太阳耀斑色球蒸发现象的研究进展

色球蒸发是耀斑能量释放后所导致的一种动力学现象,耀斑发生时,太阳大气被加热,形成的高压驱动等离子体物质向上运动,在观测上表现为高温谱线的多普勒蓝移,有时出现硬X射线足点源逐渐向环顶源的并合过程.数值模拟在理论上验证了色球蒸发理论.色球蒸发的加热机制主要包括热传导和非热粒子束加热.回顾了色球蒸发的研究进展,介绍了不同时期空间仪器对色球蒸发的观测结果,以及数值模拟方面的研究进展,并概括了目前存在的一些主要问题,最后给出简     

1995年10月24日昆明日食观测选题

本文介绍了１９９５年１０月２４日亚洲将要发生的日全食概况，提出了届时昆明日食的观测选题，文中对时频、射电和色球观测选题的意义和可能的观测结果作了预测性的讨论。     

1983年6月11日日全食光学观测

由北京天文台、紫金山天文台和南京天文仪器厂组成的中国日全食观测队天文组在1983年6月11日的日全食中成功地进行了下述几种项目的光学观测:(1)色球和日冕的光谱观测——拍摄波区为3600埃到6600埃,平均色散度约6.4埃/毫米,高度分辨率约110公里。(2)宽带日冕的光度及偏振观测。(3)日食全过程的彩色摄影。 本文对仪器结构、观测方法和获得的资料作了简要介绍。     

色球和日冕的MHD加热机制

扼要地介绍了色球和日冕加热问题的研究历史。随着空间太阳观测技术的进步，人们认识到色球和日冕加热机制主要与MHD过程有关。因此，在本文中着重介绍四种MHD色球和日冕加热机制：（1）阿尔芬波；（2）MHD湍动；（3）场向电流；（4）磁重联。由于这四种加热机制的有效性都需要通过高分辨率观测来判定，所以空间太阳观测对于研究色球和日冕加热问题具有重大意义。     

2004年6月8日金星凌日Hα色球观测

介绍了2004年6月8日云南天文台全日面Hα色球望远镜观测金星凌日的情况，以及对太阳色球活动的监测，并直接给出不同时刻金星在太阳球面的投影和金星的实时图像资料。金星凌日时，Hα色球活动区均未发生耀斑爆发及其它伴随现象。整个凌日过程金星没有掩盖活动区。     

1995年10月24日昆明日食观测选题

本文介绍了１９９５年１０月２４日亚洲将要发生的日全食概况。提出了届时昆明日食的观测选题。文中对时频、射电和色球观测选题的意义和可能的观测结果作了预测性的讨论。     

AR5395:乌鲁木齐天文站色球观测概要

本文列表给出了乌鲁木齐天文站1989年3月对活动区AR5395观测到的1级以上色球耀斑及5M级以上X射线耀斑相对应的色球耀斑数据,并选登了3月9日—18日活动区AR5395的演化及3月10日冲浪后色球耀斑相对应的色球照片。本文还对活动区AR5395及3月10日、13日两次耀斑活动形态作了初步分析。本工作得到了中国科     

26厘米高分辨真空太阳光球色球望远镜

２６厘米高分辨真空太阳光球色球望远镜华家骏２６厘米高分辨真空太阳光球色球望远镜，又称太阳精细结构望远镜，由南京天文仪器研制中心和云南天文台联合研制（紫金山天文台参加协作）。１９８５年底，第一台在云南天文台安装，并交付试观测；中国科学院组织厂科学技术成...     

色球和白冕的MHD加热机制

扼要地介绍了色球和日冕加热问题的研究历史。随着空间太阳观测技术的进步，人们认识到色球和日冕加热机制主要与ＭＨＤ过程有关。因此，在本文中着重介绍四种ＭＨＤ色球和日冕加热机制：（１）阿尔芬波；（２）ＭＨＤ波动；（３）场向电流；（４）磁重联。由于这四种加热机制的有效性都需要通过高分辨率观测来判定，所以空间太阳     

太阳宁静区磁元的空间结构

利用怀柔太阳磁场望远镜,我们对太阳宁静区光球和色球磁场进行了观测。日面中心到边缘的观测表明,太阳宁静区中的小尺度磁结构在从光球到色球的扩展过程中变化不大。日面边缘的观测表明,小尺度磁结构的水平分量在光球和色球都不大。对极区和赤道边缘纵向磁场的比较发现,极区磁场与赤道边缘磁场有着不同的磁结构特性     

