赣南断褶山地对流型地热系统特征及成因——以石城县楂山里地热系统为例

摘要: 赣南地区构造运动强烈,形成较多的地热水,是我国地热资源开发利用的重点地区之一。文章以赣南石城县楂山里地热系统为例,探讨了赣南断褶山地对流型地热系统的特征及成因,对寻找地热资源及开发利用清洁能源具有实际意义。石城县楂山里地热系统为典型的赣南断褶山地对流型地热系统,以NNE向断裂提供的大地热流为热源,以受迫对流为机制,大气降雨通过断裂带裂隙入渗并深循环,汲取围岩热量和深部岩浆岩放射性热量后形成地热水,在地形高差和水压力差作用下形成环流,沿导水裂隙在地势低洼地带出露后形成温泉。     

北京地热资源评价方法与信息管理系统研究

本文以系统工程理论为基础，提出地热水系统和地热信息管理系统的概念，并以北京地热资源为例，阐述了地热水系统计算评价和建立地热信息管理系统的具体方法和步骤。     

富含二氧化碳气体的地热水开发利用研究

在分析富含二氧化碳气体的地热流体化学特征基础上,进行了地热水质量评价.针对地热流体产量和质量特征,做出了综合开发利用方案,对其开发效益进行了初步评估,并提出开发利用关键及保护措施.     

穹窿控制型地热流体质量评价

地热流体是主要的地热资源之一。地热流体质量评价是地热流体开发利用的关键环节。本文利用地热水的现场测试和实验室全分析数据, 对江西武功山穹窿区17处地热水进行了质量评价, 主要包括理疗热矿水评价、饮用天然矿泉水评价、农业灌溉用水评价、渔业用水评价、腐蚀性及结垢趋势评价。评价结果显示, 82%的地热水达到理疗热矿水标准, 主要达标元素为氟和硅; 18%的地热水达到天然矿泉水标准, 达标成分为偏硅酸; 化学组分适用于农业灌溉直接用水的地热水占82%, 需经梯级利用后使尾水温度低于35 ℃; 适用于渔业用水的地热水占76%; 所有地热水均无腐蚀性和结垢趋势。以上结果可为该地区地热流体资源开发利用提供有效的参考价值。     

河南省地热资源开发利用现状评价

基于河南省地热资源特点及其开发利用现状的基础上,分析总结了河南省各种类型地热水的开采情况。首先应用已采量与可采量的比值作为评价标准将地热水的开发利用程度为五类,评价了整个河南省新生界地热水、基岩地热水、温泉水的开发利用情况以及各地市城区的地热开采情况,提出河南省应积极地推广地热资源利用,对开采过热的地区要注意防止地热水位下降过快,对开采一般的地区要注意适度开发,对其他地区要结合自身实际鼓励开发。     

鲁西平原地热水的化学特征及开发利用

鲁西平原地热水资源较丰富,属中低温地热,埋藏分布广,温度适中,开采潜力大。通过对鲁西平原地热水的水化学和冷水、海水的水化学进行对比分析,研究地热水的形成及水化学特征,根据地热水的水化学特征对地热水进行有针对性地开发利用。     

海南岛东海岸官塘地区地热水水化学特征及其循环演化过程识别

地热水资源的形成与演化过程认识是区域地热资源科学合理开发利用的重要基础.运用水化学及同位素分析方法,结合区域地质构造特征,系统揭示了海南东海岸官塘地区地热水水化学特征、地热储温度以及补给来源,构建了官塘地区地热水循环演化概念模型.研究结果表明：该区地热水水化学类型主要为HCO₃·SO₄-Na型,其组分主要来源于硅酸盐矿物溶解及深部CO₂等气体;地热水主要受到大气降水补给,补给海拔约为1 122.2～1 569.4 m,并且地热水上升过程中与浅部地下水之间存在较为显著的混合作用.在考虑混合和蒸汽损失的条件下,深部地热水与冷水混合前蒸汽损失的质量百分比约为18.2%～25.2%,地热水温度为190.4～217.8℃,冷水混合比例可达到66.8%～80.8%.该地区地热水开发程度逐年提高,导致地热水水位大幅下降,使得浅部冷水补给量增大,这可能是造成该地区开采地热水温度下降的关键影响因素.     

