旋回。研究表明,由Rb、Sr含量变化构成的这些旋回主要是由干冷暖湿气候波动所致。该地末次间冰期层系由上至下可划分为5个层段,即MS1~MS5。Rb、Sr含量在MS1、MS3、MS5和MS2、MS4分别呈现明显的峰态和不同程度的低谷,揭示出前者与后者分别是受到暖湿和干冷气候影响的阶段。据此,可以将 MS1、MS2、MS3、MS4和MS5依次在气候性质和阶段上可与GRIP冰芯和Sulu 海MIS5a、5b、5c、5d、5e诸亚段进行对比。研究亦表明,河湖相和古土壤Rb/Sr曲线却都不尽是峰态,黄土高原Rb/Sr值的气候意义并不完全适宜说明半干旱盆地或洼地的古环境变化。     

Sedimentary cycles of trace elements in Salawusu River Valley since 150 ka BP

The paper makes some analyses on 11 trace elements in the Milanggouwan stratigraphical section in the Salawusu River valley, which is regarded as a prototype geology-palaeoclimate record since 150 ka BP. The results show that the content and variation of trace elements has experienced remarkably regular changes in the pace with coarse and fine sedimentary cycles of palaeo-aeolian sands to its overlying fluvio-lacustrine facies or/and palaeosols. The trace elements with chemical properties of relatively active (V, Sr, Cu, Ni, As) and relatively stable (P, Pb, Rb, Mn, Nb, Zr) are a manifestation of the corresponding 27 changeable cycles between peak and valley values, appearing a multi-fluctuational process line of relative gathering and migration since then. The low numerical value distribution of these two types of trace elements in the aeolian sand facies represents erosion and accumulation under wind force during the cold-dry climate. Whereas their enrichments in both fluvio-lacustrine facies and palaeosols are related to the valley’s special low-lying physiognomic position between the Ordos Plateau and the Loess Plateau under the warm and humid climate conditions. The above relatively migrated and gathered change of the trace elements is the result of 27 climatic cycles of cold-dry and warm-humid, which is probably caused by repeated alternations of winter monsoon and summer monsoon in the Mu Us Sandy Land influenced by the climate vicissitudes in northern hemisphere during glacial and interglacial periods since 150 ka BP.     

Sedimentary cycles of trace elements in Salawusu River Valley since 150 ka BP

The paper makes some analyses on 11 trace elements in the Milanggouwan stratigraphical section in the Salawusu River valley, which is regarded as a prototype geology-palaeoclimate record since 150 ka BP. The results show that the content and variation of trace elements has experienced remarkably regular changes in the pace with coarse and fine sedimentary cycles of palaeo-aeolian sands to its overlying fluvio-lacustrine facies or/and palaeosols. The trace elements with chemical properties of relatively active (V, Sr, Cu, Ni, As) and relatively stable (P, Pb, Rb, Mn, Nb, Zr) are a manifestation of the corresponding 27 changeable cycles between peak and valley values, appearing a multi-fiuctuational process line of relative gathering and migration since then. The low numerical value distribution of these two types of trace elements in the aeolian sand facies represents erosion and accumulation under wind force during the cold-dry climate. Whereas their enrichments in both fluvio-lacustrine facies and palaeosols are related to the valley’s special low-lying physiognomic position between the Ordos Plateau and the Loess Plateau under the warm and humid climate conditions. The above relatively migrated and gathered change of the trace elements is the result of 27 climatic cycles of cold-dry and warm-humid, which is probably caused by repeated alternations of winter monsoon and summer monsoon in the Mu Us Sandy Land influenced by the climate vicissitudes in northern hemisphere during glacial and interglacial periods since 150 ka BP.     

萨拉乌苏河流域MGS4层段记录的末次冰期早冰阶气候波动

萨拉乌苏河流域米浪沟湾末次冰期早冰阶时期记录了5.5个由古沙丘砂与河流相、湖沼相构成的沉积旋回。对各沉积旋回的粒度及微量元素分析表明,河流相和湖沼相的平均粒径Mz、分选系数σ和SC/D的值明显高于古沙丘砂,河湖相中的微量元素Mn、P、Rb、Zr、V、Ni含量普遍较古沙丘砂含量高,而Ba、Co等则呈现相反的变化;这些气候代用指标的波动构成了与沉积旋回相对应的5.5个粒度及微量元素变化旋回,指示了该地末次冰期早冰阶至少经历了6次冷干和5次暖湿的气候波动,其中若干次气候回暖事件和冷干事件可与格陵兰冰芯和葫芦洞石笋等记录的D/O事件和Heinrich事件相对应。米浪沟湾剖面地层记录的千年尺度气候波动既是对东亚季风环流演变历史的体现,同时也是对全球气候变化的响应。     

Late Quaternary stratigraphy,sedimentology and geochemistry of an underfilled lake basin in the Puna plateau (northwest Argentina)

Depositional models of ancient lakes in thin‐skinned retroarc foreland basins rarely benefit from appropriate Quaternary analogues. To address this, we present new stratigraphic, sedimentological and geochemical analyses of four radiocarbon‐dated sediment cores from the Pozuelos Basin (PB; northwest Argentina) that capture the evolution of this low‐accommodation Puna basin over the past ca. 43 cal kyr. Strata from the PB are interpreted as accumulations of a highly variable, underfilled lake system represented by lake‐plain/littoral, profundal, palustrine, saline lake and playa facies associations. The vertical stacking of facies is asymmetric, with transgressive and thin organic‐rich highstand deposits underlying thicker, organic‐poor regressive deposits. The major controls on depositional architecture and basin palaeogeography are tectonics and climate. Accommodation space was derived from piggyback basin‐forming flexural subsidence and Miocene‐Quaternary normal faulting associated with incorporation of the basin into the Andean hinterland. Sediment and water supply was modulated by variability in the South American summer monsoon, and perennial lake deposits correlate in time with several well‐known late Pleistocene wet periods on the Altiplano/Puna plateau. Our results shed new light on lake expansion–contraction dynamics in the PB in particular and provide a deeper understanding of Puna basin lakes in general.