冷水坑斑岩型银铅锌矿床含矿岩体锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年代学研究

冷水坑斑岩型银铅锌矿床是中国目前唯一的典型斑岩型银铅锌矿床,对于该矿床的成矿斑岩的形成时代至今仍没有精确的年龄数据。本文通过对冷水坑斑岩型银铅锌矿床成矿斑岩(花岗斑岩)样品中的锆石11个测试点的SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年代学研究,得出206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为(162.0±2)Ma(MSWD=1.4),因此,认为冷水坑花岗斑岩的形成年代为(162.0±2)Ma。冷水坑含矿斑岩成岩年龄与成矿年龄高度一致,成岩年龄与成矿作用开始时间差异不明显。此外,由冷水坑矿床成岩和成矿年龄数据推断出矿化持续时间约27Ma。     

江西冷水坑矿田银铅锌矿床特征及成矿模式探讨

江西贵溪冷水坑矿田是国家级银资源基地.本文在系统研究冷水坑矿田成矿地质条件、矿床地质特征的基础上,从分析主要控矿因素和成矿系统人手,初步建立了冷水坑矿田成矿模式.认为冷水坑矿田矿床类型主要有两类:即斑岩型矿床和层控叠生型矿床.结合矿田成矿特征和成矿模式,进行了成矿预测,提出冷水坑矿田小源区、麻地-燕山区和闽坑-岭西铅锌区3个成矿预测区具有较好的找矿远景,为进一步开展找矿工作提供了依据.     

江西冷水坑斑岩型铅锌银矿床地质特征、热液蚀变与成矿时限

江西冷水坑铅锌银矿床是我国重要的铅锌银矿床之一,也是世界上少有的斑岩型铅锌银矿床.冷水坑斑岩型铅锌银矿床位于中国东部中生代月凤山火山盆地边缘,含矿斑岩为燕山中期碱性花岗斑岩,侵位于上侏罗统火山岩地层内,斑岩体边部发育大量的隐爆角砾岩.矿区发育两种矿化类型,即斑岩型矿化与层状改造型矿化,此两种均与碱性花岗斑岩有关.矿化以Pb、Zn、Ag为主,伴生少量的Cu、Au.斑岩型的铅锌银矿化发生在斑岩体内以及接触带中,具有面型矿化特点并显示出明显的矿化分带性.层状改造型以铁锰银铅锌矿化为主,矿体均为隐伏状分布于碱性花岗斑岩附近的火山岩含铁锰地层中,产状与火山岩地层一致.铁锰碳酸盐铅锌银矿体在靠近斑岩体时,银铅锌矿化相应逐渐增强,而远离花岗斑岩体,矿化明显较弱.围岩蚀变作用明显,主要为绢云母化、绿泥石化、碳酸盐化、硅化和黄铁矿化.矿化蚀变特征、蚀变类型与典型的斑岩型铜(钼)矿床不同,缺少斑岩铜(钼)矿床早期蚀变的钾交代作用(黑云母化与钾长石化),发育大量铁锰碳酸盐蚀变.矿田矿化蚀变具有一定的分带性,由岩体内向外蚀变可以分为三个带:绿泥石绢云母化带、绢云母化碳酸盐化硅化黄铁矿化带和碳酸盐化绢云母化带.斑岩型矿床的铅锌银矿化与绢云母化和绿泥石化蚀变密切相关.通过对蚀变矿物绢云母的~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar同位素测定,获得冷水坑斑岩型铅锌银矿化年龄为162.8 ±1.6Ma,与含矿斑岩形成时间一致,说明冷水坑斑岩型铅锌银成矿作用发生于中国东部燕山中期陆内环境.     

冷水坑斑岩型银铅锌矿床成矿流体特征研究

斑岩型银铅锌矿床世界上并不多见, 目前我国典型斑岩型银铅锌矿床仅冷水坑一处。笔者通过对冷水坑斑岩型银铅锌矿床的流体包裹体地球化学、稳定同位素地球化学研究, 结合岩相学研究、激光拉曼探针(LRM)和扫描电镜/能谱(SEM/EDS)测试, 揭示了冷水坑斑岩型银铅锌矿床成矿流体特征及演化过程, 并进一步探讨了成矿物质来源和矿床成矿机制。研究表明, 冷水坑矿床成矿流体及主要成矿元素(硫)来自于斑岩系统, 大气水在整个成矿过程中均有不同程度的参与。     

冷水坑斑岩型银铅锌矿床含矿岩系岩石地球化学及Sr、Nd同位素研究

江西冷水坑矿床是国内外少见的斑岩型银铅锌矿床之一。文章研究了冷水坑矿田内的侵入岩及其围岩的岩石学、岩石化学、Sr和Nd同位素特征,结合岩体产出的大地构造环境,指出:①该矿田的含矿斑岩属于钙碱性系列,具有高SiO2、富K2O和富MnO、低Na2O的特点,富集轻稀土元素,轻、重稀土元素分馏较强,铕负异常明显;②与非含矿斑岩相比,该含矿斑岩具有较高的Sr初始值(0.71327)和较低的εNd(t)值(-7.5~-10.2),其两阶段钕模式年龄t2DM为1535~1760Ma。该含矿斑岩起源于武夷区基底变质岩,由地壳物质重融而成,同时有少量地幔物质的混染;③该含矿斑岩与其他侵入岩及围岩为同源岩浆在不同阶段演化的产物,均来源于地壳重熔,同属于S型花岗岩;④该含矿斑岩形成于陆内造山挤压环境。冷水坑矿田的含矿斑岩与中国斑岩型铜矿的含矿斑岩具有较大的差异。     

