Reflux stratabound dolostone and hydrothermal volcanism-associated dolostone: a two-stage dolomitization model (Jurassic, Lebanon)

The Kesrouane Formation, which is characterized by pervasive dolomitization, has a stratigraphic thickness that exceeds 1000 m. It is part of a broad carbonate platform deposited in the Levant region and represents 60% of the Lebanese Jurassic rocks. Two genetically distinct dolostones are recognized within this unit: (1) fine‐to‐medium crystalline non‐planar grey dolostone; and (2) coarse‐crystalline planar beige dolostone. The former is stratabound and of Early Jurassic age (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr = 0·707455). This dolostone locally exhi‐bits pseudomorphs of evaporite nodules, pointing towards seepage‐reflux dolomitization by hypersaline‐ to marine‐related fluids. Exposures of the coarse‐crystalline dolostone are associated with regional pre‐Cretaceous faults, along which Late Jurassic volcanics also occur. Sedimentological and diagenetic considerations coupled with microthermometry support a hydrothermal origin for this dolostone, with T_H values of primary inclusions between 50 and 80 °C. The related dolomitizing fluids are mesosaline (3·5–12·0 eq. wt% NaCl), and are believed to result from the mixing of evaporative brines and sea water. Dolomitization is thus believed to have occurred in two stages, whereby fluids invaded the host rocks first by seepage‐reflux, explaining the resulting Early Jurassic stratabound dolostone, and later through fracture flow along the faults associated with the Late Jurassic volcanism, explaining the coarse‐crystalline hydrothemal dolostone.     

Field geometry, petrography and geochemistry of a dolomitization front (Late Jurassic, central Lebanon)

This contribution describes the field geometry, petrography and geochemistry of a well-exposed dolomitization front in Upper Jurassic carbonates, and attempts to highlight the sedimentological, structural and relative sea-level controls on multiphase dolomitization and related diagenetic events. The data presented reflect the superposition of various diagenetic phases which have resulted in a single dolostone body, whose dimensions are well defined in the field. Local microbial intraclastic dolomites of Late Tithonian age accumulated in a hypersaline lagoon during relative sea-level fall. These pre-date beige hydrothermal dolostones (51 to 55 mol% CaCO₃; δ ¹⁸O: −9·3 to −4·0‰ V-PDB; δ ¹³C: −1·5 to +2·1‰ V-PDB; ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr: 0·70742; matrix porosity: ≈6%; Klinkenberg permeability: ≈0·5 mD), whose dolomitizing fluid circulated along faults and invaded the nearby facies. First, the burrows were dolomitized, then the bulk rocks, resulting in the investigated 'tongue'-shaped dolomite body. Upon Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous uplift, near-surface water percolated through – and altered – the underlying beige dolostones. This event was followed by a ferroan dolomite cement phase, which occurred during further burial. This contribution, featuring a well-defined geometric pattern of a dolomitization front with a large petrographic and geochemical data set, may also serve as a case study illustrating the complexity of superimposed diagenetic processes which have to be taken into account in modelling exercises of multiphase hydrothermal dolomitization.     

新疆三塘湖盆地中二叠统芦草沟组湖相白云岩成因*

新疆三塘湖盆地中二叠统芦草沟组发育湖泊背景下的白云岩、灰岩、黑色泥岩、页岩及碎屑岩的互层沉积。白云岩主要有两类：一类为粉—泥晶白云岩,主要由含量约70％的泥晶白云石和含量约30％的粉晶白云石构成,白云石有序度为0.48,扫描电镜下主要有菱形、他形、球状和管状4种微形态,自形程度较好的菱形晶体多为含铁白云石;另一类为方沸钾长白云岩,主要由晶粒为0.08～0.35mm的细粒方沸石、泥晶钾长石（透长石）、泥晶白云石和铁白云石构成,个别为粗晶白云石,白云石有序度0.58。与粉—泥晶白云岩中的白云石相比,方沸钾长白云岩中的白云石以高的铁、锰含量为特征,扫描电镜下多为半自形的菱形晶体。两类白云岩中白云石的有序度均较低,且均为富Sr白云石,内部均缺乏次生交代证据。通过对两类白云岩成分、微量元素及稳定同位素的差异性分析,认为尽管两类白云岩都形成于浅—半深湖相强还原沉积环境,但是它们的形成机制有所不同,粉—泥晶白云岩具有原生沉淀白云石的特征,其中球状及管状的白云石可能与微生物吸附作用有关,而他形及菱形的白云石为直接沉淀的原生白云石;另一类方沸钾长白云岩中的白云石及铁白云石可能与湖底热泉的喷流沉积作用有关。     

