西准噶尔乌什加嘎衣提金矿霏细斑岩脉及矿石等锆石U-Pb年龄、Hf同位素以及地球化学特征

什加嘎衣提金矿床是西准噶尔谢米斯台—沙尔布尔提成矿带迄今为止规模最大的金矿床,金资源量2 t,品位8×10-6。霏细斑岩脉的地质特征、成岩年代、地球化学特征对该地区的找矿工作具有重要意义。金矿体产于中酸性岩体与地层接触剪切带中,与霏细斑岩脉密切共生,主要发育硫化物石英脉型和蚀变岩型两种矿石类型,工业类型属石英脉—蚀变岩型金矿床。本文测得不含矿的霏细斑岩脉成岩年龄为429.1±1.6 Ma以及两期含矿的霏细斑岩脉的成岩成矿年龄为426.5±1.7 Ma和426.0±1.6 Ma,认为矿床形成时代为中—晚志留世。矿区的安山岩、二长岩、霏细斑岩脉、蚀变岩型金矿石和硫化物石英脉型金矿石具有相似的稀土元素配分和微量元素演化趋势,从前往后具有递进性演化的关系。矿区所有岩石均表现出富集轻稀土元素,亏损重稀土元素,轻重稀土元素分异明显,明显富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、Th,相对亏损高场强元素Ti、Nb,不具有Eu、Ce异常等特征,显示出俯冲带岛弧岩浆的特点。霏细斑岩脉εHf(t)同位素（+8.86~+15.41）与区域岩体（+5~15.4）高度重叠,对应的二阶段年龄为429~844 Ma,略大于锆石年龄,表明成矿的岩浆热液来源于亏损地幔新增的年龄地壳,源区在地壳中存留时间较短。霏细斑岩脉和二长岩在岩石成因和构造判别图解上与区域I型花岗岩落入相同的区域,成因类型为高钾钙碱准铝值Ⅰ型花岗岩。综合地质、年代学、地球化学特征,认为矿床成因类型属岩浆热液型金矿床,是晚志留世古亚洲洋向南俯冲背景下与侵入岩同源岩浆活动演化分异的产物,并预测区域上具有寻找与I型花岗岩相关的多种类型的Au—Cu矿床。     

湖南雪峰山地区铲子坪和大坪金矿成矿作用年代学研究

湘西铲子坪和大坪等大型金矿是雪峰山地区颇具代表性的金矿床。本次研究获得该两矿床含金石英脉RbSr等时线年龄分别为205.6±9.4Ma和204.8±6.3Ma,矿区外围黄茅园黑云母花岗岩体锆石SHRIMP UPb年龄为222.3±1.7Ma,测定结果表明成岩和成矿作用均发生于印支期,成矿作用可能与区域性逆冲推覆作用及相伴生的酸性岩浆侵位密切相关;矿床成因类型应为岩浆热液型,而不宜归为韧性剪切带型或构造蚀变岩型。     

内蒙古图古日格金矿床绢云母40Ar-39Ar定年及其地质意义

图古日格金矿床是位于兴蒙造山带西端的一个大型金矿床, 矿床的矿石主要有石英脉型和蚀变岩型两种, 矿床的成矿年龄尚存在争议。本文对矿床蚀变岩型矿石中热液成矿阶段的绢云母进行了40Ar-39Ar同位素定年研究, 获得坪年龄为(258.9±1.6) Ma(MSWD=0.69), 等时线年龄为(259.2±2.9) Ma(MSWD=5.4), 与前人获得的黄铁矿Re-Os等时线年龄((268±15) Ma)在误差范围内完全一致。结合矿区地质事实及前人研究结果, 认为该矿床的成矿年龄可以限定在268~259 Ma。图古日格金矿床与矿区内的似斑状花岗岩(265 Ma)具有紧密的成因关系, 属于与花岗质岩浆活动有关的石英脉型金矿床。兴蒙造山带乃至整个中亚造山带, 可能在二叠纪时期发育有一次与伸展背景下花岗质岩浆活动有关的金成矿事件, 找矿潜力巨大。     

