印尼西部库泰盆地沉积演化与油气勘探潜力分析

为明确库泰盆地充填演化历史与勘探方向,从库泰盆地构造演化分析出发,在明确构造演化对盆地沉积充填控制作用基础上,分析了盆地烃源岩分布和沉积演化特征,探讨了盆地油气勘探方向。研究结果如下:(1)盆地演化经历了3个构造演化阶段,断陷期(始新世)、坳陷期(渐新世—早中新世)、反转期(中中新世之后),并以中新世末为界进一步划分为快速沉积期和剥蚀改造期;(2)陆上始新统烃源岩局部发育,不发育中新统烃源岩;海上发育中新统三角洲煤系烃源岩,具有较强的生烃能力,两套烃源岩分布不同,导致海陆油气发现的差异性;(3)陆上生烃能力有限,超深水区风险较大,有利区位于中新统烃源灶60km范围内,有利区带内中中新统—上新统岩性圈闭是勘探的潜力目标。     

南海西沙海槽盆地新生界含油气系统及油气勘探方向

为了从整体上认识西沙海槽盆地的油气勘探前景,笔者对该盆地进行了含油气系统分析,认为西沙海槽盆地发育新生界含油气系统,主要烃源岩为始新统湖相泥岩、渐新统海相泥岩;储层为始新统湖相、三角洲、河道砂岩以及渐新统滨浅海相、海相三角洲、深水扇等砂岩;始新统湖相泥岩、渐新统滨浅海相泥岩以及中新世之后的半深海-深海相泥岩构成了三大套区域盖层。西沙海槽盆地新生界含油气系统形成的关键时刻为中中新世,各种油气成藏地质事件具有良好的匹配关系;该油气系统可分为4个油气运聚单元,中央坳陷以及紧邻中央坳陷的北部断阶带、南部坳陷西部局部区域是该盆地进一步勘探的首选区域。本研究成果对认识西沙海槽盆地的油气分布具有一定的参考意义。     

低勘探海域中建南盆地烃源岩早期预测

烃源岩是油气生成的物质基础。利用最新采集的高品质二维地震资料和综合研究成果,在中建南盆地内划分出4套地震层序,识别了5个不整合地震反射界面。通过分析盆地沉积演化特征,推测中建南盆地发育3套烃源岩,分别为中始新统湖相烃源岩、上始新统—渐新统湖相和海陆交互相烃源岩以及下—中中新统海相烃源岩。通过对其周边盆地进行类比分析,厘定了3套烃源岩的地震相特征;对不同沉积相带泥岩百分含量进行赋值,最终判识推测了中建南盆地新生代3套烃源岩泥岩厚度及分布特征。本研究可为盆地下一步油气资源评价、有利二级构造带分析和勘探部署提供参考。     

印尼苏拉威西地区波尼盆地形成及其石油地质特征

波尼盆地是一个新生代裂谷盆地,勘探程度极低,其含油气系统及主要勘探层系不明。采用类比分析方法,通过对周边构造演化和沉积特征相似盆地的烃源岩、储层特征及含油气系统分析,进一步推测波尼盆地发育始新统潮坪-潟湖相烃源岩,品质较好,为Ⅱ—Ⅲ型干酪根,普遍处于成熟—高成熟阶段,以生油为主。该盆地共发育3套潜在储盖组合,最主要为中、上中新统—上新统Tacipi组生物礁储层及上新统区域性海相泥岩储盖组合,油气勘探前景较好。     

加里曼丹岛库泰盆地海相成藏组合特征及油气富集区分带性分析

通过系统收集和分析库泰盆地钻井岩屑样品及野外露头样品,首次对下中新统海相油气系统进行了评价。结果发现该区域以生物礁碳酸盐岩为标志层,发育多套海相沉积旋回,海相沉积油气系统具有自生自储自封堵特征:暗色海相泥岩为主力烃源岩,海相砂岩为有利储层,同时,海相泥岩作为有效盖层。下中新统海相烃源岩样品有机质类型为Ⅱ/Ⅲ型,以Ⅱ型为主,总有机碳质量分数(TOC)平均值1.92%,有机质处于低熟-成熟阶段,为有效烃源岩,烃源岩厚度较大,指示良好的生烃潜力;储层多期发育,具有低阻特征。自西向东,库泰盆地油气成藏系统时代变新、层系变浅:①盆地东部望加锡海峡深水-半深水区域以上中新统-上新统深水沉积成藏系统为主;②中部马哈坎三角洲-浅海区域以中中新统三角洲相成藏组合为主;③马哈坎褶皱带以下中新统海相成藏组合为主;④盆地西部以渐新统-始新统裂谷期成藏组合为主。新层段海相油气成藏系统的发现,揭示了库泰盆地有利成藏组合的分带规律,指明了库泰盆地中西部区域的未来油气勘探方向。     

