GNSS测量型接收机检定规程中天线相位中心偏差检测门限设置的探讨

天线相位中心是指微波天线的电气中心,其设计中心与天线几何中心不一致。天线相位中心最大平均偏差可达数厘米,为此,需对GNSS测量型接收机天线相位中心偏差进行标定。目前国内GNSS测量型接收机的检定规程中,天线相位中心采用室外天线旋转法进行标定,并以GNSS测量型接收机标称精度中所谓的“固定标准差”作为阈值进行判定。笔者认为GNSS测量型接收机标称精度中的固定标准差与星历类型、数据处理软件、观测时间长度、天线相位中心偏差等因素相关,不能作为天线相位中心偏差的检测门限;天线相位中心偏差有独立的指标要求,也有独立的精确检测方法,因此建议按照天线相位中心偏差的指标要求作为检测门限。     

GPS天线相位中心改正方法研究

由于天线本身的特性及机械加工等原因,GPS卫星和接收机天线相位中心与其几何中心不重合,从而产生相位中心偏差。某些类型的天线该偏差甚至可达数cm,直接影响高精度GPS测量的精确可靠性[1]。讨论了GAMIT软件在高精度GPS数据处理中进行天线相位中心改正的原理、方法和策略,结合美国IGS观测站及南加州区域站观测数据,对改正方法及策略进行了实验对比与分析。结果表明:对接收机天线相位中心和卫星天线相位中心采用模型改正,而卫星天线相位中心偏移不改正,所得到的基线解算结果较好[2];地面接收机天线方位角的变化对U方向的基线解算结果有较大影响,在高精度GPS测量中,必须进行天线方位角的变化改正。     

GPS接收机天线相位中心偏差的三维检定研究

根据GPS接收机天线相位中心的几何关系，在超短基线相对定位法的基础上，利用旋转天线，结合精密水准测量，给出了一种天线相位中心偏差三雏检验的方法。实例表明，该方法具有较高的精度和可靠性，适合于在野外对GPS接收机天线相位中心偏差进行实际检定。     

天线相位中心偏差对于GPS高程影响问题分析

GPS接收机天线相位中心与其几何中心不重合性构成了GPS接收机天线相位中心误差,如何减少相位中心偏移是天线设计和GPS数据处理中的重要问题。本文在分析GPS接收机天线相位中心在垂直方向上偏差的检测原理的基础上,讨论GPS天线相位中心垂直分量偏差对GPS高程精度的影响,应用实例得出一些有益的结论。     

双频GPS天线相位中心稳定性研究

天线相位中心是GPS接收机测量时的参考点.相位中心并不是固定的,它会随不同的信号入射方向发生移动,移动幅度达几个毫米甚至几厘米.相位中心的变化直接影响GPS伪距和载波相位观测量的测量.为了更好地满足一些高精度测量的需要,相位中心的变化量在解算时必须考虑进去.本文对相位中心定义进行了解释,对GPS相位中心及其稳定性进行了分析,并对GPS天线相位中心的测量方法进行了阐述.对自主研制的双频GPS天线相位中心进行了测定,得出相位中心随俯仰角变化的曲线.     

一种简易的GNSS接收机自检方法

针对GNSS接收机检定费用较高、检定机构数量少且检定周期长的问题,该文提出了一种简易快速的GNSS接收机检定方法。该方法根据GNSS接收机天线相位中心的几何关系,通过自设简易检定场,利用相对定位法及超短基线法分别检测接收机天线的相位中心偏差和内部噪声水平,并编写了相应的计算程序对检测数据进行快速的处理。4次独立实验结果表明:该文实验方案具有较高的精度和可靠性,适用于快速对GNSS接收机天线相位中心偏差和内部噪声水平进行自检。     

GPS接收机天线及其相位中心

本文介绍了ＧＰＳ接收机使用的各种形式天线，ＧＰＳ接收机的相位中心，以及如何减小相位中心偏差，进一步提高测量精度。     

北斗天线相位中心偏差改正对精密单点定位的影响

利用厂商模型、MGEX模型和ESA模型对BDS卫星天线相位中心偏差进行改正，结果表明，3种模型对BDS精密单点定位精度均有所提升，其中，水平方向提升1～2 cm，高程方向定位精度由1 dm提升为厘米级，ESA模型优于另外两种模型。利用GPS接收机天线相位中心偏差改正值对BDS接收机天线相位中心偏差进行改正，其精度改善情况随天线类型的不同而存在差异，水平方向精度影响为毫米级，高程方向与天线类型有关，精度影响最大可达厘米级。     