初论广西大瑶山地区多期次花岗质岩浆活动与成矿系列

广西大瑶山地区位于钦杭成矿带西南端,以盛产石英脉型金矿闻名,近年来又新发现了一批与花岗岩类有关的斑岩型钨钼铜金矿床,显示良好的找矿前景。在总结矿床地质特征和相关岩浆岩的基础上,结合高精度成岩成矿年龄数据,将大瑶山地区花岗质岩浆岩划分为加里东期(430~470 Ma)、海西—印支期(240~270 Ma)、燕山早期(150~170 Ma)和燕山晚期(90~110 Ma)等4期,并将与花岗岩类有关的矿床划分为加里东期(430~440 Ma)斑岩-夕卡岩-石英脉型钨钼成矿系列、燕山早期(145~155 Ma)斑岩型铜钼(金)成矿系列和燕山晚期(90~110 Ma)斑岩型-蚀变破碎带型钼金银铜铅锌成矿系列等3个成矿系列。提出大瑶山地区加里东期岩浆活动的强度、范围和成矿作用可与燕山期的媲美,具有巨大的找矿潜力,是今后大瑶山地区寻找夕卡岩-斑岩型钨钼铜矿床的主攻方向之一。     

云南中甸普朗斑岩铜矿成因探讨

普朗斑岩铜矿位于义敦岛弧带南段,产于印支-燕山早期普朗复式斑(玢)岩中.主要岩性由石英闪长玢岩、石英二长斑岩和花岗闪长斑岩组成,岩石化学和地球化学特征显示为碱性岩石系列Ⅰ型花岗岩.成矿流体具高盐度和成矿温度150～300℃变化.硫同位素834CDT丌为-2.23‰～3.75‰,采源于深源岩浆.矿床的构造作用、液压致裂作用和蚀变脉体形成等成矿机理经历了一个复杂过程.成岩和成矿作用的时间大致为235～206 Ma,具多阶段性,其中石英-辉钼成矿阶段为(213±3.8)Ma,成岩和成矿时代主体为印支期.矿床蚀变由中心向外依次为硅化钾化带-绢英岩化带-青磐岩(角岩)化带的面型蚀变特征.成因类型属岛孤斑岩型铜矿床.     

青海赛坝沟金矿地质特征及成矿时代

青海赛坝沟金矿是近年在柴达木盆地北缘地区发现的一个较为典型的金矿床。文章对该金矿床形成的地质背景、矿床基本地质特征和成矿时代进行了研究 ,并对矿床成因进行了较为深入的探讨。研究结果表明 ,矿床主要赋矿围岩为花岗闪长岩_英云闪长岩 ,形成时代为新元古代 ,代表着柴北缘造山带的基底 ;矿床严格受NW向韧_脆性剪切带控制 ,与金矿化有关的蚀变主要为硅化、黄铁绢英岩化和黄铁矿化 ;绢云母Ar_Ar法测得蚀变糜棱岩型金矿石的年龄为 (4 2 6± 2 )Ma,另见有含金石英脉切穿印支期花岗岩脉 [全岩K_Ar年龄为 (2 10± 3)Ma],矿化可分为两期。该矿床应为加里东期和晚华力西_印支期复合造山作用形成的造山型石英脉亚型金矿床     

平顶山金矿床的稀土元素地球化学特征

平顶山金矿床的矿石、石英脉、蚀变花岗岩、细晶闪长岩及蚀变闪长玢岩等的稀土元素地球化学特征是：蚀变花岗岩、矿石、石英脉三者的稀土配分曲线基本相似,轻稀土富集型而重稀土则相对较贫。而蚀变闪长玢岩脉及细晶岩脉的稀土总量较前三者高出许多,具较明显的铕负异常。这些特征指示了成矿热液可能来源于花岗岩侵入后的岩浆期后热液。     

粤西大金山钨锡多金属矿床地质特征及成岩成矿年代学研究

粤西大金山钨锡多金属矿是一个近年新发现的与花岗岩有关的石英脉型钨锡多金属矿,目前估算的资源量已达中型,并具有大型矿床的找矿潜力。矿体形态简单,主要以石英脉的形式产出,由石英脉、云英岩脉和多金属硫化物石英脉等组成。钨锡多金属矿化的主要类型为细脉状和网脉状,围岩蚀变主要有硅化、云英岩化和绿泥石化等。本文在详细介绍矿床地质特征的基础上,对矿床进行了成岩成矿年代学研究。采用LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年技术,得到了花岗岩的成岩年龄:中细粒黑云母花岗岩形成于82.89±0.35Ma~85.6±0.52Ma,似斑状黑云母花岗岩形成于75.01±0.16Ma~84.17±0.34Ma。通过对与中细粒黑云母花岗岩有关的5件石英脉型辉钼矿进行Re-Os同位素分析,获得其模式年龄为80.07±1.19Ma~84.93±1.42Ma。以上年代学测试结果说明大金山钨锡多金属矿成岩成矿时代为晚白垩世,成岩成矿作用基本同时。本文认为大金山钨锡多金属矿成岩成矿作用发生在华南晚中生代岩石圈拉张-伸展的构造背景下,是华南晚中生代大规模成岩成矿作用的产物。     