Studying Solar Eruptions from Reconstructed Coronal Magnetic Field

The Sun is the celestial body in the sky with the closest relationship with the Earth. The violent eruptive activities happening on the Sun can greatly impact the human living environment and lead to disastrous consequences. It is well accepted that solar eruptions including the solar flare, prominence eruption and coronal mass ejection are the different manifestations of a single physical process powered by the magnetic free energy gradually stored in the corona prior to eruptions. Therefore, mapping the three-dimensional structure of coronal magnetic field is a prerequisite to understand the initiation mechanism of solar eruptions. Due to the technological and methodological difficulties, routine observations of the coronal magnetic field are still unavailable. Therefore, a number of methods have been developed to reconstruct the coronal magnetic field. This paper mainly reviews the applications of various reconstruction methods to the studies of the solar eruptions in the recent ten years.     

Solar Radius Determination from Total Solar Eclipse Observations on 29 March 2006

Solar diameter measurements have been made nearly continuously through different techniques for more than three centuries. They were obtained mainly with ground-based instruments except for some recent estimates deduced from space observations. One of the main problems in such space data analysis is that, up to now, it has been difficult to obtain an absolute value owing to the absence of an internally calibrated system. Eclipse observations provide a unique opportunity to give an absolute angular scale to the measurements, leading to an absolute value of the solar diameter. However, the problem is complicated by the Moon limb, which presents asphericity because of the mountains. We present a determination of the solar diameter derived from the total solar eclipse observation in Turkey and Egypt on 29 March 2006. We found that the solar radius carried back to 1 AU was 959.22±0.04 arcsec at the time of the observations. The inspection of the compiled 19 modern eclipses data, with solar activity, shows that the radius changes are nonhomologous, an effect that may explain the discrepancies found in ground-based measurements and implies the role of the shallow subsurface layers (leptocline) of the Sun.     

Editorial: solar radiophysics—recent results on observations and theories

Solar radiophysics is a rapidly developing branch of solar physics and plasma astrophysics. Solar radiophysics has the goal of analyzing observations of radio emissions from the Sun and understanding basic physical processes operating in quiet and active regions of the solar corona. In the near future, the commissioning of a new generation of solar radio observational facilities, which include the Chinese Spectral Radio Heliograph（CSRH） and the upgrade of the Siberian Solar Radio Telescope（SSRT）, and the beginning of solar observations with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array（ALMA）, is expected to bring us new breakthrough results of a transformative nature. The Marie-Curie International Research Staff Exchange（MC IRSES） “RadioSun” international network aims to create a solid foundation for the successful exploitation of upcoming solar radio observational facilities, as well as intensive use of the existing observational tools, advanced theoretical modeling of relevant physical processes and observables, and training a new generation of solar radio physicists. The RadioSun network links research teams from China,Czech Republic, Poland, Russia and the UK. This mini-volume presents research papers based on invited reviews and contributed talks at the 1st RadioSun workshop in China. These papers cover a broad range of research topics and include recent observational and theoretical advances in solar radiophysics, MHD seismology of the solar corona, physics of solar flares, generation of radio emission, numerical modeling of MHD and plasma physics processes, charged-particle acceleration and novel instrumentation.     

Solar coronal heating by magnetosonic waves

Solar coronal heating by magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves is investigated. ultraviolet (UV) and X-ray emission lines of the corona show non-thermal broadenings. The wave rms velocities inferred from these observations are of the order of 25–60 km s⁻¹ . Assuming that these values are not negligible, we solved MHD equations in a quasi-linear approximation, by retaining the lowest order non-linear term in rms velocity. Plasma density distribution in the solar corona is assumed to be inhomogeneous. This plasma is also assumed to be permeated by dipole-like magnetic loops. Wave propagation is considered along the magnetic field lines. As dissipative processes, only the viscosity and parallel (to the local magnetic field lines) heat conduction are assumed to be important. Two wave modes emerged from the solution of the dispersion relation. The fast mode magneto-acoustic wave, if originated from the coronal base can propagate upwards into the corona and dissipate its mechanical energy as heat. The damping length-scale of the fast mode is of the order of 500 km. The wave energy flux associated with these waves turned out to be of the order of 2.5×10⁵ ergs cm⁻² s⁻¹ which is high enough to replace the energy lost by thermal conduction to the transition region and by optically thin coronal emission. The fast magneto-acoustic waves prove to be a likely candidate to heat the solar corona. The slow mode is absent, in other words cannot propagate in the solar corona.     

