不同发育期锯缘青蟹(Scylla serrata)幼体摄食的变化

每天从锯缘青蟹育苗池采集幼体,在实验室内依平衡法测定从孵化至大眼幼体各天青蟹幼体的摄食率,并同时测定青蟹幼体每天的干重和比能值,比较研究了饵料密度对青蟹不同发育阶段幼体摄食的影响,以及幼体蜕皮周期内摄食的变化。结果表明,轮虫是青蟹蚤状幼体(Z)Ⅰ期(Z1)和Ⅱ期(Z2)适宜的饵料,卤虫无节幼虫是青蟹幼体生长发育主要的能量来源,占整个幼体发育期摄入能量的96·48%。以干重和能量表示的青蟹幼体摄食率(CDW和CJ)随幼体蜕皮发育呈指数增长[CDW=13·463e0·8283(d 1)(r2=0·927),p<0·01;CJ=0·4018e0·7516(d 1)(r2=0·956),p<0·01];青蟹大眼幼体摄食强度显著上升,摄入能量高达整个幼体发育期摄入能量的77·25%。Z1、Z2期为被动摄食,青蟹幼体主动摄食的能力随幼体发育而逐渐提高,大眼幼体为主动摄食。锯缘青蟹各期幼体蜕皮周期内摄食率的变化是:Z1→Z4期蜕皮后上升,蜕皮前稍微下降;Z5期蜕皮后和蜕皮前较高,蜕皮间较低。Z5期日粮水平最低;青蟹大眼幼体期有2个摄食峰值,变化不规则。     

沟竹蛏的繁殖季节与生长

根据性腺形态特征、组织切片观察和肥满度指数变化 ,报道沟竹蛏繁殖期为每年的6～8月份 ,分批放散精、卵 ,其两次生殖高峰分别出现于6月上、中旬和8月上、中旬。繁殖季节、肥满度指数与温度密切相关 ,其繁殖期适宜温度为25～29℃。沟竹蛏的壳长与壳高的关系呈直线正相关 ,L=4.304H -2.084 ,(r=0.9138) ;壳长与干肉重呈幂函数关系 ,W1(非繁殖季节 )=4.750×10-7×L3.53,(r=0.9196) ,W2(繁殖季节 )=3.942×10-7×L3.301,(r=0.9105)。     

室内锈斑蟳幼体发育的形态观察

为研究锈斑蟳幼体Charybdis feriatus发育,在实验室内孵化和培育锈斑蛹的幼体,并对锈斑蟳各期幼体进行观察.研究结果显示,锈斑蟳幼体发育共分两个阶段,分别为溞状幼体阶段和大眼幼体阶段.锈斑蟳整个幼体发育过程中共蜕皮7次,其中溞状幼体阶段蜕皮6次,大眼幼体阶段蜕皮1次.第1颚足和第2颚足外肢末端羽状刚毛数是进行溞状幼体分期的主要特征.第Ⅰ至Ⅵ期第1颚足外肢末端羽状刚毛数分别为4、6、8、9-10、13-14和15-16根;第2颚足外肢末端具羽状刚毛数分别为4、6、8、10-11、14-15和17-18根.在温度为28.5-29.5℃、盐度为30‰的培养条件下,锈斑蟳幼体发育时间(Z1、Z2、Z3、Z4、Z5和Z6分别表示溞状幼体的第Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ和Ⅵ期):Z1、Z2各为2-3d;Z3、Z4、Z5各为3d;Z6为3-4d;大眼幼体为4-5d.幼体从破膜孵出到变态为Ⅰ期幼蟹共需要20-23d.     

亚甲基蓝对南美白对虾(Pemaeus vannamei Boon)幼体的毒性研究

研究了亚甲基蓝对南美白对虾蚤状幼体、糠虾幼体及仔虾的急性毒性。结果表明,不同发育期的幼体,仔虾对此种消毒剂的耐受力不同。亚甲基蓝对南美白对虾蚤状幼体(Z)的24hLC50、48hLC50和安全浓度分别为:2.88×10-6,0.89×10-6,0.025×10-6;对糠虾幼体(M)的24hLC50、48hLC50和安全浓度分别为:3.39×10-6,1.04×10-6,0.029×10-6;对仔虾(P)的24hLC50、48hLC50和安全浓度分别为:6.76×10-6,2.24×10-6,0.073×10-6。     

