ADCP与GPS在内河流态测量中的应用问题及对策

ADCP全称为声学多普勒剖面流速仪(AcousticDopplerCurrentProfiler),是一种根据声学多普勒频移效应用矢量合成方法测量水流速度剖面的仪器,ADCP可测出水流流速矢量的东向、北向和垂向分量,为工程项目的河道数学模型和物理模型提供原始三维流态数据,为河势分析、河道冲淤计算、河道演变分析提供资料,由于天然河道水流特性及ADCP测流原理导致在测量中仍存在一些问题,如底沙运动、流速脉动、外界磁场影响等,因此探索ADCP与GPS的应用问题及对策来完成内河河道流态测量具有十分重要的意义。     

基于集成外部传感器的ADCP精确测量方法研究

受外部磁场、底质流动及仪器性能等因素影响,利用声学多普勒流速剖面仪(ADCP)自带的磁罗经及底跟踪技术难以为流速确定提供准确的方位和船速基准,从而降低了ADCP流速测量精度并限制了其应用。为此,借助GPS和罗经等外部传感器,提出了一种ADCP流速精确测量方法和全套数据处理模型,替代了ADCP测量中的速度和方位基准,显著提高了ADCP成果精度。实验验证了该方法的有效性。     

GPS安装对ADCP测验精度的影响分析

走其航式声学多普勒流速仪在我国引进并应用多年,在使用过程中,外接GPS和罗经设备的选用和安装对其测验精度有一定的影响。长江下游水文水资源勘测局在九江水文站进行了不同的优化安装,使得走航式声学多普勒流速仪施测的流速、流向和流量精度得到大幅提高。     

无人船在海洋水下地形测量中的应用和数据处理

水下地形测量是测量江河、湖泊、水库、港湾和近海水底点的平面位置和高程,用以绘制水下地形图的测绘工作。通过使用无人船搭载单波束测深仪、多波束测深仪、ADCP声学多普勒流速剖面仪、水质仪等多种数据采集设备进行海洋水下地形测量,可有效解决传统作业方式效率低下,受地形环境等因素限制较大的情况,能够满足传统测量方式难以完成的作业和工期要求。本文结合项目实际,通过无人船在海洋水下地形测量中的应用和数据处理研究,建立了完整的技术流程,得到符合精度要求的海洋水下地形测量成果数据。     

Teledyne Benthos TTV-301声学深拖系统在海底微地形地貌调查中的应用

介绍Teledyne Benthos TTV-301声学深拖系统的构成、海上作业模式以及声学数据获取方式,以南海某海域实测声学数据为例,对获取的多波束水深数据、侧扫声呐数据、浅地层剖面数据进行精细处理,获取高质量的水深图像、高分辨率的侧扫声呐图像和高精度的浅地层剖面图像。对同一海底微地形微地貌在不同声学影像上的反射标识进行对比分析,建立声学3D模型,形成海底浅表层的立体探测。实验结果验证了声学深拖系统在海底微地形地貌调查中的有效性与可行性,并可取得理想的效果。     

利用GA-NN模型反演声速剖面的众源水深数据声速改正

针对当前众源水深数据后处理过程中缺少高精度的实测声速剖面,导致测深数据质量偏低的现状,提出了一种基于遗传算法优化反向传播神经网络（genetic algorithm-back propagation neural network,GA-NN）模型反演声速剖面的声速改正方法。首先,利用历史声速剖面群进行正交经验函数分析,提取特征向量与重构系数范围;然后,结合海区的历史声速场数据训练GA-NN模型;最后,将海表声速数据输入模型反演声速剖面,并分析不同方法下的声速剖面分别进行声速改正后的水深和位置误差。实验结果表明,在复杂的海底地形下,与现有方法相比,所提方法反演的声速剖面更适用于众源水深数据的声速改正,削弱了声速误差的影响,提高了众源水深数据的处理精度。     

GNSS-声学位置服务中声速误差修正方法

声速误差是GNSS-声学定位中的主要误差源,制约了GNSS-声学位置服务的精度。基于海洋时空基准网的思路,本文研究了GNSS-声学位置服务中声速误差的修正方法。首先,提出了一种声速剖面时域变化分层模型,以削弱声速的时空代表性误差;然后,针对没有声速剖面的海域,借鉴GNSS对流层误差的处理方法,提出了GNSS-声学位置增强服务的方法;最后,面向潜航器位置增强服务,进行了海洋声速层析方法的分析。利用南海水深3000 m海域的实测数据对上述声速误差修正方法进行验证,结果表明：经验正交函数法分层构建的声速场能以分米级精度确定海底控制点的位置;基于海底的控制点,利用本文所提出的GNSS-声学位置增强服务方法可为水平距离3000 m范围内的测船提供分米级精度的位置增强服务;层析的海洋声速剖面,在深度大于潜航器的区间内精度优于3.5 m/s。     