Solar radiative output and its variability: evidence and mechanisms

Electromagnetic radiation from the Sun is Earths primary energy source. Space-based radiometric measurements in the past two decades have begun to establish the nature, magnitude and origins of its variability. An 11-year cycle with peak-to-peak amplitude of order 0.1 % is now well established in recent total solar irradiance observations, as are larger variations of order 0.2 % associated with the Suns 27-day rotation period. The ultraviolet, visible and infrared spectral regions all participate in these variations, with larger changes at shorter wavelengths. Linkages of solar radiative output variations with solar magnetism are clearly identified. Active regions alter the local radiance, and their wavelength-dependent contrasts relative to the quiet Sun control the relative spectrum of irradiance variability. Solar radiative output also responds to sub-surface convection and to eruptive events on the Sun. On the shortest time scales, total irradiance exhibits five minute fluctuations of amplitude %, and can increase to as much as 0.015 % during the very largest solar flares. Unknown is whether multi-decadal changes in solar activity produce longer-term irradiance variations larger than observed thus far in the contemporary epoch. Empirical associations with solar activity proxies suggest reduced total solar irradiance during the anomalously low activity in the seventeenth century Maunder Minimum relative to the present. Uncertainties in understanding the physical relationships between direct magnetic modulation of solar radiative output and heliospheric modulation of cosmogenic proxies preclude definitive historical irradiance estimates, as yet.Received: 26 August 2004, Published online: 16 November 2004 Correspondence to: Claus Fröhlich     

Distribution of magnetic flux on the solar surface and low-degree p-modes

The frequencies of solar p-modes are known to change over the solar cycle. There is also recent evidence that the relation between frequency shift of low-degree modes and magnetic flux or other activity indicators differs between the rising and falling phases of the solar cycle, leading to a hysteresis in such diagrams. We consider the influence of the changing large-scale surface distribution of the magnetic flux on low-degree ( l ≤3) p-mode frequencies. To that end, we use time-dependent models of the magnetic flux distribution and study the ensuing frequency shifts of modes with different order and degree as a function of time. The resulting curves are periodic functions (in simple cases just sine curves) shifted in time by different amounts for the different modes. We show how this may easily lead to hysteresis cycles comparable to those observed. Our models suggest that high-latitude fields are necessary to produce a significant difference in hysteresis between odd- and even-degree modes. Only magnetic field distributions within a small parameter range are consistent with the observations by Jiménez-Reyes et al. Observations of p-mode frequency shifts are therefore capable of providing an additional diagnostic of the magnetic field near the solar poles. The magnetic distribution that is consistent with the p-mode observations also appears reasonable compared with direct measurements of the magnetic field.     

Redefining the limit dates for the Maunder Minimum

The Maunder Minimum corresponds to a prolonged minimum of solar activity a phenomenon that is of particular interest to many branches of natural and social sciences commonly considered to extend from 1645 until 1715. However, our knowledge of past solar activity has improved significantly in recent years and, thus, more precise dates for the onset and termination of this particularly episode of our Sun can be established. Based on the simultaneous analysis of distinct proxies we propose a redefinition of the Maunder Minimum period with the core “Deep Maunder Minimum” spanning from 1645 to 1700 (that corresponds to the Grand Minimum state) and a wider “Extended Maunder Minimum” for the longer period 1618–1723 that includes the transition periods.     

Diagnostics of solar wind flows

The formation of the solar wind, the plasma flows from the Sun, is studied by new methods that have been developed in recent years. Experiments on circumsolar plasma sounding at radial heliocentric distances of ～2.5–60R _⊙ form their basis. Experimental data are used to construct the correlation diagrams-the location of the boundary of the transonic solar wind transition region versus the magnetic field strength in the region of the flow sources. The 2000–2004 correlation diagrams reveal flows of six types that differ by the magnetic field structure in their sources. During the decline of solar activity in 2003–2004, the evolution of the slow solar wind flows has been found to be determined not by the Wolf numbers, but by the total strength of the global magnetic field in the solar corona.