非饱和成都黏土瞬时剖面法渗透性试验研究

非饱和渗透系数是土体渗流分析的基础,成都黏土作为一种典型的非饱和膨胀土,具有吸水膨胀、失水收缩的特性,在受侧限的浸水过程中,土颗粒的膨胀致使孔隙体积减小,渗透性降低,使得直接对其进行非饱和渗透试验十分困难。根据瞬时剖面法的原理,利用EC-5土壤水分传感器测含水率、MPS-2电介质水势传感器直接同步测量同一位置的基质吸力,通过水平渗透试验研究了非饱和成都黏土在侧限条件下的渗透性。含水率和基质吸力的同步测量,保证了其测试条件的一致性,避免了采用其他土水特征曲线的影响。试验表明,试样的非饱和渗透系数为（1.33×10-11~3.14×10-9）m·s-1,非饱和渗透系数与基质吸力并非单调线性关系。基质吸力较高时,受膨胀土颗粒吸水膨胀的影响,渗透系数未出现明显变化,基质吸力降低到一定程度后,渗透系数快速增大。试验结束时土体已接近饱和,土中气体排出较慢,过水断面增加缓慢,促使渗透系数仍然持续增大。采用VG模型拟合k-s曲线,拟合参数α=0.048 kPa-1,n=1.79,m=0.48,试验结果可以用于成都黏土地区的渗流分析。     

Indirect Measurement of Suction

This paper reports on indirect soil suction measurement methods. Indirect suction measurement techniques measure the moisture equilibrium condition of the soil instead of suction. The moisture equilibrium condition of the soil can be determined by primary means as in vapor pressure, secondary means as through another porous medium or tertiary means as in measuring other physical properties of the porous medium that indicates its moisture equilibrium condition. Indirect suction measurement techniques employing primary means include thermocouple psychrometers, transistor psychrometer and chilled-mirror psychrometer. Indirect suction measurement techniques employing secondary means includes the filter paper method and indirect suction measurement techniques employing tertiary means include thermal conductivity sensors and electrical conductivity sensors. These techniques have been widely used in engineering practice and in research laboratories. However, each of these techniques has its own limitations and capabilities, and active research into improving these techniques is ongoing in universities, research laboratories, and private sector. This paper outlines working principles, calibration, measurement, and application areas of these methods based on recent literature and practice.     

非饱和含黏土砂毛细上升试验研究

采用MP406水分传感器、WM-1负压计和DT80数据记录仪等设备,开发了一套毛细上升试验系统,对非饱和含黏土砂做了3个不同初始含水率的毛细上升试验,得到了试样各个断面的含水率和吸力随时间的变化规律。研究表明：初始含水率对毛细上升高度和上升速度有显著影响,本套系统可测定毛细上升的实际高度,在土样渗透系数未知的情况下可对不同土样测定其毛细上升的最大高度;可根据湿润锋运动速度、土样含水率变化和吸力变化数值,确定非饱和土渗水系数,从而避免了渗透系数确定费时、费力的困难;可由吸力预测试样的渗水系数,只需测定该土的土-水特征曲线或进行吸力量测即可确定出该土在这一吸力下的渗水系数;并拟合出不同初始含水率试样的湿润锋随时间变化规律     

晚更新世黄土渗透性的各向异性及其机制研究

非饱和黄土的渗透性是非饱和黄土性质的重要组成部分。研究黄土不同方向的渗透性对确定其湿陷范围和由于水的渗透引起的黄土滑坡具有很重要的理论意义。研究了黄土渗透性的各向异性特征及其机制。以具有明显各向异性的西安Q3原状黄土为研究对象,用TEN型张力计测量了黄土试样不同方向的、不同含水率下的吸力;用变水头渗透试验测量了黄土竖直和水平方向的饱和渗透系数。结果表明,当体积含水率在23%～41%时,张力计沿不同方向插入土样所测吸力相差不大;竖直方向的饱和渗透系数是水平方向的4.02倍。在吸力测量的基础上,根据土-水特征曲线,确定了竖直和水平方向的非饱和黄土的渗透系数。得出在黄土不同方向,随着吸力的增大或减小,渗透系数减小或增大;竖直方向的渗透系数普遍地大于水平方向的渗透系数;当吸力小于57 kPa时,随着吸力的增大,竖向渗透系数与水平向渗透系数的差值减小。通过观测黄土的结构,得出黄土结构对其渗透性有重要影响。     