塔东北库鲁克塔格地区中上寒武统白云岩类型与孔隙演化*

对塔东北库鲁克塔格隆起的乌孜里塔格剖面中上寒武统白云岩的岩石学、成岩作用、裂隙—孔隙发育与充填等特征研究认为：可划分为有序度逐渐增加的粉晶白云岩、粉细晶白云岩、中细晶白云岩和中粗晶白云岩及晶洞中的中粗晶、巨晶和鞍形白云石等4种类型;分别对应于早期准同生—浅埋、中浅埋藏、中等埋藏和构造断裂—热液（热卤水）作用4期的成岩阶段;其中,沿走滑断裂—裂隙带、呈不规则的“侵入体” 具有斑点状、条纹—条带、雁行状—斑马、角砾状和不规则状结构的中粗晶、粗晶、巨晶（部分为鞍形）白云岩（石）,一般不发光或呈昏暗的暗红色,具有与加拿大西部盆地典型的热液白云岩相似的特征;中上寒武统白云岩存在4～5期构造裂隙和3期以上的充填作用;热液白云岩中以晶间孔、晶间溶孔（洞）、裂隙及沿裂隙的扩溶孔洞为主,主要有二世代的白云石和方解石和少量沥青、石英、微量硬石膏和重晶石等多期充填作用。与西加盆地寒武系部分或全部交代充填缝洞及角砾构造、受来自落基山造山带的晚白垩世至古近系拉腊米（Laramide）构造的被排驱的热液流体交代形成的典型热液白云岩稍有不同,海西晚期（晚二叠世）及燕山—喜马拉雅期（晚白垩世—第四纪）沿挤压—走滑断裂排驱的地层热卤水循环—扩散与交代作用可能是本区热液白云岩的主要成因,储集空间主要由中、晚期构造断裂—裂隙（溶蚀）所致,但不排除成岩早期埋藏或晚期大气水作用对其影响。     

Calcitization/dedolomitization of Jurassic dolostones (Lebanon): results from petrographic and sequential geochemical analyses

Calcitized Jurassic dolostones from central Mount Lebanon (Kesrouane Formation) are discussed utilizing petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical data. In particular, two sequential extraction methods for both major/trace elements and stable isotope analyses provide results that support and refine conventional bulk analyses data. The new data demonstrate that the major dedolomitization phase of the investigated Jurassic carbonates occurred as a result of the migration of karst‐related meteoric waters (characterized by soil‐derived carbon, and estimated δ¹⁸O_V‐SMOW composition between ?7·2‰ and ?3·4‰) into previously dolomitized horizons within the limestone rock, during the final uplift and emergence of Mount Lebanon, after Palaeogene time. The study demonstrates that, in this case, the mechanisms of dedolomitization and their resulting fabrics are controlled primarily by the texture of the original dolomite rock. Pervasively dolomitized rocks, where the micritic matrix is entirely dolomitized, show calcitization mainly through dissolution/precipitation. By contrast, the rock textures that still include a considerable amount of limey micritic matrix – spared from dolomitization – are more prone to mole per mole and mimic replacement of the dolomite crystals by calcite.     