莺歌海盆地古新近系烃源条件与有利油气勘探方向

根据莺歌海盆地区域地质背景与古新近系构造沉积演化特征,结合钻井资料和前人烃源岩研究及生烃模拟实验结果,深入研究了不同层位烃源岩尤其是古近系烃源岩地球化学特征,重点剖析了烃源条件及高温高压环境中有机质热演化成烃特点。研究表明,中新统海相陆源烃源岩分布较广泛,其有机质干酪根类型属Ⅱ2—Ⅲ型,处在成熟-高熟大量生气阶段,为盆地浅层及中深层天然气气藏主要烃源岩;始新统及渐新统湖相及煤系亦是盆地重要烃源岩,主要分布在盆地西北部及与琼东南盆地毗邻的东南部,其生源母质类型属偏腐殖型,且处于成熟-高熟/裂解气阶段,具有较大生烃潜力。基于盆地构造沉积演化特点与烃源条件分析,结合近年来天然气勘探成果与有利油气富集区带综合评价,预测盆地临高反转构造带及临高海口-昌化区是勘探古近系烃源供给之油气有利富集区;莺东斜坡以及靠近琼东南盆地1号断裂带附近区域亦是勘探古近系烃源供给之油气的重要勘探领域。同时中深层深部高温超压九大构造圈闭系列则是勘探发现大中型天然气田群建成特大气区的主战场。     

印度尼西亚西纳土纳盆地油气地质特征与分布规律

西纳土纳盆地是发育在东南亚巽他克拉通内的裂谷盆地,也是印度尼西亚重要的含油气盆地。运用盆地分析及石油地质学的理论与方法,对盆地构造—沉积演化及主力烃源岩、储集层及盖层等成藏要素进行综合研究,系统总结油气成藏特征及分布规律,并通过对比分析指出构造演化与沉积充填差异是造成盆地内烃源岩演化、储集层发育、油气成藏特征差异的主控因素。研究表明,油气可采储量区域上集中在Anambas地堑和Penyu次盆东北部,主要油气田(藏)类型包括挤压背斜、披覆构造和地层—构造型;层系上,油气主要储集于上渐新统和下中新统。盆地内远景地层圈闭以上始新统—下渐新统Belut组冲积扇相砂砾岩和上渐新统—下中新统Gabus—下Arang组河流下切谷砂岩为有利储层,勘探程度低,资源潜力较大。     

西沙周缘新生代构造演化与盆地充填响应特征

利用南海西沙周缘地震资料,进行了地震相研究,并结合邻区地质资料,进行了南海西沙周缘新生代沉积相分析,讨论了盆地的充填演化历史。研究认为,南海西沙周缘盆地充填断陷期以陆相和海陆过渡相沉积为主;坳陷期以海陆过渡相和海相沉积为主,自下而上充填了一套冲积相-湖相(始新统)-海陆交替相(渐新统)-滨浅海台地相(中-下中新统)-浅海、半深海相(上新统-第四系)沉积序列,盆地的充填历史反映了南海西沙周缘沉积环境由陆相向海相逐渐过渡的过程。通过对油气地质条件分析,认为始新世-渐新世早期是重要的烃源岩发育期;渐新世晚期-中新世中期是储层发育期;中新世晚期后是区域该层发育时期。     

西湖凹陷平北地区烃源岩特征及生排烃史

为了综合确定平北地区的主力烃源岩，深化其油气成藏动力学过程研究，在烃源岩分布特征及有机质丰度、类型和成熟度分析的基础上，应用舍油气盆地数值模拟技术，定量恢复了研究区主要烃源岩层系的生排烃历史。研究表明，平北地区主要发育始新统平湖组、渐新统花港组两套烃源岩系，其中平湖组暗色泥岩为主力烃源岩，具较高的有机质丰度、成熟度、生排烃强度与排烃效率；以平湖组为源岩的油气系统应是本区油气勘探的主要目标。     

南沙曾母盆地地质构造特征与油气资源潜力

曾母盆地是南沙海域热点研究区域,为揭示该盆地油气资源潜力,依据曾母盆地地震剖面和钻井等资料,对曾母盆地的构造演化史和烃源岩进行综合分析。曾母盆地主要烃源岩为渐新统和中新统含有机质泥岩,通过排聚系数法对盆地的油气资源量作出估算,得出曾母盆地的油气当量为140.18×10~8 t,其中位于我国传统疆界内的有99.98×10~8 t。进一步根据盆地各亚区的构造特征和石油地质条件,将曾母盆地划分为3个不同等级的油气有利勘探区,其中南康台地和西部斜坡2个次级造单元为最有利勘探区。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.