冷镜露点技术在非饱和成都黏土吸力测试中的应用

冷镜露点技术是一种快速测试非饱和土吸力的间接方法。本文简要介绍了冷镜露点仪的工作原理和试验方法,利用Decagon公司生产的WP4C冷镜露点仪测试非饱和成都黏土压实土样的总吸力,以Van Genuchten模型为基础,结合Origin软件对试验结果进行了曲线拟合,得到成都黏土的SWCC曲线,并给出拟合参数参考值。借助CT-3031型电导率仪测得土样的渗透吸力,由基质吸力等于总吸力减去渗透吸力,间接得到土样的基质吸力-含水率关系曲线。对比滤纸法测试相同土样得到的SWCC曲线,得出相同含水率时冷镜露点技术测得的吸力值低于滤纸法测得的值,和国外文献的相关结论一致,验证了冷镜露点技术测试吸力具有快捷、方便、准确等特点。指出冷镜露点技术在非饱和成都黏土吸力测试应用中是可行的,同时可推广到国内岩土工程相关领域的吸力测试中。     

Comparison of testing techniques and models for establishing the SWCC of riverbank soils

The soil water characteristic curve (SWCC), also known as soil water retention curve (SWRC), describes the relationship between water content and soil suction in unsaturated soils. Water content and suction affect the permeability, shear strength, volume change and deformability of unsaturated soils. This paper presents results of the laboratory determination of the SWCC for soil samples obtained from the riverbank of the Lower Roanoke River in North Carolina. Six different testing methods were used to establish the SWCC including the filter paper, dewpoint potentiameter, vapor equilibrium, pressure plate, Tempe cell and osmotic methods. It is concluded that each suction measurement technique provides different measurable ranges of suction values, and the combined results from the different tests provide continuous SWCCs. Three widely available models were also shown to adequately fit the experimental SWCC data, particularly for matric suction values under 1500 kPa. These results will be valuable to practitioners in deciding which methods to use to establish the SWCC, and which empirical relationship to use for modeling the SWCC of riverbank soils.     

The relationship between electrical capacitance-based dielectric constant and soil water content

Based on batch experiments conducted on soil samples in the laboratory, the relationship between dielectric constant and water content based on electrical capacitance measurement was investigated. Factors that may affect the relationship, such as measurement frequency, electrode array methods, and soil particle sizes, were analyzed. A model fitting the relationship between dielectric constant and water content was proposed. The results clearly indicate that even with the use of rod-like sensors, the measured electrical capacitance with 1 kHz frequency can be used to construct a good relationship between dielectric constant and water content. Although the electrode array methods (parallel or non-parallel electrode pair) and soil particle sizes do affect the obtained absolute values of dielectric constant to some extent, the relationship between dielectric constant and water content remains unchanged. A clear characteristic is the increase reduction in the dielectric constant at near saturation condition, and the low increase speed when water content is small. The proposed modified VG model incorporated this characteristic into it and fitted the data better than the reported models. These results suggest that the electrical capacitance-based dielectric constant measurement can be extensively used and would be useful, especially in the situations where parallel sensor requirement is difficult to satisfy.     

考虑温度效应的延安新区压实黄土全吸力范围持水和渗透特性研究

干旱和半干旱黄土地区的压实土路基、垃圾填埋场黄土盖层等的持水特性和渗透特性均受温度影响。为了探究温度对全吸力范围内压实黄土水力特性的影响规律和内在机制,基于滤纸法和自行研发的小土柱试验装置对不同温度下延安新区压实黄土的土-水特征曲线(SWCC)以及渗透性曲线(HCC)进行测定。结果表明:在黄土SWCC的高吸力段体积含水率随温度升高而减小,低吸力段受温度影响不明显;黄土渗透曲线则是在低吸力段受温度影响显著,温度越高渗透性越强,当土体吸力增大或体积含水率减小至一定值后,温度对土体渗透性的影响可忽略不计。基于此结果,将改进的van Genuchten(VG)模型作为可考虑温度影响的SWCC预测函数,通过拟合实测数据得出温度相关参数并进行验证;对于渗透性曲线,以90 kPa基质吸力为分段点,在低吸力段和高吸力段分别采用统计模型和幂函数进行分段预测,能够得到与实测数据吻合较好的预测结果。     

