华北克拉通对前寒武纪超大陆旋回的基本制约

全球大陆克拉通在前寒武纪至少记录了3次超大陆聚合－裂解的构造旋回。不同大陆前寒武纪地质的研究证明，板块的构造模式可以前推至新太古代。超大陆的聚合表现为大规模造山带的穿时性发育，而裂解则表现为大陆裂谷系、非造山花岗岩及巨型基性岩浆岩省的同期快速发育。广泛的区域地质研究揭示华北克拉通前寒武纪地质构造演化具有明显的阶段性差异特征，克拉通主体形成于新太古代陆壳增生与碰撞造山过程。华北克拉通在太古宙末期首次经历强烈的裂解作用，在古元古代晚期涉及强烈的陆缘再造作用。在古元古代末期发生第二次大规模的裂解活动，随后以中元古代末期的造山带拼合为Rodinia超大陆的组成部分。详细的区域构造对比证明，华北克拉通长期以来与波罗的地质、东南极克拉通、印度南部克拉通、巴西克拉通等具有构造亲缘关系。     

早前寒武纪地质及深成构造作用研究进展

早前寒武纪地质的研究进展主要表现在准大陆克拉通早期构造演化,克拉通及古老造山带深层结构,元古代超大陆恢复对比、早期地壳性质及生长等主要问题上开展多学科研究计划的实施。其中,同位素年代学,特别是锆石Ｕ－Ｐｂ方法,地震反射、Ｐ－Ｔ计算及古地磁研究对前寒武纪地质学的进展具有重要的推动作用。和个古陆克拉通区域地质学的持质研究积累,不断产生新的认识,这种新的科学思想涉及到早期陆壳组成及区划,太古代克拉通化历史,太古代－元古代界限及性质,元古代造山带网络与克拉进陆块拼合,大陆下地壳剖面及其组成等同题。华北早前寒武纪地质演化研究中的重要问题包括：华北麻粒岩相带与克拉通基底构造的关系,克拉通基底构造区域,早期陆壳性质及其记录的重大构造一热事件幕,华北克拉通与世界典型陆块构造演化对比等。     

青藏高原东北缘早古生代造山系中前寒武纪微陆块的再认识——兼谈原特提斯洋的起源

在青藏高原东北缘的祁连-阿尔金-昆仑早古生代造山系中,夹杂有一些前寒武纪大陆块体,这些地块的组成、性质和演化既蕴含有超大陆聚散的重要信息,也对原特提斯体系的洋陆格局、造山类型和造山机制有重要启示意义。本文综合近年来这些前寒武纪微陆块的研究进展,结合我们所获得的新的研究资料,梳理了这些前寒武纪微陆块变质基底的岩石组成、构造热事件及年代格架,得出以下主要认识:(1)这些前寒武纪微陆块普遍遭受早古生代造山事件的改造并发生再活化。它们或者作为早古生代原特提斯洋的活动大陆边缘,被洋壳俯冲有关的弧岩浆和变质作用改造,以早古生代大陆弧的形式存在;或者被早古生代碰撞造山过程中的陆内变形、增厚地壳及相关的区域变质作用、深熔作用和碰撞型花岗岩所改造。(2)在这些前寒武纪微陆块中,仅仅欧龙布鲁克地块保存有早前寒武纪的变质基底,具有克拉通性质。中元古代以前,欧龙布鲁克地块的变质基底与华北克拉通(特别是阿拉善地块)和塔里木克拉通具有相似的岩石组成和年代格架;而晚中元古代到新元古代,所有的前寒武纪微陆块与华南陆块和塔里木陆块的亲缘性更强。(3)青藏高原北缘早古生代造山系中的大部分前寒武纪微陆块可能在罗迪尼亚超大陆解体时已从冈瓦纳大陆北部分离,而柴达木地块记录了泛非期造山作用的构造热事件,可能在泛非造山期(530Ma)以后才从冈瓦纳大陆分开;在青藏高原东北部,晚新元古代-早古生代并不存在统一的原特提斯洋,原特提斯洋的打开是穿时的。     

