大陆板片-地幔相互作用:来自大别造山带碰撞后安山质火山岩的地球化学证据

俯冲到地幔深度的地壳物质不可避免地在板片-地幔界面与地幔楔发生相互作用,由此形成的超镁铁质交代岩就是造山带镁铁质火成岩的地幔源区.因此,造山带镁铁质火成岩为研究俯冲地壳物质再循环和壳-幔相互作用提供了重要研究对象.为了揭示俯冲陆壳物质再循环的机制和过程,对大别造山带碰撞后安山质火山岩开展了元素和同位素地球化学研究.这些安山质火山岩的SIMS锆石U-Pb年龄为124±3~130±2 Ma,表明其形成于早白垩世.此外,残留锆石的U-Pb年龄为中新元古代和三叠纪,分别对应于大别-苏鲁造山带超高压变火成岩的原岩年龄和变质年龄.它们具有岛弧型微量元素特征、富集的Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成,以及变化的且大多不同于正常地幔的锆石δ18O值.这些元素和同位素特征指示,这些安山质火山岩是交代富集的造山带岩石圈地幔部分熔融的产物.在三叠纪华南陆块俯冲于华北陆块之下的过程中,俯冲华南陆壳来源的长英质熔体交代了上覆华北岩石圈地幔楔橄榄岩,大陆俯冲隧道内的熔体-橄榄岩反应产生了富沃、富集的镁铁质地幔交代岩.这种地幔交代岩在早白垩世发生部分熔融,就形成了所观察到的安山质火山岩.因此,碰撞造山带镁铁质岩浆岩的地幔源区是通过大陆俯冲隧道内板片-地幔相互作用形成的,而加入地幔楔中长英质熔体的比例决定了这些镁铁质岩浆岩的岩石化学和地球化学成分.      

新疆西准噶尔达拉布特蛇绿岩地幔橄榄岩成因

达拉布特蛇绿岩中地幔橄榄岩的主体为方辉橄榄岩,含少量纯橄岩和二辉橄榄岩,岩石遭受强烈蚀变。方辉橄榄岩单斜辉石、斜方辉石、橄榄石和尖晶石的主量元素特征均显示从深海地幔橄榄岩向SSZ地幔橄榄岩过渡的特征,与斜方辉石原位LA-ICP-MS微量元素特征一致,二辉橄榄岩具有深海地幔岩的性质。采用尖晶石-橄榄石平衡氧逸度计算方法,得出方辉橄榄岩的Δlog(fo2)FMQ在-0.14至+0.96log FMQ之间,具有MOR地幔橄榄岩向SSZ地幔橄榄岩过渡的特点或弧后盆地至岛弧过渡的特征。尖晶石Ga-Ti-Fe3+#图解显示纯橄岩成因可能和地幔橄榄岩与岛弧拉斑玄武岩的反应有关,而方辉橄榄岩可能为地幔橄榄岩与MOR熔体反应以及SSZ环境中含水熔体反应后的残余。纯橄岩和方辉橄榄岩∑REE都低于球粒陨石,且具有LREE富集的U型稀土元素配分模式,暗示了岩石和流体/熔体之间的相互作用。综合以上研究表明,达拉布特蛇绿岩形成于弧后扩张脊并受俯冲流体/熔体影响。     

地幔富硅交代与大陆岩石圈的演化

富硅交代是弧下地幔中熔体岩石相互作用的主要表现形式 ,是造成古老克拉通陆下岩石圈地幔富硅的主要机制。在弧下地幔捕掳体中 ,橄榄岩被来自俯冲洋壳物质部分熔融生成的含水富硅熔体交代后 ,斜方辉石含量的增加使全岩富集SiO2 ,斜方辉石显示异常低的Al2 O3和Cr2 O3,微量元素上表现为强烈富集LILE ,强烈亏损Nb ,Ta和Ti。在古老克拉通地幔岩样品中 ,方辉橄榄岩具过剩的斜方辉石 ,橄榄石的Ni含量与斜方辉石的组成含量成正比 ,而和橄榄石的x(Mg) /x(Mg +Fe2 +)值没有正比关系 ,被解释为亏损的地幔橄榄岩和来自俯冲板片的富硅熔体相互作用的结果。熔体岩石相互作用最终导致了陆下岩石圈地幔富集SiO2 ,这种被含水富硅熔体改造后的地幔岩石的部分熔融可能是造成陆壳富硅富镁的主要原因。含水富硅熔体对岩石圈地幔的影响程度也可能是大陆岩石圈增生或裂解、增厚或减薄的关键因素之一。     