山西支家地银多金属矿区火山–次火山岩锆石U-Pb年代学研究及其地质意义

本文在对山西支家地银多金属矿床地质特征研究的基础上,对矿区出露的火山-次火山岩(流纹斑岩、石英斑岩、花岗岩)中的锆石做了系统的LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄测定:石英斑岩成岩年龄为135.4±0.8 Ma,流纹斑岩成岩年龄为136.2±0.6 Ma,花岗岩成岩年龄为136.2±0.7 Ma,其时代均为早白垩世,表明该区出露的火山–次火山岩属于同一期岩浆活动的产物。石英斑岩与成矿关系密切,其成岩年龄135 Ma可以近似作为支家地矿床的成矿年龄。流纹岩和石英斑岩在化学成分上表现为富硅(SiO_2=72.43%~78.48%)、高钾(K_2O/Na_2O值平均为25.17)、强过铝质(A/CNK=1.24~1.95),二者稀土元素和微量元素特征非常类似,微量元素明显富Rb、Th、K、La、Nd、Zr等、相对亏损大离子亲石元素Ba、Sr、Eu等元素,Ti含量较低,属轻稀土元素富集型的钾玄岩系列过铝质花岗岩类,花岗岩仅在P和K元素化学成分上与前2者相差比较大(石英斑岩和流纹岩富K,亏损P,而花岗岩反之)。矿区三类岩石地球化学特征显示其具后碰撞花岗岩的特征,推测其可能形成于后碰撞伸展环境。本次所获锆石U-Pb年龄,不仅丰富了研究区火山-次火山岩类的同位素年龄资料,也为建立中生代构造–岩浆–成矿事件提供了重要信息。     

内蒙古查干敖包钼矿Re-Os同位素年龄及成矿作用研究

内蒙古查干敖包钼矿是宝音图钼矿区矿床之一,为狼山北段发现的斑岩白云母石英脉型钼矿,成矿岩体主要为钾长花岗岩、细晶花岗岩和花岗斑岩,岩体锆石U-Pb平均年龄为(253.5±3.3)Ma。本次研究测得查干敖包辉钼矿的187Re-187Os等时线年龄为(239.2±5.8)Ma,与成矿岩体时代相差约13 Ma,反映钼矿床的形成经历了较长的成岩成矿演化历史。查干敖包钼矿床具有斑岩矿床特点,矿床产于成矿岩体内接触带,但是矿化形成于白云母石英脉中,主要与白云母热液矿物有关,因此是一种特殊的斑岩型钼矿床。     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Roles of xenomelts,xenoliths, xenocrysts,xenovolatiles, residues,and skarns in the genesis,transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite

Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.     

Comparative study of As,Cd, Cu,Cr, Mg,Mn, Ni,Pb and Zn concentrations between sediment and water from estuary and port

The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn have been determined in sediment and water samples from Valle de las Garzas estuary and Port Manzanillo (Colima, Mexico) using ICP-AES. The concentrations of these elements were used for a comparative study to determine the distribution of heavy metals and to evaluate which elements reflect natural or anthropogenic backgrounds. For this purpose, seven sampling points were selected: Four of them correspond to the lagoon, and three were situated in the port. Statistical analysis of the mineral content was assessed. Initially, data comparison was assessed by statistical tests for each variable. Principal component analysis was then applied considering the influence of all variables at the same time by obtaining the distribution of samples according to their scores in the principal component space. In this way, four studies were carried out: (1) study of sediments collected during the dry season; (2) study of sediments collected during the rainy season; (3) comparative study between sediments from rainy and dry season; and (4) study of water composition collected during rainy season. From the results of the performed analyses, it can be concluded that metals distribution pattern reflected natural and anthropogenic backgrounds (e.g., sediments from the lagoon, situated at the beginning of the rain channel, presented high contents of Zn and Cu, perhaps related to anthropogenic activities or the influence of igneous sediments).     