GLONASS信号对GNSS接收机天线相位中心偏差的影响分析

GNSS接收机天线相位中心偏差是仪器的一项重要指标,在日常检测、校准过程中往往会遇到相位中心误差超限情况,究竟是仪器本身问题还是测量数据问题？现主要分析GLONASS信号在GNSS接收机天线相位中心检测、校准过程中,由于数据的稳定性对检测、校准结果带来的误差和影响.     

天线相位中心变化及对基线解的影响

阐述了天线相位中心改正的数学模型和天线相位中心变化的数字模型,对实测的GPS控制网进行了数据处理,通过加上/不加天线相位中心变化的改正来考察对基线解算结果的影响。试验表明,卫星天线相位中心变化对长基线有影响,对短基线没有影响。接收机天线相位中心变化对基线解的影响与基线两端接收机天线型号是否相同有关:型号相同时没有影响;型号不同时有影响,影响量大约为0.02 ppm。     

Absolute calibration of GPS antennas: laboratory results and comparison with field and robot techniques

A critical assessment of the accuracy of GPS antenna calibration is most effectively done by comparison between different calibration methods. We present new chamber calibrations of five different GPS receiver antenna types in an anechoic chamber and a comparison of an individual antenna calibrated by the absolute field calibration technique with robot mount of IfE/GEO++. The accuracy is described using standard error parameters which allow the characterization of the quality of different antennas. The results validate the absolute calibration methods at the 1-mm level and confirm the presence of significant variations in quality between antennas of different design. For the antenna pattern we directly use the measured phase variations and do not have to fit any functions for the chamber calibrations. We include the results of an earlier test made with a set of identical antennas calibrated at five different institutions: two using the absolute field technique with robot mount and three others applying the standard field calibration with reference antenna.     

旋转载体多天线对GPS卫星可见性分析

利用GPS测量高动态旋转载体飞行轨迹时，一般采用多个天线实现对GPS卫星的连续覆盖。如何选取合理的天线数，在增强天线覆盖特性和降低接收机设计的复杂性等方面达到最优，需要进行分析计算。在综合分析卫星仰角、GPS天线增益以及空间载体旋转对GPS卫星可见性影响的基础上，采用一种新的卫星可见性判断方法，仿真验证了不同天线数在载体旋转条件下对GPS卫星的连续覆盖特性，给出了适用于旋转载体弹道测量的合理的天线数目，具有一定的工程实用意义。     

Phase center modeling for LEO GPS receiver antennas and its impact on precise orbit determination

Most satellites in a low-Earth orbit (LEO) with demanding requirements on precise orbit determination (POD) are equipped with on-board receivers to collect the observations from Global Navigation Satellite systems (GNSS), such as the Global Positioning System (GPS). Limiting factors for LEO POD are nowadays mainly encountered with the modeling of the carrier phase observations, where a precise knowledge of the phase center location of the GNSS antennas is a prerequisite for high-precision orbit analyses. Since 5 November 2006 (GPS week 1400), absolute instead of relative values for the phase center location of GNSS receiver and transmitter antennas are adopted in the processing standards of the International GNSS Service (IGS). The absolute phase center modeling is based on robot calibrations for a number of terrestrial receiver antennas, whereas compatible antenna models were subsequently derived for the remaining terrestrial receiver antennas by conversion (from relative corrections), and for the GNSS transmitter antennas by estimation. However, consistent receiver antenna models for space missions such as GRACE and TerraSAR-X, which are equipped with non-geodetic receiver antennas, are only available since a short time from robot calibrations. We use GPS data of the aforementioned LEOs of the year 2007 together with the absolute antenna modeling to assess the presently achieved accuracy from state-of-the-art reduced-dynamic LEO POD strategies for absolute and relative navigation. Near-field multipath and cross-talk with active GPS occultation antennas turn out to be important and significant sources for systematic carrier phase measurement errors that are encountered in the actual spacecraft environments. We assess different methodologies for the in-flight determination of empirical phase pattern corrections for LEO receiver antennas and discuss their impact on POD. By means of independent K-band measurements, we show that zero-difference GRACE orbits can be significantly improved from about 10 to 6 mm K-band standard deviation when taking empirical phase corrections into account, and assess the impact of the corrections on precise baseline estimates and further applications such as gravity field recovery from kinematic LEO positions.     