新疆侏罗纪古构造及其对聚煤盆地的控制

古构造是控制聚煤盆地形成与演化的首要地质因素。新疆赋煤区是由前寒武纪形成的大陆古板块、微型陆块与古生代形成的造山带镶嵌而成的复合大陆块体。早-中侏罗世,区域挤压应力松弛甚至出现区域拉张应力,盆-山耦合型前陆-克拉通盆地成为新疆早-中侏罗世聚煤盆地的主体;基底性质不同的两个构造单元之间及造山带内部,形成带状拉张断陷;在某些早期弧后盆地和残留海盆分布的地区,发生继承性沉降,成为陆相聚煤盆地。在具有前寒武纪基底的前陆-克拉通盆地和继承性盆地中,聚煤作用最为强盛;发育在古生代造山带之上的伸展断陷型山间盆地,聚煤强度的横向变化较大。     

华北克拉通南部熊耳盆地晚前寒武纪年代地层格架和演化

熊耳盆地发育华北克拉通最齐全的晚前寒武纪地层,是认识华北克拉通晚前寒武纪沉积和构造演化历史的理想地区.依据收集和自测的38个碎屑岩和23个岩浆岩样品的锆石年代学数据,结合岩相区域对比、沉积古地理格局继承关系等,细化年代地层格架和分析盆地构造属性,重塑熊耳盆地晚前寒武纪构造演化历史及沉积古地理格局.重新厘定的晚前寒武纪年代地层格架将熊耳盆地演化划分为六个阶段:早长城世裂陷、晚长城世断陷、蓟县纪坳陷、待建纪早期坳陷、青白口纪坳陷及晚震旦世冰期坳陷,以及早长城世末期、待建纪中晚期和南华纪—早震旦世三期重要的沉积间断.熊耳盆地存在晚长城世和青白口纪两期碰撞型—伸展型的盆地属性转换,支持北秦岭地体与华北克拉通多期拼贴—裂解的演化模式.中元古代早长城世—待建纪早期的火山-沉积岩系及1.64～1.47 Ga非造山岩浆事件是Columbia超大陆裂解的地质响应,青白口纪早期碰撞型沉积岩系和晚期伸展型火山-沉积岩系分别是Rodinia超大陆汇聚和裂解的地质响应.     

早前寒武纪大陆块壳构造理论——华北克拉通早前寒武纪基底构造格架、地壳演化及其与区域地球化学不均一性的关系研究

早前寒武纪大陆块壳构造理论——华北克拉通早前寒武纪基底构造格架、地壳演化及其与区域地球化学不均一性的关系研究张福勤＊＊（中国科学院地球化学研究所，贵阳５５０００２）关键词大陆块壳并合带地壳演化进程地球化学不均一性早前寒武纪地质学研究是地球科学最基础的...     

多岛海(洋)及多岛弧盆系造山模式解析造山带演化的研究进展

评述了板块构造"登陆"以来的多岛洋构造、板内造山多岛海模式以及多岛弧盆系构造在造山带研究中的重要性.这3种模式在造山带的研究中均起到了重要的作用,深化了对造山带的认识.多岛弧盆系构造是认识造山带演化的切入点,能够全面解剖造山带的物质组成、结构构造和演化历史.基于多岛弧盆系的造山模式认为,弧后萎缩作用和弧前增生作用是造山过程的普遍现象,引起了弧-弧、弧-陆碰撞,这两种作用在造山带的形成演化过程起到了重要作用.多岛弧盆系的识别不但在造山带的研究中具有重要意义,而且对于分析前寒武纪大陆克拉通基底同样具有重要意义,前寒武纪克拉通的形成与弧前增生和弧后萎缩作用密不可分,多岛弧盆系构造的深入研究对前寒武纪大陆克拉通基底的研究具有重要启示.     

华北克拉通早期大陆性质和演化的重要问题

早期陆壳的性质、成因及演化过程是地质学重要的研究内容。前寒武纪地质研究具有探讨早期大陆岩石圈地质演化历史及其深部地质过程无法取代的双重地位,这一领域在过去20年中一直是固体地球科学研究的热点,并成为众多国际地质对比计划的研究焦点。与世界其它古大陆（特别是北美、波罗的、印度、非洲以及西澳等克拉通）相比,华北克拉通的早前寒武纪地质研究仍存在明显的差距,华北克拉通与其它古陆块的前寒武纪构造演化对比及其早期古板块再造已成为最突出而迫切的重大地质问题,即在元古宙超大陆对比中需要认识华北变质基底最基本的构造格…     

