地下水微量元素与同位素特征对海水入侵和地下水起源的指示意义——以深圳市宝安区为例

深圳市是我国沿海经济最发达的地区之一,但同时也是受海水入侵影响非常大的沿海地区。以深圳市宝安区为典型研究区．开展了钻孔施工及地下水样采集工作,并测试了水样的微量元素含量和稳定氢氧同位素组成。在此基础上,探讨了地下水微量元素与同位素特征对海水入侵以及地下水起源的指示意义,发现Br,B,Li,Sr等微量元素和δD及δ^18O可用于有效指示海水入侵的发生,并分辨地下水的不同起源,可为区内地下水资源的保护工作提供科学依据。     

宿南矿区地下水同位素地球化学特征及地质意义

煤矿区地下水既是重要的地下水资源,又影响煤矿安全生产。为了解宿南矿区地下水同位素化学特征,采集了宿南矿区松散层水、砂岩水和灰岩水样品进行T、D、18O、87Sr/86Sr和溶解碳酸盐岩中13C、18O等同位素测试分析,并利用传统图示等方法探讨了地下水演化年龄、同位素特征及影响因素。结果表明：矿区3个含水层地下水中T含量较低,整体反映了矿区地下水多位时间久远的亚现代水补给;地下水中D、18O受到明显围岩的影响,其组成为-68.5‰~-44.3‰和-8.78‰~-6.29‰,平均值分别为-61.15‰和-8.16‰;围岩中碳酸盐岩含量决定了13CDIC与 18ODIC的变化关系;87Sr/86Sr值为0.710 6～0.712 3,平均为0.711 2,87Sr/86Sr比值主要受到了水岩作用的影响,可以有效地识别3个不同含水层水源。     

河北平原地下水锶同位素形成机理

为了研究河北平原地下水锶同位素的来源与形成机理, 对所采水样进行了分析.研究了87Sr/86Sr比值“时间积累效应”: 随着地下水年龄和埋深的增大而增大; 与地下水中过剩4He_exc呈正相关关系, 与δ18O和δD呈负相关关系.探讨了Sr2+与87Sr/86Sr比值的关系, 将地下水分为3类: (1) 中等Sr2+含量与高87Sr/86Sr比值水(Ⅰ类水); (2) 低Sr2+含量与高87Sr/86Sr比值水(Ⅱ类水); (3) 高Sr2+含量与低87Sr/86Sr比值水(Ⅲ类水), 即热水.通过综合分析认为: (1) 河北平原第四系地下水中的放射成因Sr是由富含Na和Rb的硅酸盐矿物风化作用提供的, 主要矿物为斜长石; (2) 黄骅港热水中的放射成因Sr是由碳酸盐溶解形成的, 87Sr/86Sr比值低, Sr/Na比值大; (3) 补给区地下水是由流经火成岩和变质岩区地下水的侧向补给的, 87Sr/86Sr比值中等.第三系地下水放射成因Sr的来源及形成机理尚须进一步研究.      

北京市城近郊区地下水的环境同位素研究

应用环境同位素方法,研究北京城近郊区地下水演化规律。沿北京市永定河冲洪积扇地下水流动方向取样15组(D、18O、T、14C及全分析),对所取水样进行D、18O、T、14C分析,并确定地下水同位素年龄。运用地下水14C和T含量在垂向和水平方向变化的结果,验证了地下水的流向并计算了地下水的流速变化范围为5·02~62·63m/a,从山前至平原浅层地下水径流速度逐渐变小,反映了地下水水平径流强度逐渐减弱,地下水交替逐渐变差;浅层孔隙水以垂向交替为主,深层孔隙水以水平径流为主。对地下水D、18O之间的关系进行分析,从而判断地下水的补给来源等。     