黄海太平洋磷虾的幼体分布及发育途径

通过镜检分析网采样品和现场培养实验相结合的方法, 研究了2006年4月份黄海太平洋磷虾的幼体分布、早期幼体发育和幼体发育途径。结果表明, 4月份是南黄海太平洋磷虾繁殖发育的高峰期, 幼体在种群组成结构中占绝对优势, 占种群总数量的90.85%, 其中原状幼体和状幼体占种群比例分别是51.9%和26.9%。相关性分析结果表明, 太平洋磷虾不同幼体发育期丰度存在显著的正相关关系; 卵丰度分布跟叶绿素a浓度有显著的正相关关系; 原状幼体和状幼体丰度分布跟叶绿素a浓度、海水温度等环境因子没有显著相关关系。在南黄海, 太平洋磷虾的幼体发育主要遵循以下途径: 卵→无节幼体→后期无节幼体→原状幼体→状幼体F1(0′7, 1′7)→状幼体F2(1′4″7, 3′1″7)→状幼体F3(5″7)→状幼体F4(5″5)→状幼体F5(5″3)→状幼体F6(5″1)。太平洋磷虾在15℃下的幼体发育速度明显快于4℃。15℃下幼体发育到C1期只需5.6天, 而4℃下则需要16.1天。     

高温刺激对刺参浮游期幼体存活率及Hsp70表达量的影响

设计不同温度(21.5,26,28和30℃),对刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)囊胚期、原肠期和耳状幼体期幼体进行热激处理,热激45 min后,将幼体在21.5℃条件下继续培养至耳状幼体后期,计算刺参幼体的存活率,并用蛋白杂交方法测定幼体Hsp70的表达量。结果表明,高温刺激对幼体的存活有显著性影响,各时期幼体的存活率均随热激温度的升高而降低,原肠期的存活率要高于囊胚期和耳状幼体时期。原肠期幼体Hsp70表达量要比囊胚期和耳状幼体时期高,这表明在发育过程中Hsp70表达量与幼体存活率具有相关性。     

温度对脊尾白虾胚胎及幼体发育的影响研究

为进一步阐明脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)的繁殖生物学习性, 作者分别以脊尾白虾受精卵和初孵幼体为实验对象, 研究了温度对脊尾白虾胚胎发育及幼体发育的影响。结果表明, 温度对孵化时间及胚胎孵化率影响显著(P<0.05): 在实验温度范围内(19～31℃), 胚胎发育进程随温度升高而加快, 19℃和31℃条件下胚胎孵化时间分别为(536.50±18.33) h 和(218.68±5.51) h; 胚胎孵化率在25℃下最高为64.11%±12.54%, 较高(28～31℃)和较低(19～22℃)温度下的胚胎孵化率显著降低。温度对脊尾白虾幼体发育影响显著(P<0.05): 在16～32℃范围内, 体长增长率随温度的升高而增加, 但幼体发育持续时间随温度的升高而减少, 16℃和32℃条件下幼体变态为仔虾所需时间分别为孵化后(27.60±0.22)d和(7.75±0.07)d, 较低温度范围内(16～28℃)P₁变态存活率随温度升高而升高, 28℃的P₁变态存活率最高达91.67%±7.64%。但当温度继续升高时, 幼体的变态存活率急剧降低, 36℃时幼体不能变态为仔虾。根据曲线拟合方程推算的最适胚胎发育和幼体发育温度分别为25.33℃和27.60℃。本实验结果可以为脊尾白虾人工育苗的管理提供参考和依据。     

海蜇苗种培育技术的研究

论述了海蜇(RhopilemaesculentaKishinouye)苗种培育技术的操作要求 ,海蜇的繁殖经过有性繁殖和无性繁殖两个阶段 ,海蜇苗种培育时间长达9～11个月 ,着重强调了螅状幼体的越冬保存、大规格苗种培育的技术要求 ,阐述了碟状幼体变态发育到幼蜇的特征。在3年研究过程中 ,共成功越冬保存螅状幼体3×106 万个 ,培育伞径10mm幼体3300万尾 ,20mm幼体1000万尾 ,30～50mm大规格海蜇幼体200万尾。     

远海梭子蟹幼体发育的研究

本文对人工培养的远海梭子蟹各期幼体进行观察，结果发现，远海梭子蟹整个幼体发育过程共蜕皮6次，即Sou状幼体阶段脱皮5次；大眼幼体阶段蜕皮1次。在27．4－28．2℃的培养条件下，远海梭子蟹从破膜孵出到变态为第一期幼蟹，需经14－15d。     

细角滨对虾的幼体发育及形态特征

以细角滨对虾Litopenaeus stylirostris为实验对象,按时间顺序观察了胚胎各期的形态特征。通过解剖从无节幼体到仔虾第1天各期幼体的附肢,对其发育形态及其刚毛着生方式进行了描述和统计。比较研究了细角滨对虾和凡纳滨对虾L.vannamei无节幼体期形态差异以及色素的变化、溞状幼体期眼上棘形态的差异以及大颚齿数目。结果表明,无节幼体期细角滨对虾的色素明显多于凡纳滨对虾;两者溞状幼体期眼上棘的形态存在明显差异;两者在无节幼体至仔虾第1天各期大颚活动齿的数目变化一致。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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