Multistage dolomitization and distribution of dolomitized bodies in Early Jurassic carbonate platforms (Southern Alps,Italy)

The Early Jurassic dolomitized carbonates are a hydrocarbon exploration target in Northern Italy. Of these carbonates, the Liassic Albenza Formation platform and the overlying Sedrina Formation shelf were studied to define a pervasive dolomitization model and to shed light on dolomite distribution in the sub‐surface. Field work, as well as analyses of well cores, stable isotopes, trace elements and fluid inclusions, was carried out on the outcropping thrust belt and sub‐surface deformed foreland of the Southern Alps. Petrographic analyses showed a first, pervasive, replacement dolomitization phase (D1) followed by volumetrically less important dolomite cement precipitation phases (D2, D3 and D4). The δ¹⁸O values fall between ?8·2‰ and 0·1‰ Vienna‐Pee Dee Belemnite with the more depleted samples belonging to dolomite cement‐rich dolostones; the δ¹³C ranges from 2·6‰ to 3·7‰ Vienna‐Pee Dee Belemnite. Analysis of trace elements showed different Fe and Mn contents in the sub‐surface and outcropping dolostones, and a higher Fe in the younger dolomite cements. An increase in the precipitation temperature (up to 130 °C from fluid inclusion data) and a decrease in diagenetic fluid salinity (from sea water to brackish) are observed from the first pervasive replacement dolomite to the dolomite cement phases. Field observations indicate that, in the Albenza Formation, dolomitization was limited to palaeohighs or faulted platform margins in the Early Jurassic carbonates. The pervasive replacement phase is interpreted based on a ‘compaction model’; the formation fluids expelled from compacting basinal carbonates could have funnelled along faults into permeable palaeohighs. The high homogenization temperature of the dolomite cements and decreased salinities indicate precipitation at great depth with an influx of meteoric water. These data, along with the thermal history, suggest that the dolomite cements precipitated according to the ‘tectonic squeegee’ dolomitization model. The dolomite precipitation temperature was set against the thermal history of the carbonate platform to interpret the timing of dolomite precipitation. The dolomite precipitation temperatures (90 to 100 °C) were reached in the studied formations first in the thrust fold belt (Early Tertiary, 60 Ma), and then in the foreland succession during the Late Tertiary (10 Ma). This observation suggests that the dolomite precipitation fronts moved southwards over time, recording a ‘diagenetic wave’ linked to the migration of the orogenic system. Observations suggest that the porosity increased during the first phase of replacement dolomitization while the dolomite cementation phases partially occluded the pores. The distribution of porous dolomitized bodies is therefore linked to the ‘compaction dolomitization’ model.     

Cryogenic powderization of Triassic dolostones in the Buda Hills, Hungary

Disintegration of dolostones to dolomite powder (powderization) was a widespread phenomenon in Triassic dolostones of the Buda Hills, where the areal extent of powdered dolostones is large compared to similar occurrences elsewhere in the world. In the Buda Hills, dolostone disintegration proceeded in four stages that correspond to a gradual decrease in particle size, that is, from the parent dolostone to (1) crackle breccia; via (2) mosaic breccia (diameter <2 cm); via (3) mosaic breccia blocks ‘floating’ in dolomite powder; to (4) dolomite powder (diameter 100–300 μm). Stable isotope ratios and trace element compositions of dolomite remained constant throughout these stages, and there are no indications of dissolution in most locations, suggesting that disintegration was predominantly a mechanical process. Combining these findings with the geological history of the region, and supported by a simple freezing/thawing experiment and pertinent experimental studies on weathering of building stones, it appears that powderization in the Buda Hills was caused by repeated freeze–thaw cycles during and/or after the Pleistocene glaciations. Subaerial exposure under cold climate conditions involves multiple freeze–thaw cycles that create mechanical stresses in the rock framework related to the opposing thermal expansion of rock and water that freezes and of ice that liquefies. This process is herewith called ‘cryogenic powderization’. Our data further suggest that the synergy of four factors promoted dolostone powderization in the Buda Hills: (1) tectonics, which created a pervasive fracture network; (2) intercrystalline porosity of the dolostone; (3) relatively high water saturation; and (4) subaerial exposure under cold climate conditions.     