锡林河流域地表水和浅层地下水的稳定同位素研究

2006年4—9月,在从锡林河源头沿河流进行地表水和地下水同位素样品采集和分析的基础上,利用全球降水同位素监测网(GNIP)包头站的大气降水稳定同位素资料,结合锡林河流域的气象和水文资料,对锡林河流域大气降水、地表水和地下水稳定同位素进行了研究.结果表明:地下水中δ18O和δD值分别集中在-11.7‰～-14.9‰和-80‰～-89.5‰范围内,δ18O沿地下水流向有增加的趋势,大部分地下水中δ18O的季节波动性不大;河流干流δ18O和δD的年算术平均值从源区的-12.8‰和-94.5‰到入锡林河水库处的-10.0‰和-79.3‰,差值分别约为3‰和15‰.河水中的δ18O值沿流程增加而增大的现象可归结为受含有较高δ18O值的地下水补给作用和河水的蒸发作用的共同影响,其中对δ18O蒸发富集的研究显示,蒸发引起δ18O富集值为1‰.通过地下水线(GWL)和地表水线(SWL)及区域大气降水线(LMWL)的对比分析发现,在径流季节,降水对地表水的贡献小,地下水是地表水主要的补给源,地表径流基本是地下水的排泄.     

沁水盆地南部山西组煤储层产出水氢氧同位素特征

水化学成分及特征对煤层气开发有重要指导意义。为研究沁水盆地南部柿庄南煤层气开发区块3号主采煤层的地下水径流与水化学特征,从该区采集了煤层气井排出水样,进行主要离子浓度及氢氧同位素测定,分析离子浓度与氢氧同位素的展布特征。同位素组成研究结果显示,3号煤层产出水均来自大气降水补给,表现出18O与D漂移的特点。研究区由东向西δD和δ18O值呈增大趋势,和Na+、K+、Cl-等离子浓度呈现出一定的正相关性,并与研究区由东向西水文径流区（氧化环境）到滞流区（还原环境）的过渡特征相符合,说明δD和δ18O值也可以作为判断煤层水径流条件与煤层气开发有利区的参考指标。      

滇东黔西地下水氢氧同位素特征

通过大气降雨氢氧同位素进行分析,得出了滇东黔西的大气降水线为δ(D)=7.848δ(~(18)O)+11.00,地下水氢氧同位素组成落在滇东黔西大气降雨线附近,说明研究区地下水是由大气降雨补给。从贵州中部向西云南昆明,地下水中越来越贫重同位素,显示夏季滇东黔西地区大气自东向西运移的特点。研究区自东向西地下水中氧漂移越来越明显,说明自黔西到滇东水岩作用越来越强烈。研究区氘过量系数d为9.9,显示了滇东黔西地区不平衡蒸发强烈。滇东黔西地区地下水出露高程和δ~(18)O值的关系为δ~(18)O(‰)=-0.00259H-5.657,地下水出露高程与δD值得关系为δD(‰)=-0.0236H-31.08。即在滇东黔西地区海拔每上升100m,地下水中δ~(18)O值下降0.259‰,δD值下降2.36‰。     

鄂尔多斯沙漠高原白垩系地下水水化学演化的多元统计分析

结合稳定同位素( D、18O、13C) ,应用聚类分析和因子分析两种多元统计分析方法,对鄂尔多斯沙漠高原白垩系含水层地下水水化学演化特征进行研究。结果表明: 研究区环河组和洛河组地下水均可分为3 大类,且大致在地下水补给区、径流区和排泄区分别聚类,每一类的水化学特征和同位素特征均存在一定的差异; 研究区地下水均起源于大气降水,发生了岩盐溶滤、碳酸盐矿物溶解、硫酸盐矿物溶解、硅酸盐矿物溶解和阳离子交换等水文地球化学作用。相对洛河组地下水,环河组地下水水化学演化特征还受到了大气降水稀释作用和酸碱演化的影响。     