徕卡GPS差分定位测量在水文测量中的应用

一、系统介绍 声学多普勒流速仪（acoustic Doppler current profiles,ADCP）于20世纪80年代开始投入使用后,随着电子技术及计算机技术的发展得到了迅速发展。目前,它已被广泛地应用在我国沿海、内河及湖泊的水文测验中,正在逐步取代老式的旋浆式流速流向仪。     

基于GPS罗经的感潮河段ADCP测验精度研究

ADCP内置罗经受外部磁场影响,导致测验精度降低,而GPS罗经具有不受磁场分布影响、不受速度和纬度影响、没有累积误差等优点。通过在感潮河段进行圆检验、正交断面走航测验,分别采用ADCP内置罗经与GPS罗经对测验精度进行分析对比,结果表明GPS罗经有效提高了测验精度。     

用外业碎部点生成三维透视图的方法——兰州新城黄河大桥河床立体模型建立

以兰州市新城黄河大桥河床立体模型建立过程为例 ,论述了如何应用野外观测数据生成数字高程模型 ,进而派生出河床立体模型的原理和方法。该方法在GIS和CAC系统中具有普遍性和推广价值。     

新技术在金沙江河道勘测的应用

ADCP等测量新技术用于金沙江河道,取到了宝贵的成果,但GPS在山区使用受到限制,ADCP和测深仪会受含沙量影响不能满足测量需要,以及电波流速仪因电磁辐射干扰阻碍使用等。为此,通过分析仪器原理和环境条件,提出了一些有效的处理办法,并在实践中得到成功运用。     

无验潮模式水下地形测量技术的研究

传统的水下地形测量模式定型于利用GPS测定水底点的平面位置,利用测深仪测定水底点的深度,附之以瞬时潮位资料,获得点位的高程.这种模式在上述条件具备的情况下,可取得完满的结果.但当验潮条件不具备时,该模式将不能获得测点的高程.为了弥补这一缺陷,简化工作流程,提高水下地形测量的精度,本文提出了一种无验潮模式下的水下地形测量思想,该思想不用专门测定潮位,而直接利用GPS的RTK测量技术,辅之以姿态测量和补偿,从而获得高精度的水底点高程.该方法被验证是正确的,希望进一步的推广应用.     

基于等高线协同的水系高程提取方法

针对现有水系高程提取方法存在效率低、精度不高以及高程逻辑错误等问题,提出了一种基于等高线的水系高程提取方法。该方法通过构建水系与等高线的协同空间关系提高求交效率,采用河流分段趋势面插值方法提高水系高程精度,并建立水系树结构以避免高程逻辑错误。通过与现有方法的对比分析与试验验证,结果表明,该方法能兼顾精度与效率,且不存在高程逻辑错误,比现有方法更优。     

Flood Inundation Hazard Modelling Using CCHE2D Hydrodynamic Model and Geospatial Data for Embankment Breaching Scenario of Brahmaputra River in Assam

In many flood prone river basins, water inundates vast areas of land causing loss of life and heavy damage to the dwellings in flood plains. It also impacts agricultural productivity and cause severe economic losses. One of the reasons for flooding in plains of Brahmaputra valley in north east India is embankment breaching. In this study, an attempt was made for probabilistic flood hazard modelling of July 2008 embankment breaching scenario of Brahmaputra river at Matmara village, Lakhimpur district in Assam, based on various numerical simulations with the help of Center for Computational Hydro science and Engineering hydro-dynamic model. The methodology was applied over 2146 km² flood prone area. Data inputs in the study include: Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Digital Elevation Model, Pre-flood and Post flood satellite images of Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) and other ancillary data. The simulation was carried out for various discharge levels based on flood frequency analysis. The result of the model includes spatial variations of inundated water depth and water velocity. The results were validated by comparing it with the post-flood ETM+ data and flood situation status report of National Informatics Centre. Flood hazard maps were prepared by carrying out a spatial analysis of simulated inundation depth and velocity. It was seen that the majority of flooded area fell into the very high and high categories. This information can be used to plan appropriate cost effective flood mitigation schemes.     