Formation of lacustrine dolomite in the late Miocene marginal lakes of the East Mediterranean (Northern Israel)

The study focuses on the formation of lacustrine dolomite in late Miocene lakes, located at the East Mediterranean margins (Northern Israel). These lakes deposited the sediments of the Bira (Tortonian) and Gesher (Messinian) formations that comprise sequences of dolostone and limestone. Dolostones are bedded, consist of small‐sized (<7 μm), Ca‐rich (52 to 56 mol %) crystals with relatively low ordering degrees, and present evidence for replacement of CaCO₃ components. Limestones are comprised of a wackestone to mudstone matrix, freshwater macrofossils and intraclasts (mainly in the Bira Formation). Sodium concentrations and isotope compositions differ between limestones and dolostones: Na = ~100 to 150 ppm; ~1000 to 2000 ppm; δ¹⁸O = ?3·8 to ?1·6‰; ?2·0 to +4·3‰; δ¹³C = ?9·0 to ?3·4‰; ?7·8 to 0‰ (VPDB), respectively. These results indicate a climate‐related sedimentation during the Tortonian and early Messinian. Wet conditions and positive freshwater inflow into the carbonate lake led to calcite precipitation due to intense phytoplankton blooms (limestone formation). Dry conditions and enhanced evaporation led to precipitation of evaporitic CaCO₃ in a terminal lake, which caused an increased Mg/Ca ratio in the residual waters and penecontemporaneous dolomitization (dolostone formation). The alternating lithofacies pattern reveals eleven short‐term wet–dry climate‐cycles during the Tortonian and early Messinian. A shift in the environmental conditions under which dolomite formed is indicated by a temporal decrease in δ¹⁸O of dolostones and Na content of dolomite crystals. These variations point to decreasing evaporation degrees and/or an increased mixing with meteoric waters towards the late Messinian. A temporal decrease in δ¹³C of dolostones and limestones and appearance of microbial structures in close association with dolomite suggest that microbial activity had an important role in allowing dolomite formation during the Messinian. Microbial mediation was apparently the main process that enabled local growth of dolomite under wet conditions during the latest Messinian.     

准噶尔盆地东部中二叠统幔源热液沉积白云岩*

准噶尔盆地东部吉木萨尔凹陷中二叠统芦草沟组,沉积于陆内裂谷背景下岩浆—热液活动强烈的咸化湖盆中。在芦草沟组中发现一类与湖底热液活动有关的幔源热液沉积白云岩,包括方沸钠长白云岩、硅质白云岩与含水铵长石钠长白云岩。作者对该类白云岩开展微米级尺度的岩相学研究,结合同位素地球化学研究,探讨成矿流体性质与详细成因机理。岩矿特征和同沉积变形构造指示白云岩形成于沉积期。白云石为有序性较差的原白云石,呈微米级球状、葡萄状晶体,与方沸石、水铵长石、钠长石及玉髓等热液矿物彼此镶嵌结晶,高温下发生了白云石对钠长石碎屑的交代作用;白云岩锶同位素(平均为0.705 687)显示成矿流体中幔源组分较多;白云岩具有重δ¹³ C_PDB (平均为6.94‰)和轻δ¹⁸ O_PDB (平均为-8.12‰)。基于成矿流体由幔源热液与湖水混合的假设,利用δ¹⁸ O_PDB计算估计,研究区白云岩的形成温度较普通云质岩高25~50 ℃。研究表明白云石为幔源热液喷出湖底后直接沉淀形成,并提出可能的成因模式。热液沉积白云岩是一种不可或缺的白云岩成因类型,研究成果对促进人们理解白云石的形成规律、推动完善成因岩石学理论具有重要意义。     

塔里木盆地下古生界白云岩类型及成因*

塔里木盆地下古生界白云岩勘探潜力巨大。在下古生界构造演化、沉积背景分析的基础上, 结合前人的白云岩分类方案, 首先根据形成时期将塔里木盆地下古生界白云岩分为准同生白云岩和准同生后白云岩两大类。在此基础上, 综合运用岩心、薄片、阴极发光、扫描电镜、碳氧稳定同位素资料, 对上述两类白云岩进一步细分。其中准同生白云岩, 可进一步分为云坪型准同生白云岩、潟湖型准同生白云岩与微生物白云岩, 云坪型、潟湖型准同生白云岩是在准同生阶段由蒸发泵白云化形成的;本次研究首次在膏模孔内发现完整哑铃状白云石, 拓宽了微生物白云岩的存在范围。准同生后白云岩包括浅埋藏白云岩、中—深埋藏白云岩和热液白云岩3类, 浅埋藏白云岩由调整白云化及渗透回流白云化形成;中—深埋藏白云岩主要为埋藏白云化的产物;热液白云岩由沿断裂或裂缝的热液白云化所形成。     