Parents,permission, and possibility: Young women,college, and imagined futures in Gujarat,India

This article advances critical geographies of youth through examining the spatiality implicit in the imagined futures of young women in rural India. Geographers and other scholars of youth have begun to pay more attention to the interplay between young people’s past, present, and imagined futures. Within this emerging body of scholarship the role of the family and peer group in influencing young people’s orientations toward the future remain underexamined. Drawing on eleven months of ethnographic fieldwork, my research focuses on a first generation of college-going young women from socioeconomically marginalized backgrounds in India’s westernmost state of Gujarat. I draw on the “possible selves” theoretical construct in order to deploy a flexible conceptual framework that links imagined post-educational trajectories with motivation to act in the present. In tracing the physical movement of these young women as they navigate and complete college, my analysis highlights the ways in which particular kinds of spaces and spatial arrangements facilitate and limit intra- and inter-generational contact, and the extent to which this affects young women’s conceptions of the future. I conclude by considering the wider implications of my research for ongoing debates surrounding youth transitions, relational geographies of age, and education in the Global South.     

Partition coefficients of Hf,Zr, and REE between zircon,apatite, and liquid

Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite.     

Coprecipitation of Ti,Mo, Sn and Sb with fluorides and application to determination of B,Ti, Zr,Nb, Mo,Sn, Sb,Hf and Ta by ICP-MS

We examined the coprecipitation behavior of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides under two different fluoride forming conditions: at < 70 °C in an ultrasonic bath (denoted as the ultrasonic method) and at 245 °C using a Teflon bomb (denoted as the bomb method). In the ultrasonic method, small amounts of Ti, Mo and Sn coprecipitation were observed with 100% Ca and 100% Mg fluorides. No coprecipitation of Ti, Mo, Sn and Sb in Ca–Al–Mg fluorides occurred when the sample was decomposed by the bomb method except for 100% Ca fluoride. Based on our coprecipitation observations, we have developed a simultaneous determination method for B, Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Hf and Ta by Q-pole type ICP-MS (ICP-QMS) and sector field type ICP-MS (ICP-SFMS). 9–50 mg of samples with Zr–Mo–Sn–Sb–Hf spikes were decomposed by HF using the bomb method and the ultrasonic method with B spike. The sample was then evaporated and re-dissolved into 0.5 mol l^− 1 HF, followed by the removal of fluorides by centrifuging. B, Zr, Mo, Sn, Sb and Hf were measured by ID method. Nb and Ta were measured by the ID-internal standardization method, based on Nb/Mo and Ta/Mo ratios using ICP-QMS, for which pseudo-FI was developed and applied. When 100% recovery yields of Zr and Hf are expected, Nb/Zr and Ta/Hf ratios may also be used. Ti was determined by the ID-internal standardization method, based on the Ti/Nb ratio from ICP-SFMS. Only 0.053 ml sample solution was required for measurement of all 9 elements. Dilution factors of ≤ 340 were aspirated without matrix effects. To demonstrate the applicability of our method, 4 carbonaceous chondrites (Ivuna, Orgueil, Cold Bokkeveld and Allende) as well as GSJ and USGS silicate reference materials of basalts, andesites and peridotites were analyzed. Our analytical results are consistent with previous studies, and the mean reproducibility of each element is 1.0–4.6% for basalts and andesites, and 6.7–11% for peridotites except for TiO₂.     

Models,validation, and applied geochemistry: Issues in science,communication, and philosophy

Models have become so fashionable that many scientists and engineers cannot imagine working without them. The predominant use of computer codes to execute model calculations has blurred the distinction between code and model. The recent controversy regarding model validation has brought into question what we mean by a ‘model’ and by ‘validation.’ It has become apparent that the usual meaning of validation may be common in engineering practice and seems useful in legal practice but it is contrary to scientific practice and brings into question our understanding of science and how it can best be applied to such problems as hazardous waste characterization, remediation, and aqueous geochemistry in general. This review summarizes arguments against using the phrase model validation and examines efforts to validate models for high-level radioactive waste management and for permitting and monitoring open-pit mines. Part of the controversy comes from a misunderstanding of ‘prediction’ and the need to distinguish logical from temporal prediction. Another problem stems from the difference in the engineering approach contrasted with the scientific approach. The reductionist influence on the way we approach environmental investigations also limits our ability to model the interconnected nature of reality. Guidelines are proposed to improve our perceptions and proper utilization of models. Use of the word ‘validation’ is strongly discouraged when discussing model reliability.     