2009年全国岩石学与地球动力学研讨会即将召开

2009年全国岩石学与地球动力学研讨会定于2009年9月20日～26日在长春召开,会议由会前专题讲座、会议研讨和会后野外地质考察3部分内容组成。研讨专题包括岩石圈减薄与克拉通破坏、地壳深俯冲与造山带地质演化、青藏高原构造-岩浆演化与成矿、造山带岩浆作用与大陆岩石圈演化、前寒武纪超大陆形成与演化、中哑造山带地质演化、构造域地质演化与成矿作用、大陆地壳形成与演化的沉积记录、计算与实验地球化学。请欲参会者尽快与会务组联系。     

中国大陆地壳“镶嵌与叠覆“的结构特征及其演化

初步探讨了中国大陆地壳“块带镶嵌多层叠覆“的结构特征和多阶段的构造演化过程.中国大陆地壳新元古代中期以来的一级构造单元有中朝、塔里木、扬子、敦煌4个陆块和中央、西北、东北、西南、东南5个造山区(带).中朝陆块的形成源于古元古代期间发生的古大陆裂解;扬子、塔里木和敦煌陆块的形成源于新元古代早期发生的古大陆裂解.西北造山区的形成源于古生代晚期洋盆关闭、大陆碰撞并叠加新生代陆内再造山;东北造山带的形成过程包括古生代碰撞造山及中生代增生、碰撞造山;中央造山带至三叠纪大陆碰撞才最后形成并叠加有新生代再造山;东南造山带的形成经历了古生代至新生代的多次造山作用;西南造山带主要是中-新生代造山作用的产物.这些单元都具有“块带镶嵌多层叠覆“的结构特征和多阶段构造演化的特点.中国大陆地壳的形成与演化可以划分为太古宙-古元古代、中元古代-新元古代早期、新元古代中期-古新世和始新世以来4个构造阶段,每个阶段都对应不同的超大陆裂解-聚合旋回.其中新元古代中期以来的地壳形成演化与全球洋陆格局中的古亚洲洋、古特提斯洋、古太平洋、特提斯洋和太平洋5个动力学体制有关,相应地可以归结为古亚洲、古特提斯、古太平洋、特提斯和太平洋5个造山域.正是这些多阶段的超大陆裂解-聚合旋回及多个构造体制的叠加,形成了中国大陆地壳“块带镶嵌多层叠覆“的结构特征.     

Assembly and Breakup of Rodinia (Some results of IGCP project 440)

The principal results of project 440 “Assembly and Breakup of Rodinia” of the International Geological Correlation Programme (IGCP) are reviewed in this work. A map of that supercontinent compiled using geological and paleomagnetic data describes global paleogeography 900 Ma ago. The assembly of Rodinia, which comprised most of Precambrian continental blocks, lasted ca. 400 m.y. (from 1300 to 900 Ma). Its breakup presumably triggered by mantle superplume took place between 830 and 650 Ma. The correlation between tectonic events in different continental blocks is considered. Some problems concerning the Rodinia reconstruction and history, e.g., the slow growth of juvenile crust and effects of mantle-plume events during the amalgamation period and of glaciations at the breakup time, are discussed. The latter caused changes in the biosphere and climate, whereas postglacial periods stimulated progress in biota evolution.     

Supercontinent tectonics and biogeochemical cycle： A matter of ‘life and death＇

<正>The formation and disruption of supercontinents have significantly impacted mantle dynamics,solid earth processes,surface environments and the biogeochemical cycle.In the early history of the Earth,the collision of parallel intra-oceanic arcs was an important process in building embryonic continents.Superdownwelling along Y-shaped triple junctions might have been one of the important processes that aided in the rapid assembly of continental fragments into closely packed supercontinents. Various models have been proposed for the fragmentation of supercontinents including thermal blanket and superplume hypotheses.The reassembly of supercontinents after breakup and the ocean closure occurs through "introversion","extroversion" or a combination of both,and is characterized by either Pacific-type or Atlantic-type ocean closure.The breakup of supercontinents and development of hydrothermal system in rifts with granitic basement create anomalous chemical environments enriched in nutrients, which serve as the primary building blocks of the skeleton and bone of early modern life forms. A typical example is the rifting of the Rodinia supercontinent,which opened up an N—S oriented sea way along which nutrient enriched upwelling brought about a habitable geochemical environment.The assembly of supercontinents also had significant impact on life evolution.The role played by the Cambrian Gondwana assembly has been emphasized in many models,including the formation of 'Trans-gondwana Mountains' that might have provided an effective source of rich nutrients to the equatorial waters,thus aiding the rapid increase in biodiversity.The planet has witnessed several mass extinction events during its history,mostly connected with major climatic fluctuations including global cooling and warming events,major glaciations,fluctuations in sea level,global anoxia,volcanic eruptions, asteroid impacts and gamma radiation.Some recent models speculate a relationship between superplumes,supercontinent breakup and mass extinction.Upwelling plumes cause continental rifting and formation of large igneous provinces.Subsequent volcanic emissions and resultant plume-induced "winter" have catastrophic effect on the atmosphere that lead to mass extinctions and long term oceanic anoxia.The assembly and dispersal of continents appear to have influenced the biogeochemical cycle,but whether the individual stages of organic evolution and extinction on the planet are closely linked to Solid Earth processes remains to be investigated.     