Seasonal effects on geophysical–geotechnical relationships and their implications for electrical resistivity tomography monitoring of slopes

Current assessments of slope stability rely on point sensors, the results of which are often difficult to interpret, have relatively high costs and do not provide large-area coverage. A new system is under development, based on integrated geophysical–geotechnical sensors to monitor groundwater conditions via electrical resistivity tomography. So that this system can provide end users with reliable information, it is essential that the relationships between resistivity, shear strength, suction and water content are fully resolved, particularly where soils undergo significant cycles of drying and wetting, with associated soil fabric changes. This paper presents a study to establish these relationships for a remoulded clay taken from a test site in Northumberland, UK. A rigorous testing programme has been undertaken, integrating the results of multi-scalar laboratory and field experiments, comparing two-point and four-point resistivity testing methods. Shear strength and water content were investigated using standard methods, whilst a soil water retention curve was derived using a WP4 dewpoint potentiometer. To simulate seasonal effects, drying and wetting cycles were imposed on prepared soil specimens. Results indicated an inverse power relationship between resistivity and water content with limited hysteresis between drying and wetting cycles. Soil resistivity at lower water contents was, however, observed to increase with ongoing seasonal cycling. Linear hysteretic relationships were established between undrained shear strength and water content, principally affected by two mechanisms: soil fabric deterioration and soil suction loss between drying and wetting events. These trends were supported by images obtained from scanning electron microscopy.     

非饱和重塑黏土渗透性试验研究

工程中常常遇到非饱和土渗流问题,其渗透性是非饱和土的重要研究内容。采用常规压力板仪详细研究了重塑黏土在3种不同击实功和5种不同击实含水率下的土-水特征曲线,并用变水头法测量了相应的饱和土渗透系数。结合土水曲线和饱和渗透系数,基于Van Genuchten模型和Fredlund模型,详细探讨了重塑非饱和重塑黏土在不同击实条件下的渗透性。结果表明,土样饱和渗透系数随着击实含水率的增大而减小,且随着基质吸力的增大土样渗透性差别逐渐减小。当试样吸力达到1 MPa时,可认为不同击实含水率下试样的渗透性基本相同;在轻型击实和简化轻型击实下,试样渗透性很相似。重型击实功下试样的渗透系数和轻型击实下土样渗透系数的比值 随着吸力的增大而逐渐增大,在饱和状态时比值约为1/100,当吸力达到1 MPa时比值逐渐稳定在1/10右。     

高铁路基粗颗粒土水力学参数测试方法研究

高铁路基粗颗粒土的水力学特性对路基内部水分运移及路基的长期累积变形有重要影响。而对这种高压实度的粗颗粒土,常规非饱和土试验仪器存在试样尺寸小、制样难度大的缺点,难以应用。介绍了一种用于测试高压实度路基粗颗粒土-水力学参数的试验装置,利用张力计和时域反射计量器,分别测量路基粗颗粒土在浸湿、干燥阶段不同高度处土体基质吸力、介电常数的变化情况,获得高压实度下高铁路基粗颗粒土土-水特征曲线;并通过瞬态剖面法获得路基粗颗粒土非饱和渗透系数与基质吸力的关系。试验结果表明,该套装置能够适用于最大粒径为20 mm的粗颗粒土,试样压实度最大可达到0.95。通过对一组试验结果分析,并结合Ekblad等试验结果,发现随着填料细颗粒含量增大,?（与进气值有关的参数）值逐渐减小,土体进气值增加;粒径越大,细颗粒含量越低,土体储水能力越低,对应n（与排水程度有关的参数）值越大。为路基粗颗粒土-水力学参数的测定提供了方法。     

Experimental Set-up for Determining Soil Water Retention Curves for Granular Soils During Drying

Abstract: Soil water retention curves (SWRCs) provide an important means of describing the response of unsaturated soils during drying / wetting processes in terms of variations of degree of saturation, water content or void ratio with suction. A key consideration in generating these curves is how to measure the suction. Frequently the filter paper technique is adopted, especially when high suctions are developed, e.g. with plastic clays. As each measurement takes at least a week with this technique, it can take months or years to generate a full SWRC in drying and wetting. Developments in laboratory tensiometers now allow matrix suctions up to about 1.5 MPa to be measured. With such a device it is possible to develop SWRCs for granular soils such as silts and clays in hours or days by continuous measurement. This paper describes an experimental set-up that was developed to measure changes in volume, water content and matrix suction during drying of three granular soils. Limitations of the apparatus and usefulness of the curves are discussed.     