川东褶皱带地热系统的空间载体——相互连通的断裂系统：以四川广安牟家镇地热井为例

在“双碳目标”背景下，发展低碳能源势在必行。作为重要的清洁能源，地热资源勘查及开发利用力度亟须加大。在地热资源丰富的川东褶皱带，已有研究认为，该区三叠系嘉陵江组灰岩地层是有利的热储层，也是地热勘查的主要目标体。然而，众多钻遇嘉陵江组未出地热水及未钻遇嘉陵江组出现地热水的事实，对此提出了质疑。本文在牟家镇地热勘查区，通过音频大地电磁测深发现勘查区深部存在相互连通的断裂系统，并以此为目标体进行钻孔验证，获得了日涌水量>12000m³、42℃的地热水，据此，推测相互连通的断裂系统可能是川东褶皱带地热系统的空间载体。通过探测华蓥山及铜锣山2处天然温泉及1处无水钻孔的深部构造特征，印证了川东褶皱带断裂控水的普适性；结合渗流分析，认为以相互连通的断裂系统为勘查目标体，有望实现川东褶皱带地热资源的可持续开发。本次研究将为带内普适的地热成因机制、勘查实践及可持续开发利用研究提供些许借鉴。     

高温地热流体中硼的地球化学研究进展

硼是高温地热流体中典型的特征元素之一，探讨其物质来源和富集规律，对认识地热系统的形成与演化以及地热资源的合理开发具有重要的指导意义.同时，硼也是一种典型的有害元素，伴随地热流体排放到地表后，会对地热区及周边环境造成严重的负面效应.近年来，在高温地热资源正在被大规模开发利用的背景下，高温地热流中硼的地球化学起源及其环境效应研究已引起国内外相关学者的广泛关注.本文综述了高温地热流体中硼的地球化学特征、物质来源以及环境地质效应，在此基础上总结了后期需要进一步加强的方向，以期为地热资源的合理开采、地热田周边地区的环境保护提供借鉴思路和指导作用.     

四川省南江县地热地质特征研究

从地热水的形成、热储构造、地热水的补径排特征及川北地区地热地质条件对比分析等方面分析了四川省南江县的地热地质特征,结果表明:南江县地热水的形成方式为以大气降水为补给源,以地热梯度及化学热、机械热、放射热等方式增温,以岩溶管道及裂隙作为水及热的传递通道,顺层作纵向径流,在地表减压最大地段出露或人工钻井揭露排出地表形成地热水;南江县地热地质条件较为优越,通过钻井揭露,在合适的深度如2 150 m可获取较理想的地热水,具有较好的地热水开发利用前景。     

川藏铁路康定隧址区地热水成因及其工程影响分析

川藏铁路康定隧址区穿越鲜水河断裂带,属地热异常区,对铁路建设造成一定的热害威胁。采用野外调查、水化学分析和氢氧同位素测试等技术方法,开展了川藏铁路康定隧址区地热水成因研究。结果表明,康定隧址区地热水水化学类型主要为HCO₃·Cl—Na和HCO₃—Na型,聚集于折多塘、康定和中谷3个热水区。地热水均为未成熟水,热储温度为104～172 ℃,深部初始地热水温度为186～250 ℃,冷水混合比例为0.56～0.81。氢氧同位素显示地热水补给高程为3768～4926 m。在康定隧址区,地热水受到高海拔水源补给,主体断裂构造为导热构造,次级分支断裂和发育节理、裂隙的断层破碎带为导水构造,地热水形成后沿浅部断层破碎带出露形成温泉。FEFLOW数值模拟分析表明研究区100 m深度地温场温度为35.4～95.1 ℃,研究区内三个热水区之间存在低温通道。隧道建设时应重点关注康定热水区的高温水热灾害。     