滇东黔西地下水氢氧同位素特征

通过大气降雨氢氧同位素进行分析,得出了滇东黔西的大气降水线为δ(D)=7.848δ(~(18)O)+11.00,地下水氢氧同位素组成落在滇东黔西大气降雨线附近,说明研究区地下水是由大气降雨补给。从贵州中部向西云南昆明,地下水中越来越贫重同位素,显示夏季滇东黔西地区大气自东向西运移的特点。研究区自东向西地下水中氧漂移越来越明显,说明自黔西到滇东水岩作用越来越强烈。研究区氘过量系数d为9.9,显示了滇东黔西地区不平衡蒸发强烈。滇东黔西地区地下水出露高程和δ~(18)O值的关系为δ~(18)O(‰)=-0.00259H-5.657,地下水出露高程与δD值得关系为δD(‰)=-0.0236H-31.08。即在滇东黔西地区海拔每上升100m,地下水中δ~(18)O值下降0.259‰,δD值下降2.36‰。     

黄土丘陵区降水-土壤水-地下水转化实验研究

通过对黄土丘陵区燕沟流域2005~2007年雨季的多次降水、0~400 cm土层土壤水、沟道地表水、地下水(泉水、井水)水样中D和18O采样分析,研究了该区降水、土壤水、地表水、地下水的转化关系.结果认为:燕沟流域的降水线与中国、世界的降水线有明显区别,斜率和截距偏小;降水、地表水、土壤水、地下水逐渐富集δD和δ18O,且δ18O富集速度高于δD,由D和18O的蒸发分馏差异所致,可利用各类水体的δD和δ18O变化情况甄别水体之间的水量转化;土壤水δD和δ18O剖面在200 cm深度处出现低值区,应是降水补给到达该深度且土壤蒸发影响逐渐衰减共同作用的结果,其在200 cm以下逐渐升高则因为降水补给影响逐渐降低、土壤水本底同位素影响增强所致.由于380~400 cm深层土壤水的δD和δ18O对降水事件的响应存在,因此认为降水-地下水的转化存在,降水补给泉水的滞后期小于35 d.而对井水的补给滞后时间以及土壤水对地下水的补给量还需进一步研究.     

北京市平原区地下水循环特征的同位素研究

同位素技术是研究区域地下水循环规律的主要手段之一。本文对平原区地下水进行了取样分析,运用同位素技术并结合水文地质条件,研究了北京市平原区地下水循环演化规律。运用^3H和^14C的测年技术确定了地下水年龄;利用D和18^O关系曲线探讨了地下水的起源;按照是否积极参加了现代水循环的原则将第四系地下水划分为浅层水和深层水;对浅层水和深层水的更新状况进行了研究。研究表明,浅层水广泛分布于北京平原区,径流条件好,更新快;深层水主要分布于永定河、潮白河冲洪积扇下部及冲洪积平原的深部地区,补给条件相对差,与现代大气降水联系弱,径流条件差,更新慢。     

Groundwater mixing and mineralization processes in a mountain–oasis–desert basin,northwest China: hydrogeochemistry and environmental tracer indicators

Hydrogeochemistry and environmental tracers (²H, ¹⁸O, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) in precipitation, river and reservoir water, and groundwater have been used to determine groundwater recharge sources, and to identify mixing characteristics and mineralization processes in the Manas River Basin (MRB), which is a typical mountain–oasis–desert ecosystem in arid northwest China. The oasis component is artificial (irrigation). Groundwater with enriched stable isotope content originates from local precipitation and surface-water leakage in the piedmont alluvial–oasis plain. Groundwater with more depleted isotopes in the north oasis plain and desert is recharged by lateral flow from the adjacent mountains, for which recharge is associated with high altitude and/or paleo-water infiltrating during a period of much colder climate. Little evaporation and isotope exchange between groundwater and rock and soil minerals occurred in the mountain, piedmont and oasis plain. Groundwater δ²H and δ¹⁸O values show more homogeneous values along the groundwater flow direction and with well depths, indicating inter-aquifer mixing processes. A regional contrast of groundwater allows the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios and δ¹⁸O values to be useful in a combination with Cl, Na, Mg, Ca and Sr concentrations to distinguish the groundwater mixing characteristics. Two main processes are identified: groundwater lateral-flow mixing and river leakage in the piedmont alluvial–oasis plain, and vertical mixing in the north oasis plain and the desert. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios and selected ion ratios reveal that carbonate dissolution and mixing with silicate from the southern mountain area are primarily controlling the strontium isotope hydrogeochemistry.     