全吸力范围内渗透系数快速测定方法研究

非饱和土渗透系数函数跨越多个数量级,传统的测量方法动辄耗时数月,且难以实现全吸力范围内渗透系数的测量。为了实现全吸力范围内渗透系数的快速测量,将湿润锋前进法与瞬时剖面法相结合（简称联合测定方法）,利用自行研制的土柱入渗装置,开展了不同干密度条件下青海粉质黏土全吸力范围内渗透系数测量试验。试验结果表明：在联合测定方法中,湿润锋前进法适用于高吸力段（基质吸力ψ > 25 kPa）渗透系数的测量,瞬时剖面法则适用于低吸力段（基质吸力ψ ≤25 kPa）渗透系数的测量,且两种方法在吸力重叠范围内渗透系数测量结果基本一致。联合测定方法可将全吸力范围内渗透系数的测量时长压缩至一周左右,且精度良好。此外,还对两种试验方法的误差来源进行了分析与讨论。研究结果表明：联合测定方法能够实现全吸力范围内渗透系数的快速测量,有望使得非饱和土渗透系数的测量成为土力学的常规试验。     

基于数值模拟的湿润锋前进法测量精度分析

非饱和土的渗透系数函数测量难度大、耗时长,湿润锋前法(WFM)可在短时间内测得渗透系数函数(HF),但依赖肉眼识别的湿润锋,存在一定的局限性,且该方法的测量精度尚不明确,有待验证。文中针对湿润锋前进法进行研究,探讨初始含水率、湿润锋阀值、降雨入渗速率、传感器位置等因素对湿润锋前进法的测量精度的影响。采用Seep/W软件模拟均质土柱的入渗过程,分析湿润锋前进法数据,计算土体的渗透系数,将其和输入的渗透系数（可认为是真实解）进行比较,对湿润锋前进法的计算精度进行评估,并讨论误差的来源。分析结果表明,湿润锋前进法能够获得比较精确的计算结果;使用湿润锋特征含水率计算湿润锋前进速率,突破了原始湿润锋前进法存在“肉眼观察”的局限性,大大拓展了该方法的适用性;传感器间距对湿润锋前进法渗透系数函数计算精度没有直接影响;初始含水率越低,降雨入渗速率越大,渗透系数函数范围跨度越大。基于文中的分析结果,对湿润锋前进法的试验设计时,建议采用30～50 cm的土柱进行试验,传感器的数量建议为3～4,可以采用任意初始含水率进行试验接近干燥更好,为避免表面积水,建议降雨强度小于饱和渗透系数。     

A modified permeameter for determination of unsaturated coefficient of permeability

The design details of a modified permeameter used for determining the unsaturated coefficient of permeability of tailings are presented in this Paper. This permeameter can accommodate a large tailings specimen, 200 × 200 × 400 mm high, and uses the Instantaneous Profile Method (IPM) to determine the variation of unsaturated coefficient of permeability with respect to soil suction using a single specimen. The soil-water characteristic curve data can also be simultaneously determined from the modified permeameter. The key design features in comparison to a conventional permeameter include the provision of adjustable sensors that move along with the tailings as it settles due to desaturation during the testing period. The advantages of using a modified permeameter in the determination of the coefficient of permeability of unsaturated tailings are also discussed in this paper. Tests were carried out by providing suction using hanging column technique in the suction range of 0–10 kPa. Such an apparatus can easily be modified to accommodate higher suction values.     

