基于混合遗传算法估计van Genuchten方程参数

van Genuchten(VG)方程是最常用的土壤水分特征曲线方程,其参数取值的精度直接影响到土壤水分运动方程计算的精度.该文建立了VG方程参数的优化模型,构建遗传算法与Levenberg-Marquardt算法相结合的混合遗传算法对其进行求解,并进行了数值试验.结果表明采用混合遗传算法比普通遗传算法不但提高了收敛效率,而且收敛迭代次数也大大减少;采用混合遗传算法估计参数的精度比非线性单纯形法和阻尼最小二乘法要高一些,而且不需要给参数初值.因此,混合遗传算法可以作为估计VG方程参数的一种新方法.     

无导数的大范围平方收敛迭代算法及其数值分析

应用迭代法的困难之处在于：一是迭代公式是否存在导数运算；二是初始值选定是否影响迭代公式的收敛性；三是收敛快速和达到需要精度等问题。我们获得了求方程根不用计算导数的平方收敛迭代公式，并设计了求根的大范围收敛算法，编写了C^ 语言程序，进行了算法和数值分析。与其它算法比较，该算法具有无导数计算、初值任意选定、平方快速收敛、大范围收敛和双精度控制(根的精度和函数值的精度控制)等优点。     

一种快速建立层析反演初始模型的方法

建立近地表层析反演模型时,通常利用射线追踪方法来计算模型初至旅行时,再与观测的初至实际旅行时进行比较,反复修改模型直到计算值与观测值的误差达到最小。因此,初始模型建立的质量直接影响到层析反演的精度、收敛速度和迭代次数。通过模拟近地表模型,利用时间项反演方法快速建立初始模型,提高了层析反演的精度,加快了收敛速度,减少了迭代次数。      

加载速率对岩石单轴压缩试验影响的数值模拟研究

在单轴压缩数值模拟试验中,加载速率由每次边界条件变化幅度和边界条件变化后的平衡计算时间这两个因素共同控 制。同样的加载速率,两个因素的不同组合也会对加载效果有很大的影响。因此,探究以上两因素对岩石单轴压缩数值模拟 试验的影响机制,可对高效进行高精度的各加载速率下的数值模拟试验起到积极作用。本文使用MatDEM软件,基于软件自 动设定的加载区间以及标准平衡迭代,设置不同的应力施加步数Nd与平衡迭代比率Rb,进行不同加载速率下的数值模拟试 验。模拟结果表明：（1）单步加载后平衡迭代次数越多（Rb越大）,该步中应力波传播与动能衰减越充分。在最优阻尼条件下, 当单步加载后平衡迭代次数等于40次（Rb等于0.8）时,每步加载中动能充分平衡,可以最低计算量取得准静态模拟结果; （2）单步加载应力增量越小（Nd越大）,数值模拟试验精度越高;（3）当加载速率一定即计算量相同时,为保证更高的模拟试验 精度,应采用低单步应力增量与低单步加载后平衡迭代次数（Nd大、Rb小）的加载方案。本文为定量研究岩石加载速率问题和 相关数值模拟提供了参考。     

岩土工程可靠度分析的改进响应面法研究

为了提高响应面法的计算效率和精度,对现有的全局响应面法进行了改进。采用径向基函数（RBF）神经网络,代替目前常用的BP网络,迭代过程中在超锥体的范围内构造响应面,逼近隐式的非线性功能函数。数值算例分析表明,与通常的响应面法相比,改进全局响应面法的迭代次数和有限元分析次数均大幅减少,节省机时,有利于提高计算精度。同时,以浅基础和挡土墙为工程背景进行可靠度分析,表明该方法能以较快的收敛速度和较少的有限元分析次数,获得较高精度的可靠度指标,适用于岩土工程的可靠度分析。     

应用单纯形-模拟退火混合算法估计河流水质参数

将由单纯形法(SM)与模拟退火(SA)两种算法构成的混合算法(SMSA),应用于求解分析瞬时投放示踪剂情况下的一维河流水团示踪试验数据,估计河流水质参数的函数优化问题。分别就不同的降温指数、内循环次数与新状态产生函数中的扰动系数等算法控制参数对混合算法和改进模拟退火法的收敛速度的影响,进行了数值实验。结果表明,SMSA混合优化算法对于求解估计河流水质参数的函数优化问题是非常有效的。在实验条件下,与单一具有记忆功能的改进模拟退火法的水质参数计算结果相比较,SMSA混合算法具有:①混合算法的收敛速度明显优于改进模拟退火法;②降温指数和内循环次数对SMSA混合算法的收敛速度影响非常微弱;③新状态产生函数中的随机扰动幅度大小对算法收敛速度具有较为明显的影响等特点。     