西藏羊八井地热田水热蚀变的时空演化特征

西藏亚东—谷露裂谷中—北段的羊八井地热田是我国著名的高温地热田,研究其水热蚀变的时空演化有助于更好地认识藏南地热的发育特征。通过对羊八井地热田及其水热蚀变岩开展地表调查、显微特征与X衍射分析等工作,总结了其主要蚀变类型特征,划分出黄褐色蚀变中心带、灰白色中强蚀变带、灰白色中等蚀变带和浅灰白色弱蚀变带4个不同的水热蚀变带,并区分出红褐色—黄褐色蚀变期、灰白色蚀变期和淡黄色—灰色蚀变期共3期蚀变。研究结果揭示,羊八井地热田高温地热活动中心一直在北区硫磺沟区域,其水热蚀变活动主要受亚东—谷露裂谷内部的活动断裂构造控制,并与断裂构造活动具同步性;地热水的排泄方式早期为沿北东向断裂构造直接排泄,晚期为经浅层第四系径流后再排泄,由直接排泄向间接排泄转变;中高温地热水的排泄区由北区硫磺沟地区向南区藏布曲迁移。根据研究结果推断,硫磺沟区域的北东向断裂与北西向断裂交汇区可作为羊八井热田北区深部地热勘查的主要方向。     

Hydrogeochemistry of thermal and mineralized waters in the Diyadin (Ağri) area,Eastern Turkey

The Diyadin Geothermal area, located in the eastern part of Anatolia (Turkey) where there has been recent volcanic activity, is favorable for the formation of geothermal systems. Indeed, the Diyadin geothermal system is located in an active geodynamic zone, where strike-slip faults and tensional cracks have developed due to N–S regional compression. The area is characterized by closely spaced thermal and mineralized springs, with temperatures in the range 30–64 °C, and flowrates 0.5–10 L/s. Thermal spring waters are mainly of Ca(Na)-HCO₃ and Ca(Mg)-SO₄ types, with high salinity, while cold groundwater is mostly of Ca(Na, Mg)-HCO₃ type, with lower salinity. High contents of some minor elements in thermal waters, such as F, B, Li, Rb, Sr and Cs probably derive from enhanced water–rock interaction.Thermal water samples collected from Diyadin are far from chemical equilibrium as the waters flow upward from reservoirs towards spring vents and possibly mix with cooler waters. The temperatures of the deep geothermal reservoirs are estimated to be between 92 and 156 °C in Diyadin field, based on quartz geothermometry, while slightly lower estimates are obtained using chalcedony geothermometers. The isotopic composition of thermal water (δ¹⁸O, δ²H, δ³H) indicates their deep-circulating meteoric origin. The waters are likely to have originated from the percolation of rainwater along fractures and faults to the deep hot reservoir. Subsequent heating by conduction due to the presence of an intrusive cupola associated with the Tendurek volcano, is followed by the ascent of deep waters to the surface along faults and fractures that act as hydrothermal conduits.Modeling of the geothermal fluids indicates that the fluid is oversaturated with calcite, aragonite and dolomite, which matches travertine precipitation in the discharge area. Likewise, the fluid is oversaturated with respect to quartz, and chalcedony indicating the possibility of siliceous precipitation near the discharge areas. A conceptual hydro-geochemical model of the Diyadin thermal waters based on the isotope and chemical analytical results, has been constructed.     