多岛弧盆系构造模式:认识大陆地质的关键

本文在对以青藏高原为主体的东特提斯30多年来的地质调查和研究实践基础上,通过与现今西南太平洋区域弧盆构造体系的对比研究,提出了适合于板块构造登陆的现实主义替代模型-多岛弧盆系构造模式。大洋岩石圈与大陆岩石圈之间的多岛弧盆系构造模式是板块构造登陆的入门向导,是认识大陆地质演化的关键。基于该模式研究认为,特提斯大洋最初开始于Rodinia超大陆解体的晚前寒武纪晚期,比太平洋体系更老。青藏高原形成受控于不同时期大陆边缘多岛弧盆系构造演化,一系列弧后或弧间盆地消亡、弧-弧或弧-陆碰撞的岛弧造山作用实现大陆边缘增生。该现实主义模式即可成功地解释青藏高原的形成演化过程,亦可为现在和将来特提斯构造域与亚洲大陆的地质工作所检验。多岛弧盆系构造的识别与深入研究不仅在造山带具有强大的生命力,能够全面解剖造山带的物质组成、结构构造与演化历史,而且对于分析前寒武纪大陆克拉通基底的形成也具有重要启示。     

东亚原特提斯洋(Ⅱ):早古生代微陆块亲缘性与聚合

原特提斯洋内存在塔里木、中祁连、柴达木、扬子、华夏、印支、兰坪-思茅等诸多陆块/微陆块,多数陆块之间在早古生代晚期发育有蛇绿岩带或高压-超高压带。原特提斯域形成于从Rodinia裂解到Pangea超大陆集结期间,存在复杂的洋-陆格局和聚散过程。原特提斯洋不同陆块/微陆块属性和关系及其拼合过程是恢复重建Pangea超大陆聚合前构造背景的关键,但对其认识迄今还存在争论。因此,本文采用综合对比方法,以期建立原特提斯洋陆块/微陆块的亲缘性和海-陆格局,厘定原特提斯微陆块拼合时序与方式。结果表明,早古生代早期除华北陆块不具有亲冈瓦纳大陆的特征外,扬子、华夏、塔里木、柴达木、阿拉善、北秦岭-中祁连-中阿尔金、欧龙布鲁克、北羌塘、南羌塘、拉萨、兰坪-思茅、印支等陆块/微陆块都具有亲冈瓦纳的特征。在450~400Ma左右这一系列陆块/微陆块都向南俯冲-增生,并逐步拼合于冈瓦纳大陆北缘东段,原特提斯洋关闭,并形成了原潘吉亚(Proto-Pangea)超大陆;原潘吉亚于380Ma以后裂离出塔里木-华北陆块和大华南陆块,分别出现勉略洋和古特提斯洋,直到240~220Ma逐步向北聚合,形成最终的劳亚古陆,此时才形成潘吉亚超大陆。     