基于线性互补的非连续变形分析

非连续变形分析(DDA)方法是一种新的用来分析块体系统运动和变形的非连续介质数值计算方法。研究的核心工作是致力于对现有DDA接触问题处理方法的改进。DDA主要采用罚函数法和Lagrange乘子法处理接触问题,合理设定罚参数很困难,此外,因开闭迭代而引起的刚度矩阵的不连续变化也会导致收敛方面的困难。为避免引入罚参数及传统意义上的开闭迭代,用混合线性互补模型(LCDDA)对DDA方法进行了重新描述。在此基础上,综合基于非光滑分析的Newton法的局部平方收敛和最速下降法的全局线性收敛的优势,提出求解LCDDA模型的有效算法。根据上述思想及理论研究成果编制了完整的计算程序,算例计算结果证明了方法的精度及可行性。     

用改进的佐迪反演方法进行二维电阻率图像重建

针对佐迪反演方法在二维拟断面应用中的缺陷进行了三个方面的改进：固定佐迪反演方法中用于转换电极距和深度关系的深度转换因子,可使绝大多数数字模型的反演过程稳定收敛;在调整视电阻率的公式中加入一个迭代系数,可使计算值快速趋向于观测值,减少了迭代次数;对于含有噪声的数据,加入滤波因子可以在一定程度上抑制噪声。通过数字模拟和野外实测数据对改进后的佐迪反演方法在二维电阻率反演应用中的可行性进行了验证。模拟研究包含了简单模型,也包含一些复合模型,二者均取得较理想的应用效果。     

加载速率对岩石单轴压缩试验影响的数值模拟研究

在单轴压缩数值模拟试验中，加载速率由每次边界条件变化幅度和边界条件变化后的平衡计算时间这两个因素共同控 制。同样的加载速率，两个因素的不同组合也会对加载效果有很大的影响。因此，探究以上两因素对岩石单轴压缩数值模拟 试验的影响机制，可对高效进行高精度的各加载速率下的数值模拟试验起到积极作用。本文使用MatDEM软件，基于软件自 动设定的加载区间以及标准平衡迭代，设置不同的应力施加步数Nd与平衡迭代比率Rb，进行不同加载速率下的数值模拟试 验。模拟结果表明：（1）单步加载后平衡迭代次数越多（Rb越大），该步中应力波传播与动能衰减越充分。在最优阻尼条件下， 当单步加载后平衡迭代次数等于40次（Rb等于0.8）时，每步加载中动能充分平衡，可以最低计算量取得准静态模拟结果； （2）单步加载应力增量越小（Nd越大），数值模拟试验精度越高；（3）当加载速率一定即计算量相同时，为保证更高的模拟试验 精度，应采用低单步应力增量与低单步加载后平衡迭代次数（Nd大、Rb小）的加载方案。本文为定量研究岩石加载速率问题和 相关数值模拟提供了参考。     

非连续变形分析（DDA）线性方程组的高效求解算法

非连续变形分析(DDA)方法对大规模工程问题的数值模拟耗时太长,其中线性方程组求解耗时可占总计算时间的70%以上,因此,高效的线性方程组解法是重要研究课题。首先,阐述了适用于DDA方法的基于块的行压缩法和基于试验-误差迭代格式的非0位置记录;然后,针对DDA的子矩阵技术,将块雅可比迭代法 (BJ)、预处理的块共轭梯度法 (PCG,包括Jacobi-PCG、SSOR-PCG) 引入DDA方法,重点研究了线性方程组求解过程中的关键运算;最后,通过两个洞室开挖算例,分析了各线性方程组求解算法在DDA中的计算效率。研究表明：与迭代法相比,直解法无法满足大规模工程计算需要;BJ迭代法与块超松弛迭代法(BSOR)的效率差别不大,但明显不如PCG迭代法。因此,建议采用PCG迭代法求解DDA线性方程组,特别是SSOR-PCG值得推广;如果开展并行计算研究,Jacobi-PCG是较好的选择,当刚度矩阵惯性优势明显时,BJ迭代法同样有效。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

正~~     

GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)