Entropy,materials, and posterity

Materials and energy are the interdependent feedstocks of economic systems, and thermodynamics is their moderator. It costs energy to transform the dispersed minerals of Earth's crust into ordered materials and structures. And it costs materials to collect and focus the energy to perform work — be it from solar, fossil fuel, nuclear, or other sources. The greater the dispersal of minerals sought, the more energy is required to collect them into ordered states.But available energy can be used once only. And the ordered materials of industrial economies become disordered with time. They may be partially reordered and recycled, but only at further costs in energy. Available energy everywhere degrades to bound states and order to disorder — for though entropy may be juggled it always increases. Yet industry is utterly dependent on low entropy states of matter and energy, while decreasing grades of ore require ever higher inputs of energy to convert them to metals, with ever increasing growth both of entropy and environmental hazard.Except as we may prize a thing for its intrinsic qualities — beauty, leisure, love, or gold — low-entropy is the only thing of real value. It is worth whatever the market will bear, and it becomes more valuable as entropy increases. It would be foolish of suppliers to sell it more cheaply or in larger amounts than their own enjoyment of life requires, whatever form it may take. For this reason, and because of physical constraints on the availability of all low-entropy states, the recent energy crises is only the first of a sequence of crises to be expected in energy and materials as long as current trends continue.The apportioning of low-entropy states in a modern industrial society is achieved more or less according to the theory of competitive markets. But the rational powers of this theory suffer as the world grows increasingly polarized into rich, over-industrialized nations with diminishing resource bases and poor, supplier nations with little industry. The theory also discounts posterity, the more so as population density and percapita rates of consumption continue to grow. A new social, economic, and ecologic norm that leads to population control, conservation, and an apportionment of low-entropy states across the generations is needed to assure to posterity the options that properly belong to it as an important but voiceless constituency of the collectivity we call mankind.

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Zusammenfassung Rohstoffe und Energie sind die Grundlagen unseres ökonomischen Systems, das von den Gesetzen der Thermodynamik bestimmt wird. Es kostet Energie, um die auf der Erde verteilten Rohstoffe diesem System zuzuführen. Andererseits braucht man Rohstoffe, um die Energie nutzbar zu machen.Die verfügbare Energie kann nur einmal genutzt werden und das Material verbraucht sich. Verbrauchtes Material kann teilweise zur weiteren Nutzung zurückgeführt werden, das kostet wiederum Energie. Die verfügbare Energie nimmt überall ab, und einmal geschaffene Ordnung gerät wieder in Unordnung — das heißt, die Entropie des Systems nimmt ständig zu. Die Industrie ist jedoch abhängig von einem niedrigen Entropiezustand sowohl der Materie als auch der Energie.Je ärmer die Erze sind, um so höher wird die Energie sein, um sie in Metalle umzuwandeln, wobei die Entropie und die Belastung der Umwelt ständig zunimmt.Außer den Dingen, die wir wegen höherer ideeller Werte schätzen, ist eine niedrige Entropie der einzige realistische Wertmaßstab, und der wirkliche Wertzuwachs ist nur an einer höheren Entropie zu messen. Es ist unverantwortlich, Dinge, die eine höhere Entropie bedingen, billiger zu verkaufen oder in größerer Menge zu erzeugen, als unbedingt notwendig ist. Da wir dies heute in unserem Handeln nicht berücksichtigen, ist die derzeitige Energiekrise nur der Anfang einer Folge von Krisen, die Energie und Rohstoffe betreffen, solange wir nicht umdenken.Die Verteilung von niedriger Entropie in einer modernen Industriegesellschaft wird mehr oder weniger nach dem Prinzip der konkurrierenden Märkte erreicht. Das selbstregulierende System gerät jedoch mit zunehmender Polarisierung in reiche Industrienationen mit abnehmenden Ressourcen und armen Nationen mit geringer Industrialisierung in Unordnung. Dieses Prinzip berücksichtigt auch nicht die Nachwelt, vor allem wenn die Bevölkerungsdichte stetig zunimmt und die Konsumbedürfnisse anwachsen. Es sind neue soziale, ökonomische und ökologische Normen notwendig, die zur Populationskontrolle, zur Erhaltung der Umwelt und zu einem Zustand niedriger Entropie für zukünftige Generationen führen. Die nach uns kommenden Menschen haben ein Anrecht darauf.

