植硅石研究在考古及古环境解释中的应用

植硅石研究在我国是近二、三十年才开展起来的一门研究古气候、古环境的新兴的边缘学科，国外开展较早，且广泛地应用于考古及古气候和古环境的解释中。我国虽起步较晚，已在考古学及植物起源、古环境解释中已取得可喜成果。由于我国历史悠久，考古遗址很多，加之幅员辽阔，具各种植被类型的土壤，研究领域广阔，所以我国将在国际植硅石研究中发挥非常重要的作用。     

发展煤炭综合利用 促进环境保护工作

煤炭是我国主要的能源矿产资源，也是重要的化工原料，煤在开发利用中污染环境严重，“煤烟型”污染是我国大气污染的基本特征。本文在全面阐述我国煤炭工业发展对环境污染的基础上，提出了发展煤炭综合利用，促进环境保护工作的几点建议。     

中国煤炭资源保障程度与合理开发利用

煤炭是我国主要能源，在今后很长一段时间里，仍然是我国主要能源。充分发挥煤炭资源优势，立足煤炭、立足国内，是我国能源工业发展的现实和必然选择。     

当前砂矿钻探技术概况

我国幅员辽阔，砂矿资源丰富，分布广泛，是我国矿产资源尤其是稀贵矿产的重要来源。我国使用砂钻探矿历史较晚，二十年代用人力班加钻在云南个旧打砂锡矿，之后在东北、广西、湖南等省勘探过砂金矿。新中国成立后，我国砂矿钻探技术与应用大有发展，为国家勘寻了许多稀贵金属和矿产基地，对国民     

建筑节能设计先行--访中国房地产协会副会长、秘书长顾云昌教授

在全球能源消耗中，大约有40%的能源消耗在建筑中，而能源消耗是温室气体增加和酸雨形成的主要原因之一，建筑消耗资源在全球资源消耗中占相当大的比例，在我国，建筑也是能源消耗大户，目前，我国是世界上第三能源生产和消费国，也是第三污染国，据联合国调查表明，中国产值能耗名列世界前茅。我国建筑能耗目前每年占全国总能耗量的1/4—1/3。这对我国未来经济的发展十分不利，为改变目前这种局面，近日在中国房地产协会举办的国际房地产论坛上，有关专家指出，建筑节能首先要设计先行，对此，本刊记者在论坛上采访了中国房地产协会副会长秘书长顾云昌教授。     

加强煤田地质勘查 提高煤炭生产的资源保障能力

煤炭是我国的主体能源，是我国能源安全的基石，在国民经济中具有重要的战略地位。在新的历史条件下，以科学发展观统领煤炭地质工作全局，按照构建新型煤炭工业体系的要求，加强加快煤炭资源勘查，是提高我国煤炭资源保障程度、缓解煤炭供需矛盾、促进煤炭工业可持续发展的重要措施，也是构建资源节约型、环境友好型社会的必然要求。     

以技术进步为动力增强我院的核心竞争力

当今世界，市场竞争日益激烈、技术创新不断涌现、用户需求瞬息万变，加大核心技术的不断创新，保持技术领先，已成为企业保持竞争优势的重要途径之一。我国政府高度重视科技创新工作，在党的十六届三、四中全会上，提出了加快我国企业的改革与发展的战略规划，强调以创新为动力，增强我国企业竞争力的发展思路。在此精神指导下，     

人类起源研究回顾与中国古人类学展望

根据对人类起源研究的回顾和对我国人类进化概况的认识，将我国古人类学研究推向更高的境界的首要任务是找到新的比较完整的化石和有关材料，关键之举是高水平的创新研究，发现和综合考量蕴藏在其中的各种信息，因此在新的世纪，必须大力进行野外调查，发现更多人类化石和旧石器以及有关的材料，进行深入的形态学和考古学研究，还要寻求人类古生物学与分子生物学在人类起源与进化研究方面的协调，构建更加坚实的我国古人类年龄框架，适当地进行我国古环境与人类关系的研究。     

试谈超大型铀矿床分类及找矿问题

随着核电事业在我国的发展，对铀资源保证的要求将越来越迫切。这里所指的铀资源保证应包含数量和效益两层意思，而超大型铀矿床则能同时满足对这两方面的要求。因此，在我国寻找超大型铀矿床是一项刻不容缓的任务。为了确立找矿目标，作者尝试提出了一种将矿床产出地质特征和经济效益相结合的超大型铀矿床分类方案，共划分出３大类１３个亚类。结合我国情况，作者认为在７个有远景的类型中，有３个（即Ⅰ－２、Ⅱ－１和Ⅲ－５）在我国最有突破的希望，特别是Ⅲ－５。最后，作者参考国外超大型铀矿床的找矿经验，对于加强我国对超大型铀矿床的探索提出了四点具体意见。     

国外工程项目控制与管理对我国的借鉴意义

随着我国加入WTO，我国与世界其他国家的合作与交流将更加紧密，工程项目(尤其是国际工程项目)建设的合作和竞争也将越来越多。就目前来说，我国在工程项目管理水平上与国外的先进水平还有很大差距。对国外工程项目实施的特点与方式、国外工程项目的管理与控制及我国在工程项目管理中存在的不足进行了分析，并对我国工程项目管理的发展提出建议。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.