Geochemical constraint on origin and evolution of solutes in geothermal springs in western Yunnan,China

Geothermal resources are very rich in Yunnan, China. However, source of dissolved solutes in geothermal water and chemical evolution processes remain unclear. Geochemical and isotopic studies on geothermal springs and river waters were conducted in different petrological-tectonic units of western Yunnan, China. Geothermal waters contain Ca–HCO₃, Na–HCO₃, and Na (Ca)–SO₄ type, and demonstrate strong rock-related trace elemental distributions. Enhanced water–rock interaction increases the concentration of major and trace elements of geothermal waters. The chemical compositions of geothermal waters in the Rehai geothermal field are very complicated and different because of the magma chamber developed at the shallow depth in this area. In this geothermal field, neutral-alkaline geothermal waters with high Cl, B, Li, Rb Cs, As, Sb, and Tl contents and acid–sulfate waters with high Al, Mn, Fe, and Pb contents are both controlled by magma degassing and water–rock interaction. Geothermal waters from metamorphic, granite, and sedimentary regions (except in the Rehai area) exhibit varying B contents ranging from 3.31 mg/L to 4.49 mg/L, 0.23 mg/L to 1.24 mg/L, and <0.07 mg/L, respectively, and their corresponding δ¹¹B values range from −4.95‰ to −9.45‰, −2.57‰ to −8.85‰, and −4.02‰ to +0.06‰. The B contents of these geothermal waters are mainly controlled by leaching host rocks in the reservoir, and their δ¹¹B values usually decrease and achieve further equilibrium with its surrounding rocks, which can also be proven by the positive δ¹⁸O-shift. In addition to fluid–rock reactions, the geothermal waters from Rehai hot springs exhibit higher δ¹¹B values (−3.43‰ to +1.54‰) than those yielded from other areas because mixing with the magmatic fluids from the shallow magma. The highest δ¹¹B of steam–heated waters (pH 3.25) from the Zhenzhu spring in Rehai is caused by the fractionation induced by pH and the phase separation of coexisting steam and fluids. Given the strong water–rock interaction, some geothermal springs in western Yunnan show reservoir temperatures higher than 180 °C, which demonstrate potential for electricity generation and direct-use applications. The most potential geothermal field in western Yunnan is located in the Rehai area because of the heat transfer from the shallow magma chamber.     

Hydrochemistry and geothermometry of thermal groundwater of southeastern Tunisia (Gabes region)

Given the vital importance of water and energy in desert regions, we undertook a study dealing with the deep reservoirs in Gabes area, which is located in the southeastern part of Tunisia. Geothermal resources are taken from the Intercalary Continental [or Continental Intercalaire (CI)], known as the largest deep aquifer in Tunisia and are used in a number of applications, mainly in agriculture. Previous investigations performed on the thermal waters of this area focused on the genesis of the deep waters with regard to the thermal features of geothermal reservoirs. A more detailed investigation has been carried out, considering both deep and shallow waters. In order to estimate the potential temperatures of deep reservoir in the Gabes area, we developed a synthetic study including chemical geothermometers, multiple mineral equilibrium approach, and other approaches. Chemical types of the thermal waters and effects of mixing between shallow cold waters with deep thermal waters were also discussed. In fact, the application of Na–K–Mg diagram relative to deep geothermal reservoir capitulate estimated temperatures (about 90°C). In addition, the multiple mineral equilibrium approach submits a similar estimated temperature ranging between 65 and 70°C, showing a disequilibrium status which indicates a possibly mixing with surface water. Indeed, wells exploiting the CI aquifer in the south part of the studied area showed the same characteristics, corroborating the reliability of the applied methods.     

Geothermal energy research in Kenya: a review

Geothermal energy for electricity generation is likely to become increasingly important in Kenya in the future. There are numerous centres of thermal activity in Kenya, particularly within the Rift Valley, although aridity and, consequently, availability of water may be a constraint to the development of large scale natural hydrothermal systems. Geothermal resources in the islands of Lake Turkana and those close to other rift lakes deserve further investigation as they do not suffer from the constraints of a shortage of water. The experience gained so far at Oikaria shows that environmental problems can be adequately addressed, though constant monitoring is necessary. H₂S emissions preclude the setting up of permanent residences within about 5 km of the geothermal power stations. Trace elements and radiation from geothermal fluids need to be monitored with respect to their impacts on plants and animals. The impact on the local hydrogeology also requires close observation. Multistage uses of geothermal fluids will greatly increase the benefits derived from this resource.     