黔东铜仁地区寒武系热液白云岩特征及其成矿意义*

黔东铜仁地区寒武系清虚洞组和娄山关组中分布有多处热液白云岩,其形态包括块状、透镜状、角砾状等。通过露头及薄片观察、流体包裹体温度测定、稀土元素和锶同位素分析,笔者探讨了研究区不同类型热液白云岩的形成机制、热液性质与来源及其与铅锌成矿作用的关系。结果表明: (1)热液白云岩由中粗晶-巨晶鞍状白云石组成,形成温度为96~223 ℃,平均为155.86 ℃;盐度为8.28~16.15 wt% NaCl,平均为12.30wt% NaCl;具有轻稀土富集和Ce负异常特征,LREE/HREE为16.51,δCe为0.79, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr为0.708662。(2)块状和透镜状热液白云岩形成于交代作用较完全的环境,角砾状热液白云岩可能形成于水力破裂作用;白云石化流体可能来自包括震旦系碳酸盐岩在内的下伏地层,断层和裂缝为其运移通道。(3)白云石化流体与区域铅锌成矿流体温度、盐度和地球化学特征相近,来源相同或相似;热液白云岩中含有少量成矿物质,应形成于铅锌主成矿期前后。     

塔里木盆地寒武-奥陶系白云岩储层类型与分布特征

塔里木盆地寒武-奥陶系白云岩是台盆区最重要的储层之一,发育4种类型:①潮坪白云岩。以含膏泥晶白云岩为主,石膏溶孔及白云岩砾间孔发育,发育于潮间-潮上坪蒸发环境。白云石表现为MgO-CaO呈线性正相关、低Mg/Ca值及高∑REE值、锶同位素值分布在0.7085～0.7100之间,略高于同期海水值0.7090、阴极发光不发光或暗色光。储层分布主要受沉积相控制,发育于中下寒武统地层;②蒸发台地白云岩。以藻丘及颗粒灰岩选择性白云石化为特征,发育铸模孔、膏溶孔和残留粒间孔,白云石Mg/Ca值变化范围大、δ13C、δ18O值相对偏正、分别大于2‰和-4‰、阴极发光发较亮红光。储层主要发育于台内靠近台缘一侧;③埋藏白云岩。发育细晶、中晶及粗晶白云岩,以晶间孔及晶间溶孔为主,δ18O值偏负在-5‰～-10‰(PDB)之间,87Sr/86Sr值相对较大,为0.7090～0.7110,阴极发光以发暗棕褐色、紫色光为主。埋藏白云岩储层发育主要受成岩相控制,但也表现出与沉积相具有相关性,这是因为物性好的台缘、台内礁滩体及有裂缝沟通构成的开放体系更有利于埋藏白云石化作用发生;④热液白云岩。以受热液改造的结晶白云岩为特征,往往伴生热液矿物,白云石δ18O值异常偏负、一般小于-9‰(PDB)、阴极发光多发明亮红光、稀土元素标准化配分曲线中Eu出现正异常、出现高于地层背景值的异常高温包裹体;主要发育在具有上覆隔挡层的不整合面之下地层及大断裂发育带附近。上述四类白云岩在规模与分布上有不同,但都可预测。埋藏和热液白云岩规模较大,受原始沉积相带和成岩流体来源双重约束。潮坪和蒸发台地白云岩规模可变性较大,可由沉积环境重建,结合成岩相研究预测评价。     

Testing the preservation potential of early diagenetic dolomites as geochemical archives