Temporal-Spatial Structure of Intraplate Uplift in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The intraplate uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau took place on the basis of breakup and assembly of the Precambrian supercontinent, and southward ocean-continent transition of the Proto-, Paleo-, Meso-and Neo-Tethys during the Caledonian, Indosinian, Yanshanian and Early Himalayan movements. The intraplate tectonic evolution of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau underwent the early stage of intraplate orogeny characterized by migrational tectonic uplift, horizontal movement and geological processes during 180-7 Ma, and the late stage of isostatic mountain building characterized by pulsative rapid uplift, vertical movement and geographical processes since 3.6 Ma. The spatial-temporal evolution of the intraplate orogeny within the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau shows a regular transition from the northern part through the central part to the southern part during 180-120 Ma, 65-35 Ma, and 25-7 Ma respectively, with extensive intraplate faulting, folding, block movement, magmatism and metallogenesis. Simultaneous intraplate orogeny and basin formation resulted from crustal rheological stratification and basin-orogen coupling that was induced by lateral viscous flow in the lower crust. This continental dynamic process was controlled by lateral flow of hot and soft materials within the lower crust because of slab dehydration and melted mantle upwelling above the subducted plates during the southward Tethyan ocean-continent transition processes or asthenosphere diapirism. Intraplate orogeny and basin formation were irrelevant to plate collision. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as a whole was actually formed by the isostatic mountain building processes since 3.6 Ma that were characterized by crust-scale vertical movement, and integral rapid uplift of the plateau, accompanied by isostatic subsidence of peripheral basins and depressions, and great changes in topography and environment. A series of pulsative mountain building events, associated with gravity equilibrium and isostatic adjustment of crustal materials, at 3.6 Ma, 2.5 Ma, 1.8-1.2 Ma, 0.9-0.8 Ma and 0.15-0.12 Ma led to the formation of a composite orogenic belt by unifying the originally relatively independent Himalayas, Gangdisê, Tanghla, Longmenshan, Kunlun, Altyn Tagh, and Qilian mountains, and the formation of the complete Qinghai-Tibet Plateau with a unified mountain root after Miocene uplift of the plateau as a whole.     

巨型花岗岩带与大陆聚合—裂解作用成因联系研究进展

围绕巨型花岗岩带与大地构造之间的成因联系,回顾了人们对全球超大陆聚合与裂解作用的研究进程,总结了古元 古代哥伦比亚超大陆、新元古代罗迪尼亚超大陆、新元古代晚期-早古生代原冈瓦纳大陆以及晚古生代-中生代潘吉亚超 大陆形成与演化过程的研究进展,结合收集自中国华南、塔里木、华北、青藏等构造单元的地质资料,分析了四期大陆聚 合作用与裂解过程的基本特征和发生时间的不等时性,及其对巨型花岗岩带形成与分布以及矿产资源的制约关系,明确了 超大陆演化对巨型花岗岩带及其矿产资源研究的重要意义。同时,提出了已有研究中的若干薄弱环节,对今后可能实现的 创新与突破进行了展望。     

从关键地质事件看华南的前寒武系划分

2004年的《国际地层表》与以往“国际地层表”的最大不同是对前寒武系的划分原则,即:以保存在地质记录中的地球系统巨变中的关键地质事件作为划分地层单位的界线,并据之建立“自然的”前寒武纪地质年表。在这一思想指导下,本文以川滇赣三省为重点,重新审视华南的前寒武系资料,分中太古—新太古代、跃迁期、古元古—中元古代和新元古代四大阶段阐述了关键地质事件并讨论了其在大陆岩石圈形成和演化中的构造意义。这四大阶段的主要构造面貌分别是:片麻岩基底和绿岩带盆地,古陆壳的形成与裂解,第一个超级大陆即哥伦比亚(或称努纳)超大陆的形成与离散,板块构造体制下罗迪尼亚超大陆的汇聚与离散,反映了大陆岩石圈的形成和由低级向高级的演化,因而每一阶段都有不同于前一阶段的沉积建造、火成岩类型及组合、变质作用、构造样式、构造线方向、变形方式和成矿作用。基于这些事件介绍了前寒武系的分布,列述了若干条相对连续的地质剖面上所见的这四大阶段的代表性地层序列及其对比方案。文章认为“参考方案”对前寒武系研究有推动和导向作用,并探讨了地层研究具体操作中关于事件的内容、事件与过程、现存地质记录的残破不全等问题。     

On two types of supercontinental cyclicity

Analysis of tectonic events during the last 3 Ga of the Earth’s evolution, when 400 Ma global supercontinent cyclicities dominated, identified two types of supercontinental cycles. These types differ by the degree of breakup of a supercontinent that starts a cycle. Supercontinental cycles of the first type are characterized by a scattered and relatively even global distribution of the supercontinent split into numerous continents and oceans. Supercontinental cycles of the second type are characterized by uneven “incomplete” supercontinental breakups, which are localized alternately in either the Northern or the Southern Hemisphere, whereas a significant part remains after the breakup. These supercontinental cycle types followed each other composing pairs of megacycles that were 800 Ma long until ca. 700 Ma. Every megacycle consisted of two supercontinental cycles of different types; however, after the breakup of Rodinia, virtually only the second type of supercontinental cycle has been observed. The different degrees of the breakup of supercontinents, which are reflected in the two supercontinental-cycle types, may be caused by uneven heating of the mantle produced by supercontinents owing to the thermal blanket effect.