漳州盆地水热系统氚同位素研究

本文依据26个天然水样品的氚同位素测试数据,分析了漳州盆地地下热水及其它天然水的氚值特征及其形成条件;利用“活塞模型”方法计算了漳州盆地地下水和地下热水的年龄;为弄清全盆地地下水的补给、迳流和排泄的总体格局和揭示地下热水的成因提供了依据。     

中国地热研究的进展与展望(1995～2014)

地热是主要地球物理场之一,地热能是地球的本土能源。李四光在20世纪60年代开创了我国地热科学。到90年代,学科体系基本建立。在过去20年里,我国地热研究得到了进一步深化和拓展。本文从大地热流、岩石圈热结构、地热系统、油气盆地地热、矿山地热、天然气水合物以及气候变化等方面回顾地热研究代表性的创新进展,并对深层地热、海洋地热、环境地热等研究方向作了展望。本文认为,过去20年我国地热研究成果丰硕,国际影响力得到提高,未来发展势头强劲。在经历了由浅入深,从今到古的成长之后,地热研究还将不断拓展领域,为我国地球科学,特别是能源与环境安全做出更大贡献。     

Review: Thermal water resources in carbonate rock aquifers

The current knowledge on thermal water resources in carbonate rock aquifers is presented in this review, which also discusses geochemical processes that create reservoir porosity and different types of utilisations of these resources such as thermal baths, geothermal energy and carbon dioxide (CO₂) sequestration. Carbonate aquifers probably constitute the most important thermal water resources outside of volcanic areas. Several processes contribute to the creation of porosity, summarised under the term hypogenic (or hypogene) speleogenesis, including retrograde calcite solubility, mixing corrosion induced by cross-formational flow, and dissolution by geogenic acids from deep sources. Thermal and mineral waters from karst aquifers supply spas all over the world such as the famous bath in Budapest, Hungary. Geothermal installations use these resources for electricity production, district heating or other purposes, with low CO₂ emissions and land consumption, e.g. Germany’s largest geothermal power plant at Unterhaching near Munich. Regional fault and fracture zones are often the most productive zones, but are sometimes difficult to locate, resulting in a relatively high exploration uncertainty. Geothermal installations in deep carbonate rocks could also be used for CO₂ sequestration (carbonate dissolution would partly neutralise this gas and increase reservoir porosity). The use of geothermal installations to this end should be further investigated.     

云南腾冲热海高温地热水中汞的地球化学异常及其指示意义

汞是环境中典型有害组分,深部地热系统可能是环境中汞的重要来源之一,但当前地热成因汞的研究程度很低。本文以腾冲火山带热海水热区为研究区,开展了热泉中汞的水文地球化学研究。热海水热区内排泄的中性热泉含有异常高浓度的汞,但酸性热泉则绝大多数未检出汞。热海热泉中的汞与典型的岩浆来源组分氯相同,均主要来源于岩浆流体的混合。在中性热泉中,Hg(II)是汞的占优势地位的价态,Hg²⁺与不同形态硫化物的配合则是决定Hg(II)的形态分布的直接因素,但pH可通过控制水中硫化物的形态分布来影响Hg(II)的形态分布。Hg(II)不易挥发,故中性热泉中汞含量普遍较高;但酸性热泉中的汞受泉口氧化还原电位较高的影响,以Hg(0)为主要价态,且因Hg(0)易挥发而导致总汞含量极低。就中性热泉而言,其汞含量对水热区断裂分布有重要指示作用,原因为沿不同断裂上升的中性地热水经历的冷却方式不同,最终导致热泉汞含量也表现出显著差异。热泉汞含量对水热系统结构研究有借鉴意义。