Early marine diagenetic dolomite is a rather thermodynamically-stable carbonate phase and has potential to act as an archive of marine porewater properties. However, the variety of early to late diagenetic dolomite phases that can coexist within a single sample can result in extensive complexity. Here, the archive potential of early marine dolomites exposed to extreme post-depositional processes is tested using various types of analyses, including: petrography, fluid inclusion data, stable δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O isotopes, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios, and U-Pb age dating of various dolomite phases. In this example, a Triassic carbonate platform was dissected and overprinted (diagenetic temperatures of 50 to 430°C) in a strike-slip zone in Southern Spain. Eight episodes of dolomitization, a dolostone cataclasite and late stage meteoric/vadose cementation were recognized. The following processes were found to be diagenetically relevant: (i) protolith deposition and fabric-preservation, and marine dolomitization of precursor aragonite and calcite during the Middle–Late Triassic; (ii) intermediate burial and formation of zebra saddle dolomite and precipitation of various dolomite cements in a Proto-Atlantic opening stress regime (T ca 250°C) during the Early–Middle Jurassic; (iii) dolomite cement precipitation during early Alpine tectonism, rapid burial to ca 15 km, and high-grade anchizone overprint during Alpine tectonic evolution in the Early Eocene to Early Miocene; (iv) brecciation of dolostones to cataclasite during the onset of the Carboneras Fault Zone activity during the Middle Miocene; and (v) late-stage regression and subsequent meteoric overprint. Data shown here document that, under favourable conditions, early diagenetic marine dolomites and their archive data may resist petrographic and geochemical resetting over time intervals of 10⁸ or more years. Evidence for this preservation includes preserved Late Triassic seawater δ¹³C_DIC values and primary fluid inclusion data. Data also indicate that oversimplified statements based on bulk data from other petrographically-complex dolomite archives must be considered with caution.     

内蒙古二连盆地白音查干凹陷下白垩统湖相白云岩成因*

早白垩世,白音查干凹陷处于强裂陷伸展环境,并具有高地热异常。在此背景下,该凹陷发育一套仅限于深湖—半深湖相的、富含铁白云石、钠沸石和泥级长石（钠长石、钾长石）等特殊矿物成分的白云岩。该套湖相白云岩受北东向同沉积断裂控制,主要分布于凹陷北部陡坡带和湖盆中央断裂带的下降盘处,沿断裂呈线性展布。白云岩中的白云石多以铁白云石为主,并与钠沸石、长石、重晶石、水镁铁石等低温热液矿物共生,其结构可分为泥晶结构、微晶结构和中—细晶斑块状结构（多元矿物组合）3种。此外,白云岩的岩石组构还具有明显热水沉积特征,包括纹层状构造、热水碎屑结构、星散状构造、同生塑性变形、网脉状构造。综合以上初步分析,认为研究区湖相白云岩为深部热液参与并发生沉积作用形成的,即热水沉积白云岩。     

The Upper Aptian to Lower Albian syn-rift carbonate succession of the southern Maestrat Basin (Spain): Facies architecture and fault-controlled stratabound dolostones

Syn-rift shallow-marine carbonates of Late Aptian to Early Albian age in the southern Maestrat Basin (E Spain) register the thickest Aptian sedimentary record of the basin, and one of the most complete carbonate successions of this age reported in the northern Tethyan margin. The host limestones (Benassal Formation) are partially replaced by dolostones providing a new case study of fault-controlled hydrothermal dolomitization. The syn-rift sediments filled a graben controlled by normal basement faults. The Benassal Fm was deposited in a carbonate ramp with scarce siliciclastic input. The lithofacies are mainly characterized by the presence of orbitolinid foraminifera, corals and rudist bivalves fauna. The succession is stacked in three transgressive–regressive sequences (T–R) bounded by surfaces with sequence stratigraphic significance. The third sequence, which is reported for the first time in the basin, is formed by fully marine lithofacies of Albian age and represents the marine equivalent to the continental deposits of the Escucha Fm in the rest of the basin.The dolomitization of the host rock is spatially associated with the basement faults, and thus is fault-controlled. The dolostone forms seismic-scale stratabound tabular geobodies that extend several kilometres away from the fault zones, mostly in the hanging wall blocks, and host Mississippi Valley Type (MVT) deposits. The dolostones preferentially replaced middle to inner ramp grain-dominated facies from the third T–R sequences consisting of bioclastic packestones and peloidal grainstones. Field and petrology data indicate that the replacement took place after early calcite cementation and compaction, most likely during the Late Cretaceous post-rift stage of the basin. The dolostone registers the typical hydrothermal paragenesis constituted by the host limestone replacement, dolomite cementation and sulfide MVT mineralization. The Aptian succession studied provides a stratigraphic framework that can be used for oil exploration in age-equivalent rocks, especially in the València Trough, offshore Spain. Moreover, this new case study constitutes a world class outcrop analogue for similar partially stratabound, dolomitized limestone reservoirs worldwide.     