陕北非饱和重塑红土渗透特性试验研究

以实测土水特征曲线为基础,采用 Van Genuchten 模型,详细研究了干密度和体积含水量对非饱和保德组红土渗透特性的影响。研究表明:不同干密度下,在半对数坐标系中,非饱和保德组红土渗透系数与体积含水量呈现出近似直线关系,非饱和保德组红土渗透系数随体积含水量的增大而单调加速增大,且密实状态非饱和保德组红土渗透系数对体积含水量的变化比较敏感。不同干密度下,在半对数坐标系中,非饱和保德组红土渗透系数与基质吸力之间呈现出指数函数关系,且非饱和保德组红土渗透系数随基质吸力的增大而减小,当土体干密度较大时,非饱和保德组红土渗透系数随基质吸力的增大变化较大,同样表明密实状态非饱和保德组红土的渗透系数对干密度的变化比较敏感。     

Water effects on rock strength and stiffness degradation

Reduction in strength and stiffness in rocks attributed to an increase in water content has been extensively researched on a large variety of rock types over the past decades. Due to the considerable variations of texture and lithology, the extent of water-weakening effect is highly varied among different rock types, spanning from nearly negligible in quartzite to 90 % of uniaxial compressive strength reduction in shale. Readers, however, often face difficulties in comparing the data published in different sources due to the discrepancy of experimental procedures of obtaining the water saturation state and how the raw laboratory data is interpreted. In view of this, the present paper first reviews the terminologies commonly used to quantify the amount of water stored in rocks. The second part of the paper reviews the water-weakening effects on rock strengths, particularly focusing on uniaxial compressive strength and modulus, as well as tensile strength, under quasi-static loading and dynamic loading. The correlation relationships established among various parameters, including porosity, density and fabric of rocks, and external factors such as strain rate, surface tension and dielectric constant of the saturating liquid, absorption percentage and suction pressure, are reviewed and presented toward the end of the paper.     

Moisture Movement Through Cracked Clay Soil Profiles

A continuum mechanics approach is used for the formulation of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity functions and the water storage functions for fractured or cracked clay soils in this parametric study. Suggested procedures are based on available research literature related to the behavior of cracked unsaturated porous media. The soil–water characteristic curve, hydraulic conductivity and water storage functions take on the character of bi-modal unsaturated soil property functions. The bimodal character arises out of the independent behavior of the cracks and the intact clay soil. Matric suction changes beneath a slab-on-grade foundation placed on a cracked clay soil profile are modeled for varied surface flux conditions using the proposed unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and water storage functions. The impact of various levels of surface cracking on soil suction distributions is discussed. Suction distribution patterns are dependent on the initial soil surface suction. In particular, the results are dependent upon whether the initial matric suction is less than or greater than the air entry of the cracked clay. There is an extremely wide range of possible conditions that could be modeled but the parametric study results presented in this paper are limited to a series of selected crack widths and densities for an exfiltration case and an infiltration case.     

确定滤纸法试验平衡时间的数值模拟

滤纸法是一种测量非饱和土基质吸力的重要方法,而测量结果是否准确,控制滤纸法的试验时间非常重要.基于有限元数值分析软件SEEP/W,建立滤纸法的数值模型,分析滤纸法试验过程中的水分运移过程,研究非饱和黏土的水力参数、初始重力含水率、初始干密度等因素对滤纸法平衡时间的影响.结果表明,试验开始时,干燥滤纸会迅速吸水,随后滤纸与土样吸力才逐渐平衡,以含水率为判断标准得到的平衡时间T_w会小于以吸力为判断标准得到的平衡时间T_ψ,建议滤纸法的实际试验时间接近于T_ψ.滤纸法的平衡时间约为4～16 d,当土样饱和渗透系数较小时,滤纸法的平衡时间大大增加,平衡时间随土水特征参数a、n、饱和渗透系数、初始含水率及干密度的增大而减小,随饱和体积含水率的增加而增加.     

基于电阻率的非饱和土基质吸力预测

针对非饱和土吸力测量与计算的困难,提出了一种利用土的电阻率结构参数预测基质吸力的方法。通过滤纸法测试重塑膨胀土的基质吸力,分析了非饱和土的基质吸力与体积含水率的关系,即土-水特征曲线的变化规律。在测试非饱和土横向与竖向电阻率的基础上,探讨了非饱和土的电阻率与其体积含水率的关系,并进一步研究了土的电阻率结构性参数 、 和 随体积含水率的变化规律。发现基质吸力与电阻率结构参数 之间存在良好的抛物线关系,利用这种关系可以准确预测非饱和土的基质吸力。利用土的电阻率结构参数预测吸力,避免了吸力量测与计算的困难,简单实用。