阿尔巴尼亚布尔其泽纯橄岩壳中橄榄石的包裹体研究

阿尔巴尼亚布尔其泽纯橄岩壳非常新鲜,主要由橄榄石、尖晶石和单斜辉石等矿物组成.其中橄榄石存在单斜辉石和铬尖晶石（磁铁矿）共生包裹体现象,包裹体矿物粒度在1~10 μm,有些甚至为纳米级200~500 nm.纯橄岩橄榄石的Fo值为94.7~96.0,铬尖晶石的Cr#为76.5~82.4,远高于蛇绿岩地幔橄榄岩中常见纯橄岩的铬值（Cr#>60）.基于前人研究结果,提出这种现象是由于亏损方辉橄榄岩与含钛、铬、铁熔体发生交代作用,从而形成橄榄石的固溶体并存在Ti4+、Al3+、Ca2+、Fe3+,而部分Cr3+进入铬尖晶石结晶.后期由于岩体在抬升过程中降温,橄榄石中混溶的组分析出包裹体形成磁铁矿和铬尖晶石.并且依据铬尖晶石-橄榄石的矿物化学成分,识别出岩体内方辉橄榄岩相对较低的部分熔融程度约为30%~40%,纯橄岩部分熔融程度约为40%,表明不同岩相间其形成背景存在明显差异.因此,认为布尔奇泽蛇绿岩具有多阶段的过程,首先是在洋中脊环境下经历部分熔融作用形成了方辉橄榄岩,后受到俯冲环境（SSZ）的岩石-熔体反应生成更富Mg、Si和Cr等的熔体,致使地幔橄榄岩高度部分熔融,形成此类纯橄岩.      

橄榄岩-熔体的相互作用:岩石圈地幔组成转变的重要方式

橄榄岩-熔体/岩浆的相互作用常被用来解释蛇绿岩套橄榄岩、造山带橄榄岩、超镁铁质侵入杂岩体、地幔橄榄岩捕虏体中某些具有不平衡结构和矿物组成的岩石的形成过程。橄榄岩-熔体的反应主要有两种方式,即消耗橄榄石(和单斜辉石)生成斜方辉石或消耗斜方辉石生成橄榄石(和单斜辉石)。反应的结果不仅造成矿物百分含量的变化,而且造成矿物组成的变化;后者更重要但未引起足够的重视。华北东部中生代玄武质岩石中具有环带状结构的橄榄石和辉石捕虏晶,特别是具有环带状结构的地幔橄榄岩捕虏体的发现,暗示这种橄榄岩-熔体的相互作用在华北东南部中生代岩石圈地幔中很可能普遍存在,为岩石圈地幔组成转变和快速富集的重要方式。这是全球首例由橄榄岩-熔体相互反应造成的岩石圈地幔大规模的组成变化。反应熔体来源途径主要有地壳来源和软流圈地幔来源。来源不同的熔体与橄榄岩的反应造成的组成变化完全不同。     

雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带西段达机翁地幔橄榄岩组成特征及其形成环境分析

雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带自萨嘎以西分成南北两个亚带。对两个亚带蛇绿岩的各自特征及成因联系的研究,是探讨雅鲁藏布江西段的新特提斯洋构造演化的关键。北亚带蛇绿岩呈构造岩块产于冈底斯山前喀喇昆仑断裂带的南侧。其中,位于北亚带西北段的达机翁蛇绿岩,主要由地幔橄榄岩,玄武岩夹硅质岩组成,各单元间断层接触。对达机翁蛇绿岩的地幔橄榄岩开展的组成特征研究表明:(1)地幔橄榄岩主体为方辉橄榄岩,含少量的纯橄岩。方辉橄榄岩内产有豆荚状铬铁矿(呈豆状,块状以及浸染状),铬铁矿有一层纯橄岩的外壳;(2)达机翁方辉橄榄岩单斜辉石含量低,组成矿物以及全岩的地球化学特征均指示了这些样品经历了相对高的部分熔融作用;(3)方辉橄榄岩具有U型的球粒陨石标准化的稀土元素分配模式,Nb相对亏损,Ta,Zr和Hf具有弱的正异常,同时Sr和U具有强烈的正异常,这些特征可能与残余地幔和俯冲带熔/流体之间相互作用导致的轻稀土元素和部分微量元素的选择性富集有关。定量计算表明,达机翁地幔岩中的方辉橄榄岩来源于一个尖晶石相地幔源区的部分熔融,部分熔融程度大于25%,高于深海地幔橄榄岩的部分熔融程度(10%~22%)。这些橄榄岩形成时的氧逸度条件位于FMQ和FMQ+1之间,高于深海地幔橄榄岩(FMQ-1),与俯冲带环境的氧逸度条件一致。因此,我们认为达机翁蛇绿岩中的地幔橄榄岩形成于大洋中脊的环境,随后发生了洋内俯冲作用,位于俯冲带上部的地幔橄榄岩经历了俯冲带流/熔体的交代作用。     