江西冷水坑火山-侵入杂岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及地质意义

江西冷水坑矿田是武夷山地区重要的银铅锌矿集中区之一,以斑岩型矿床和火山沉积-热液改造型矿床为特色,前人对冷水坑矿床的成岩成矿作用、控矿构造、成矿模式等开展了大量的研究,但对不同地质体与成矿的先后关系、岩浆活动期次与成矿作用的关系研究相对薄弱。本文对打鼓顶组火山岩和含矿花岗斑岩进行了激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)锆石U-Pb年代学研究,结果表明打鼓顶组底板、顶板晶屑凝灰岩形成时代分别为161.3±1.3 Ma、160.75±0.96 Ma,含矿花岗斑岩形成时代为168.09±0.80 Ma,结合以往研究资料,将冷水坑矿田火山-侵入岩岩浆活动划分为3个期次:第Ⅰ期火山-侵入岩浆活动形成于164~170 Ma;第Ⅱ期火山-侵入岩浆活动发生于157~161 Ma,为火山沉积-热液改造型矿床和斑岩型矿体的主要成矿时代,岩浆活动和成矿时代基本一致;第Ⅲ期火山-侵入岩浆活动时限为140~146 Ma。也暗示华南冷水坑等地晚侏罗世火山岩形成于华南中生代构造体制转换的关键时期,为华南晚中生代构造背景的研究提供了重要地质依据。     

江西冷水坑矿田火山-岩浆活动时限:SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄证据

冷水坑铅锌银矿是武夷山北缘中生代火山岩带中独具特色的斑岩型矿床,含矿花岗斑岩侵位于打鼓顶组和鹅湖岭组火山岩地层中.笔者采用SHRIMP锆石U-Pb测年技术,对冷水坑矿田含矿花岗斑岩与鹅湖岭组晶屑凝灰岩进行了年代学研究.3个晶屑凝灰岩的锆石U Pb年龄分别为(157.8±1.6) Ma、(157.2±1.5)Ma和(158.2±1.8) Ma,花岗斑岩形成于(157.6±1.3) Ma.含矿斑岩与其赋存的火山岩活动时间高度一致,是同一构造岩浆活动的产物.与区域上其他火山盆地不同,冷水坑矿田鹅湖岭组与打鼓顶组火山岩属于侏罗系.广泛发育于武夷山北坡中生代火山岩盆地的打鼓顶组与鹅湖岭组火山岩,其活动时间在不同火山盆地也各不相同,不能简单地统一划归为侏罗纪或白垩纪,这套地层的时代应予以重新厘定.区域上该套火山岩活动时间的差异,指示武夷山北缘火山岩浆活动具有阶段性或间隙性的演化过程,且构造背景也有很大不同.玲水坑矿田火山岩与含矿斑岩形成于中国东部陆内挤压构造环境.     

江西冷水坑铅锌银矿田成矿系统与成矿模式

江西冷水坑矿田具有浅部斑岩型矿体与深部层状矿体的复杂组合。深部的层状矿体曾被长期认为是受构造破碎带控制的"层控叠改型矿体",与斑岩型矿体同期形成。本文从矿床的基本地质特征入手,论述和分析了层状银铅锌矿体所具有的火山碎屑建造及成矿特点,认为矿床具有三期成矿特点,层状矿体属火山机构控制的以火山集块-角砾岩层为赋矿岩石的火山喷发-沉积成岩矿体。提出了该矿床火山构造-岩浆喷发成矿系统的主要成矿要素和成矿模式,斑岩岩浆就位及其流体活动,在产生大规模斑岩型矿化的同时,对早期的火山沉积碳酸盐层进行叠加改造而形成了与斑岩具有成因联系的层控铅锌银矿床。     

安徽金寨县沙坪沟钼铅锌矿田两期成岩成矿作用

安徽金寨县沙坪沟钼矿床是近年来秦岭-大别成矿带发现的超大型斑岩钼矿床,已探明钼资源储量234×104t。在沙坪沟钼矿床外围发育多处铅锌矿床(点)。本文通过对外围3个铅锌矿床闪锌矿Rb-Sr同位素定年,获得120±2Ma的成矿年龄,而钼矿床成矿年龄则在115~111Ma,显示出矿田内铅锌矿床的成矿时代早于钼矿床。结合区域构造背景、控矿构造、赋矿围岩及围岩蚀变等地质特征分析,认为斑岩钼矿床和铅锌矿床为两个独立的成矿系统,热液型铅锌矿成矿系统形成早于斑岩型钼矿成矿系统。据地质勘查和同位素年代学资料,矿田岩浆岩分为两期,第一期为早白垩世早期花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩,是热液型铅锌矿成矿系统主要赋矿围岩,第二期为早白垩世晚期石英正长岩和花岗斑岩,是斑岩型钼矿成矿系统的主要赋矿围岩。矿床C、H、O、S等稳定同位素相关研究表明热液型铅锌矿成矿系统和斑岩型钼矿成矿系统均是两期岩浆热液演化的结果。因此矿田存在两期成岩成矿作用。两个成矿系统矿石铅同位素组成不同,斑岩型钼矿成矿系统矿石铅同位素比值相对较高,变化范围大。铅锌矿床为早于斑岩钼矿床的独立成矿系统的认识合理解释了沙坪沟钼矿床为单一钼矿体,不含铅锌铜等不同于东秦岭斑岩钼矿床地质现象。区内两期成岩成矿作用均发生于晚侏罗─早白垩世构造体制转换阶段及以后伸展期。     

冷水坑银矿田成矿条件及矿床特征

冷水坑中生代陆相火山-次火山岩型银矿田的成矿地质条件,着重论述矿田层控叠加型、斑岩型矿床的分布规律、物质组分、矿化分带等基本地质特征。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.