北京平原区浅层地下水污染风险评价

本文依据北京实际情况,提出了地下水污染风险评价指标体系。以灾害风险理论为基础,提出了地下水污染风险评价方法,对北京平原区浅层地下水污染风险进行了分区评价。评价认为：北京平原区浅层地下水污染高风险区主要位于永定河冲洪积扇顶部。     

Strontium isotope geochemistry of groundwater affected by human activities in Nandong underground river system, China

The Nandong Underground River System (NURS) is located in a typical karst area dominated by agriculture in SE Yunnan Province, China. Groundwater plays an important role in the social and economical development in the area. The effects of human activities (agriculture and sewage effluents) on the Sr isotope geochemistry were investigated in the NURS. Seventy-two representative groundwater samples, which were collected from different aquifers (calcite and dolomite), under varying land-use types, both in summer and winter, showed significant spatial differences and slight seasonal variations in Sr concentrations and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios. Agricultural fertilizers and sewage effluents significantly modified the natural ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios signature of groundwater that was otherwise dominated by water-rock interaction. Three major sources of Sr could be distinguished by ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios and Sr concentrations in karst groundwater. Two sources of Sr are the Triassic calcite and dolomite aquifers, where waters have low Sr concentrations (0.1-0.2 mg/L) and low ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.7075-0.7080 and 0.7080-0.7100, respectively); the third source is anthropogenic Sr from agricultural fertilizers and sewage effluents with waters affected having radiogenic ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.7080-0.8352 for agricultural fertilizers and 0.7080-0.7200 for sewage effluents, respectively), with higher Sr concentrations (0.24-0.51 mg/L). Due to the overlapping ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios, it is difficult to distinguish the sources of Sr in groundwater samples contaminated by agricultural fertilizers or sewage effluents based only on their ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios. However, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios do provide key information for natural and anthropogenic sources in karst groundwater.     

Genesis of Sr Isotopes in Groundwater of Hebei Plain

To analyze the genesis of Sr isotopes in groundwater of Hebei plain, time-accumulative effect of 87Sr/86Sr ratio was studied. It is shown that 87Sr/86Sr ratio increases with the increasing age and depth of groundwater and has a positive correlation to 4Heexc and a negative correlation to δ18O and δD. The groundwater is divided into three groups to discuss the relation between 87Sr/86Sr ratio and Sr2 content: ① moderate Sr2 content and higher 87Sr/86Sr ratio (water I); ② lower Sr2 content and higher 87Sr/86Sr ratio (water II); and ③ higher Sr2 content and lower 87Sr/86Sr ratio (water III), that is hot water. On the basis of integrated analysis, it was considered that ① the radiogenic Sr in the Quaternary groundwater (Q4-Q1) originates from weathering of silicate rich in Na and Rb, mainly from plagioclase; ② the radiogenic Sr of hot water in Huanghua port is attributed to carbonate disso- lution, with lower 87Sr/86Sr ratio and higher Sr/Na ratio; ③ the recharge area is laterally recharged by the groundwater flowing through igneous and metamorphic rocks, with moderate 87Sr/86Sr ratio. How- ever, the formation mechanism of Sr isotopes in Tertiary groundwater needs further studies.     