Types and Origin of Dolostones in Tarim Basin, Northwest China:Petrographic and Geochemical Evidence

In the Tarim Basin of northwestern China hydrocarbon deposits have been discovered in parts of the thick strata of Cambrian dolostones. Based on petrographic study, six types of dolostone have been distinguished: Type-1, pink mud-bearing silty crystalline dolostone (PMSD); Type-2, gypsum- and salt-bearing fine crystalline dolostone (GSFD); Type-3, fine crystalline dolostone with dolomite crystals with cloudy core and clear rim (CCFD); Type-4, deep gray mud-bearing silty crystalline dolostone (GMSD); Type-5, euhedral coarse crystalline dolostone (ECD); and Type-6, xenotopic coarse crystalline dolostone (XCD). Applying petrographic and geochemical methods, the genesis of the dolostones is studied in this paper. Normally, Type-1 dolostone shows U- and Mo-depleted characteristics, reflecting a more oxidized formation environment; High δ18O and the purple color are consistent with formation of Sabkha dolostones on a supratidal flat. Types 2, 3, 4 dolostones show strata formation, similar REE patterns and 87Sr/86Sr ratios with contemporaneous limestones, suggesting a penecontemporaneous origin from seawater. Types 5 and 6 dolostones commonly occur as interbedded rocks, indicating secondary genesis after diagenesis. Type-6 dolostone has the highest order degree (OD) values (average 0.86), the lowest oxygen isotope values and positive Eu anomalies, which are consistent with previously reported hydrothermal dolostones. Differently, Type-5 shows euhedral texture, higher δ18O value, similar REE characteristic and 87Sr/86Sr ratios in comparison with contemporaneous limestones, suggesting that this type might have been dolomitized by down-transferring evaporated seawater during shallow burial stage. Dolostone fluid sources, formation environments and crystallizing dynamics are summarized and possible genetic models for the six types are proposed.     

Microcrystalline dolomite in a middle Permian volcanic lake: Insights on primary dolomite formation in a non-evaporitic environment

Lacustrine dolomite nucleation commonly occurs in modern and Neogene evaporitic alkaline lakes. As a result, ancient lacustrine microcrystalline dolomite has been conventionally interpreted to be formed in evaporitic environments. This study, however, suggests a non-evaporitic origin of dolomite precipitated in a volcanic–hydrothermal lake, where hydrothermal and volcanic processes interacted. The dolomite occurs in lacustrine fine-grained sedimentary rocks in the middle Permian Lucaogou Formation in the Santanghu intracontinental rift basin, north-west China. Dolostones are composed mainly of nano-sized to micron-sized dolomite with a euhedral to subhedral shape and a low degree of cation ordering, and are interlaminated and intercalated with tuffaceous shale. Non-dolomite minerals, including quartz, alkaline feldspars, smectite and magnesite mix with the dolomite in various proportions. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.704528 to 0.705372, average = 0.705004) and δ²⁶Mg values (−0.89 to −0.24‰, average = −0.55‰) of dolostones are similar to those of mantle rocks, indicating that the precipitates mainly originated from fluids that migrated upward from the mantle and were subject to water–rock reactions at a great depth. The δ¹⁸O values (−3.1 to −22.7‰, average = −14.0‰) of the dolostones indicate hydrothermal influence. The trace and rare earth element concentrations suggest a saline, anoxic and volcanic–hydrothermally-influenced subaqueous environment. In this subaqueous environment of Lucaogou lake, locally high temperatures and a supply of abundant Mg²⁺ from a deep source induced by volcanic–hydrothermal activity formed favourable chemical conditions for direct precipitation of primary dolomite. This study's findings deepen the understanding of the origin and processes of lacustrine primary dolomite formation and provide an alternative possibility for environmental interpretations of ancient dolostones.     