Tests of phase center variations of various GPS antennas, and some results

Phase variations of GPS receiving antennas are a significant error component in precise GPS applications. A calibration procedure has been developed by Geo++ and the Institut für Erdmessung, which directly determines absolute phase center variations (PCVs) without any multipath influence by field measurements. The precision and resolution of the procedure allows the determination of reliable azimuthal variations. PCV may affect long-term static GPS differently than real-time GPS, depending on the applications. At the same time, different antenna types are involved. Less investigations have been done on absolute PCV of rover antennas than on geodetic antennas which, however, becomes more important due to the mixed antenna situation in GPS reference networks and RTK networks. The concepts of the absolute PCV field calibration are summarized and emphasis is placed on a variety of absolute PCV patterns of geodetic and rover antennas. Electronic Publication     

利用双天线商用WiFi信道状态信息估计到达角

商用WiFi接收模块可以提供比接收无线信号强度指示（received signal strength indication,RSSI）更细粒的信道状态信息（channel state information,CSI）,利用3根天线获取CSI进行方位到达角（angle of arrival,AOA）估计已成为现实。利用正交频分复用技术（orthogonal frequency division multiplexing,OFDM）将2根天线拓展为60个虚拟天线阵,将前向平滑算法拓展到二维前向平滑算法。利用仿真的非相干信号源和相干信号源数据进行实验,结果表明,在只利用2根接收天线的前提下也能实现基于商用WiFi信号的方位角的AOA估计,所提出的2根天线的虚拟天线阵模型和二维前向平滑算法具有有效性和适用性。     

Moderately compact helix antennas with cutoff patterns for millimeter RTK positioning

GPS Solutions - Helical antennas have been developed that feature a cutoff pattern and are suitable for practical positioning at millimeter level. The antennas are in the form of a tube with...     

不同类型GPS接收机天线观测结果分析

针对不同类型G PS仪器和天线,通过实测数据的计算、比较、分析,研究不同类型仪器对定位结果的影响,为更好地发挥G PS仪器作用提供参考。     

不同类型GPS接收机天线观测结果分析

由于GPS天线相位中心不一致性,造成不同仪器定位结果的差异。针对不同类型GPS仪器和天线,通过实测数据的计算、分析和比较。研究不同类型仪器对定位结果的影响,为更好地发挥GPS仪器作用提供参考。     

Comparison of Absolute and Relative Antenna Phase Center Variations

Three major GPS antenna calibration methods are available toda: the relative field calibrations using the GPS data collected on short baselines, the absolute field calibrations, where the GPS antenna is rotated and tilted by a robot, and calibration measurements in an anechoic chamber. Mean antenna offsets and the elevation-dependent phase center variations of GPS antennas determined by all three techniques are compared to assess their accuracy. The analysis of global GPS data with these sets of calibration values reveals that the offsets and variations of the satellite antenna phase centers have to be considered, too, to obtain a consistent picture. ? 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Temperature Sensitivity of Timing Measurements Using Dorne Margolin Antennas

We have inferred the temperature sensitivity of Dorne Margolin choke ring antennas by direct estimation from differential clock estimates for two GPS sites separated by 2400 km. At each site, the cable and receiver systems are very well isolated from environmental variations. By direct comparison of the observed clock variations between these sites with local temperature measurements, empirical temperature coefficients for each system have been estimated. These thermal coefficients most likely apply to the only uncontrolled components of the systems, the Dorne Margolin choke ring antennas. Based on these results, the short-term (diurnal) stability of the antennas appears to be better than 2 ps/°C. The possibility that longer-term effects exist due to sensitivity in the daily average of the pseudorange observations has not been tested and cannot be excluded. ? 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.