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Résumé Matériaux et énergie sont les sources des systèmes économiques et sont régis par les lois de la thermodynamique. Il faut de l'énergie pour transformer les ressources minérales dispersées dans la croûte terrestre en matériaux et structures ordonnancées. Et il faut des matériaux pour receuillir et concentrer l'énergie, qu'elle soit solaire ou atomique, ou provienne de combustibles fossiles ou d'autres sources. Plus les minéraux recherchés sont dispersés et plus est côuteuse l'énergie pour leur donner une ordonnance.Or l'énergie disponsible ne peut être utilisée qu'une seule fois. Et les matériaux ordonnancés des économies industrielles se dégradent avec le temps. Ils peuvent être remis partiellement en état et recyclés, mais pour cela il faut de nouveau de l'énergie. Partout l'énergie disponible se dégrade et l'ordre devient désordre; -malgré toutes les jongleries possibles l'entropie augmente toujours.L'industrie dépend clairement d'états de basse entropie tant en ce qui concerne les matériaux que l'énergie, tandis que plus pauvres sont les minerais, plus; élevée est l'énergie à mettre en jeu pour en extraire les métaux, avec toujours augmentation à la fois de l'entropie et de la degradation des milieux.A l'exception de ce que nous apprécions pour leur valeur intrinsèque — la beauté, le loisir, l'amour ou l'or — la basse entropie est la seule chose de réelle valeur. Son prix est réglé par le marché, et sa valeur augmente au fur et à mesure que l'entropie s'accroît. Ceux qui en disposent seraient insensés de la vendre à bas prix ou en quantité supérieure à ce qu'exige leur propre niveau de vie. Pour cette raison, et à cause des contraintes physiques liées à la disponibilité en états de basse entropie, la récente crise d'énergie n'est, en ce qui concerne les matières premières et l'énergie, que la première d'une série de crises auxquelles il faut s'attendre aussi longtemps que se poursoit la marche actuelle des étènements.Dans les sociétés industrielles modernes, les approvisionnement en basse entropie s'effectuent plus ou moins conformément à la théorie de la concurrence des marchés. Cependant la rationalité de cette théorie se ressent de l'accentuation croissante de la polarisation, à l'échelle du monde, en nations riches, surindustrialisées, à ressources de base décroissantes, et en nations pauvres, sous-industrialisées, mais fournisseurs de resources-naturelles. De plus cette théorie ne tient pas compte de notre postérité, et ce, en face d'une densité de population et d'un taux de la consommation par tête d'habitant en augmentation continue.Nous avons donc besoin de nouvelles normes sociales, économiques et écologiques qui conduisent au contrôle de la population, à la conservation et à la répartition des états de basse entropie à travers les générations pour assurer à notre postérité les options qui leur riviennent de droit comme une constituante importante, mais encore muette, de la collectivité que nous appelons l'Humanité.

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Dedicated with appreciation to Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, distinguished economist, realist among cornucopians     

Pebbles,Shapes, and Equilibria

The shape of sedimentary particles may carry important information on their history. Current approaches to shape classification (e.g. the Zingg or the Sneed and Folk system) rely on shape indices derived from the measurement of the three principal axes of the approximating tri-axial ellipsoid. While these systems have undoubtedly proved to be useful tools, their application inevitably requires tedious and ambiguous measurements, also classification involves the introduction of arbitrarily chosen constants. Here we propose an alternative classification system based on the (integer) number of static equilibria. The latter are points of the surface where the pebble is at rest on a horizontal, frictionless support. As opposed to the Zingg system, our method relies on counting rather than measuring. We show that equilibria typically exist on two well-separated (micro and macro) scales. Equilibria can be readily counted by simple hand experiments, i.e. the new classification scheme is practically applicable. Based on statistical results from two different locations we demonstrate that pebbles are well mixed with respect to the new classes, i.e. the new classification is reliable and stable in that sense. We also show that the Zingg statistics can be extracted from the new statistics; however, substantial additional information is also available. From the practical point of view, E-classification is substantially faster than the Zingg method.