滨里海盆地东缘北特鲁瓦地区白云岩特征及其储层发育机制

白云岩是滨里海盆地盐下石炭系碳酸盐岩的重要储层类型。在岩芯、薄片、物性与地球化学等资料分析的基础上,对研究区KT-Ⅰ油组的白云岩类型与储集性能进行了分析,并探讨了其储层发育的控制因素与模式。结果表明,白云岩类型与其储集物性具有较明显的相关性,以生屑铸模孔及溶蚀扩大孔为主的残余生屑白云岩物性与含油气性最好,以晶间（溶）孔为主的粉细晶白云岩和以生屑铸模孔及晶间孔为主的泥粉晶白云岩次之,而以晶间微孔为主的泥晶白云岩最差,难以成为有效储层。原生孔隙发育的相对高能生屑滩环境是该区优质白云岩储层发育的相带基础。晚石炭世准同生期大气淡水溶蚀作用与以渗透回流白云化（白云石有序度分布于0.32～0.67,δ13C介于-0.22‰～5.94‰,δ18O介于-1.09‰～2.45‰）为主的早期白云化作用为白云岩储层早期孔隙的发育与保存奠定了坚实的基础;早二叠世以来埋藏期各类裂缝的发育及酸性流体的溶蚀作用则对储层的晚期扩孔改造至关重要。     

渤海湾盆地辽河坳陷古近系沙河街组四段湖相方沸石白云岩成因分析

渤海湾盆地辽河坳陷西部凹陷雷家地区古近系沙河街组四段杜家台油层发现方沸石白云岩及其组合类型。该套岩石具有复杂的矿物组分和沉积构造,以往被认为是一套泥质白云岩和白云质泥岩组合。利用岩石薄片鉴定、X衍射全岩分析、扫描电镜、电子探针等方法,首次发现该套岩石含有大量沉积成因方沸石,其呈纹层状与泥晶白云石混杂沉积,局部可成为方沸石岩。地球化学分析结果表明,该套岩石δ¹³C值偏正而 δ¹⁸O 值偏负,与已报道的热水白云石碳、氧同位素数据非常接近;稀土元素配分曲线特征与其同层位及其下伏房身泡组大套偏碱性玄武岩相似,具有很好的亲缘性。综合上述分析结果认为,方沸石白云岩的形成与房身泡组玄武岩的矿物转变以及湖底热液作用密切相关,为二者共同作用形成的热水沉积岩。     

四川汉源-峨边地区上震旦统灯影组藻白云岩特征及成因研究

"藻白云岩"术语的提出已有五十年历史,震旦系藻白云岩以其巨大的厚度,精美的原生结构、构造,以及丰富的微生物化石和矿产资源而闻名,但至今其成因仍存在争议。以四川汉源-峨边地区上震旦统灯影组藻白云岩为研究对象,对其宏观的剖面、岩石学、原生构造特征,微观的白云石和微生物化石形态、原生结构特征,以及相应的地球化学特征进行了详细研究。结果表明:研究区灯影组藻白云岩为一套在潮坪和潟湖环境下形成的微生物（碳酸盐）岩的岩石类型组合,以藻黏结型的叠层状、纹层状、葡萄状和均一状（藻）白云岩为主要的次级类型;藻白云岩中主要发育原生的隐晶状微生物白云石和次生的纤维状拟晶白云石,其形成与蓝细菌、硫酸盐还原细菌、中度嗜盐好氧细菌和红藻等微生物的矿化作用密切相关:沉积-同生阶段,主要由微生物诱导矿化作用形成大量纳米似立方体粒状和（亚）微米级片状微生物白云石,同时共（伴）生纤维状文石和高镁方解石;同生-准同生阶段,主要由微生物影响矿化作用形成纳米球粒状和微米级不规则状、球状和卵状微生物白云石,同时纤维状文石和高镁方解石因微生物催化矿化作用和拟晶白云石化作用形成纤维状拟晶白云石;随后微生物白云石与拟晶白云石一起组成具纹层状、叠层状、均一状等构造的藻白云岩。对藻白云岩特征及成因的研究有助于理解微生物-矿物交互作用和过程的复杂性、多样性,也为前寒武纪微生物矿化作用、微生物白云石和拟晶白云石研究提供了新的实例。