An Automated GIS Procedure for Delineating River and Lake Boundaries

Digitization of river and lake boundaries is an essential task in several hydrologic studies, which, in most cases, is performed manually by using aerial photographs. This paper presents an automatic geographic information system (GIS) procedure for delineating river and lake boundaries using aerial photographs. The GIS procedure is based on supervised classification of aerial photographs by using the National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) for creating training areas. Four study areas – Lake Palestine in Texas, Brazos River in Texas, Neuse River in North Carolina, and Snake River in Idaho – are used to demonstrate the approach. The results from the automatic boundary delineation process are evaluated by comparing them to manually digitized boundaries. The boundaries delineated by the automatic procedure matched the manually digitized boundaries with an overall difference of less than five percent in terms of area measurement. Besides saving about 85 percent of manual labor, the GIS procedure provides a consistent way of delineating water bodies, and provides estimation of river channel widths, which, in conjunction with existing NHD data, can be used to estimate average flow depths. Supplementing the regional scale NHD data with local scale attributes such as channel width and depth may lead to increased use of NHD in local scale studies.     

The accuracy of a river bed moulding/casting system and the effectiveness of a low-cost digital camera for recording river bed fabric

Digital photogrammetry has been used to develop and test an artificial river bed moulding and casting system, which allows the pebbles within a coarse-grain river bed to be recreated for hydraulic research in a laboratory flow channel or flume. Imagery of both the original streambed and the cast facsimile was acquired using a non-metric Kodak DCS460 digital camera and digital elevation models and orthophotographs were derived and compared to assess the accuracy of the moulding and casting system. These comparative tests proved to be critical in modifying and developing the system.
Additional imagery was obtained in the field using a non-metric Olympus C3030 'compact' digital camera to assess whether far cheaper camera technology could deliver data appropriate for such comparative examinations. Internal calibration parameter sets and data that were generated were compared with data obtained by the non-metric Kodak DCS460. These tests demonstrate that digital sensors built around high-quality 35 mm professional camera bodies and lenses are required for comparative examinations and for similar system development.     

Through-Water Close Range Digital Photogrammetry in Flume and Field Environments

Measurement of the structure of gravel-bed river surfaces is crucial for understanding both bed roughness and the sediment entrainment process. This paper describes the use of close range digital photogrammetry to measure and monitor change occurring in submerged river gravel-beds in both flume and field environments. High-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) were obtained and two-media (through air and water) techniques were used to correct for the e.ects of refraction at the air/water interface. Although suitable refractive models have been developed, the use of proprietary software to generate DEMs automatically introduces the problem of how to re-establish collinearity. A simple refraction correction algorithm based upon analytical geometry was developed and is described. This algorithm was designed for use after initial DEM acquisition and allows any photogrammetric software package to be used for data acquisition. Application of this algorithm led to improvements in DEM accuracy by reducing the systematic, depth-dependent bias caused by refraction
Research carried out in a flume environment allowed the algorithm to be tested by measuring a flooded and drained bed surface. Non-systematic differences between the "dry" and "wet" DEMs arose from reductions in stereomatching success in the two-media case. This effect was thought to be due to light attenuation and the introduction of residual parallax. Results suggest that close range digital photogrammetry can be used to extract high quality DEMs of submerged topography in both flume and field fluvial environments, which represents a particularly exciting development for fluvial geomorphologists     

船姿分析及其对多波束测量的影响

根据船体操纵性和耐波性理论，结合船姿实验数据，分析了姿态参数的外界受动因素。考虑船姿对多波束测量的影响，结合多波束测量原理，分析了不同姿态对坐标的影响，给出了相应的坐标计算和误差影响数学模型，最后姿态测量误差对测深的影响，结合IHO测深规定，计算出了不同姿态测量的精度指标；分析了姿态测量误差对条带拼接的影响，并提出了相应的解决方法。     

基于高差分块的河流区域DEM自动赋值方法

DEM生成中面状河流区域DEM格网点高程应与所在水域面高程保持一致,这一问题目前尚没有一个好的解决方法。根据地形图中等高线与河流水域面特殊空间关系特性,提出了基于高差分块的河流区域DEM格网点高程自动赋值方法。该方法采用河流水域面裁剪等高线,然后对分块多边形自动构面,自动提取分块区域高程,最后对分块区域DEM格网点高程自动赋值。实践表明该方法处理后的DEM数据比未经处理的DEM更符合河流水域面地表形态,精度更高,具有良好的实用性和可靠性。