长江中游河湖平原浅层地下水中砷空间异质性的同位素指示

近年来陆续有报道发现长江中游河湖平原广泛分布着高砷地下水,鄱阳湖平原与江北平原（古彭蠡泽）作为长江中游南北两岸典型的河湖平原,其地下水资源丰富,但砷的空间分布规律尚不清楚,区域供水安全存在风险.本研究在两个区域系统采集98个浅层地下水（< 40 m）样品和8个地表水样品,通过水化学、氢氧稳定同位素分析,查明地下水中砷的空间分布异质性及其影响因素.研究发现江北平原浅层地下水砷含量为0.65~956.72 μg/L（平均值210.78 μg/L）,高砷地下水集中分布于长江古河道;鄱阳湖平原浅层地下水砷含量为0.09~267.45 μg/L（平均值11.85 μg/L）,高砷地下水仅分布于赣江三角洲局部地区.江北平原地下水δD与δ18O值相对鄱阳湖平原更偏负,且与地表水的差异更大.地下水化学及主成分分析结果表明物源和含水层结构差异是影响鄱阳湖平原和江北平原砷空间分布异质性的关键因素,来自长江物源的古彭蠡泽区域沉积物为高砷含水层的形成提供了物质来源,湖相含水层中含砷铁氧化物的还原性溶解是地下水砷富集的主要过程.地下水氢氧稳定同位素指示江北平原较鄱阳湖平原地下水赋存环境更封闭,地下水循环交替速度缓慢,有利于砷的富集.      

Strontium isotopic evidence on the chemical evolution of pore waters in the Milk River Aquifer,Alberta, Canada

Strontium isotope ratios were measured on 13 rock, 18 leachate and 28 pore-water samples from the Milk River aquifer, the confining argillaceous formations, and the glacial till mantling the recharge area. Strontium isotope ratios (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) of pore waters from the aquifer, confining units, and the glacial till ranged from 0.7069 to 0.7082. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios in aquifer pore waters decrease with increasing distance from the aquifer recharge area, and this is interpreted to be the result of mixing and water–rock interaction within the aquifer.The solute composition of the recharging groundwater is modified by the local lithology, causing distinct geochemical patterns along different flow paths within the aquifer. Whole-rock ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios indicate that the shales and till are generally more radiogenic than the aquifer sandstone. The authigenic carbonate cements and rock-forming minerals comprising the major lithologic units had little apparent influence on the pore-water Sr chemistry. Carbonate cement leachates from the till and the aquifer sandstone are more radiogenic than those from the confining shale formations. Feldspar separates from the aquifer sandstone have relatively radiogenic Sr isotope ratios, whereas bentonites from the Milk River and Colorado Shale Formations have whole-rock and leachate Sr isotope ratios that are relatively unradiogenic. Ratios of most Milk River aquifer pore waters are lower than those of any leachates or whole rocks analyzed, except the bentonites.The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of exchangeable Sr in the bentonites are similar to ratios found in the more evolved pore waters. Simple rock–water interaction models calculated for the whole-rock, leachate, and exchangeable-ion/pore-water pairs indicate that ion exchange with bentonite clays within the Milk River and Colorado Shale Formations appears to influence the isotopic evolution of the pore-water Sr in each of these units.     

北京永定河流域地下水氢氧同位素研究及环境意义

利用氢氧同位素方法对北京地区永定河流域地下水状况及补给运移规律进行了研究。在系统采集了不同地点、不同深度的地下水样品的基础上,分析测试样品的δD、δ^18O、T。通过分析研究成果资料,初步判断出本区地下水的状况及补给运移规律：浅层地下水主要以近10a左右的“新水”为主,而且其主要补给方式是地表大气降水的垂直入渗补给;中深层地下水普遍混有“新水”,且新水比例有增大趋势;深层地下水基本以50a以上“老水”为主,但局部已混有“新水”。本区地下水的状况反映出浅层水补给深层水的越流现象普遍,这会引起深层地下水水质下降。由此可见,本区地下水水资源由于人工不合理的开采利用,状况不容乐观。