雅鲁藏布江缝合带东段杰莎蛇绿岩中铬铁矿特征及其构造背景

雅鲁藏布江缝合带东段加查县杰莎岩体主要由蚀变较强的方辉橄榄岩和纯橄岩、豆荚状铬铁矿组成。铬铁矿矿体呈东西向,倾向北西,矿体的围岩为纯橄岩及方辉橄榄岩,长20~40m,宽1~3m。镜下特征和电子探针分析结果显示铬铁矿中铬尖晶石的Cr#=67.9~88.5,Mg#值变化在64.6~68.2之间,TiO2含量为0.06%~0.18%,Al2O3含量为13.1%~16.5%,表明杰莎铬铁矿为高铬型铬铁矿。方辉橄榄岩中橄榄石、斜方辉石和单斜辉石的矿物化学特征表明杰莎岩体既具有深海地幔橄榄岩特征,也具有岛弧地幔橄榄岩的特点。并且依据铬尖晶石-橄榄石/单斜辉石的矿物化学成分,识别出杰莎岩体至少经历了2期过程,包括早期部分熔融(20%~30%)和晚期的岩石/熔体反应作用(35%)。因此,杰莎地幔橄榄岩和铬铁矿可能与雅鲁藏布江缝合带中其他岩体一样,经历了洋中脊及俯冲带的多阶段叠加的过程。     

埃达克岩的Na亏损及其对地幔Na交代的指示意义

埃达克岩是玄武质洋壳部分熔融的产物。然而,与实验室玄武岩部分熔融产生的埃达克质熔体相比,天然埃达克岩明显地高Mg、Cr和Ni,这表明埃达克岩浆在上升过程中有地幔成分的加入。本文的观察结果表明,全球新生代埃达克岩的Na2O含量低于5.8%,大约95%的新生代埃达克岩样品Na2O含量小于5.0%。然而,在埃达克岩产生的压力范围(1.5～3.0GPa),实验的玄武岩部分熔体大多数Na2O含量超过5.0%,最高达到9.0%,显示埃达克岩具有明显的Na亏损现象。我们认为这是埃达克熔体在热的地幔楔中与地幔橄榄岩反应的结果。在俯冲带,大洋板片熔融产生的熔体(埃达克熔体)上升并与地幔橄榄岩发生反应,原始的埃达克熔体获得MgO、Cr及Ni等地幔组分,但其Na2O和SiO2等通过反应进入地幔,导致地幔交代作用。根据长英质熔体与橄榄岩反应体系的相关系,我们认为,地幔单斜辉石、橄榄石、尖晶石的混染作用以及钠质角闪石和斜方辉石的分离结晶作用,是改变埃达克熔体组成并导致其Na亏损的一个重要的过程。埃达克岩的Na亏损为地幔Na交代作用和一些富Na的弧岩浆成因提供了重要证据。     

西藏班公湖—怒江缝合带中段蓬湖蛇绿岩中的洋脊型二辉橄榄岩

蓬湖蛇绿岩产于西藏藏北湖区的蓬湖西侧,属班公湖-怒江缝合带中段白拉拉弄-依拉山亚带。该蛇绿岩主要由地幔橄榄岩、堆晶岩和辉绿岩等组成。其中地幔橄榄岩由方辉橄榄岩和二辉橄榄岩组成。蓬湖二辉橄榄岩的橄榄石Fo值介于88.85～90.33之间、斜方辉石的Al2O3含量范围在4.26%～6.60%。与原始地幔相比,蓬湖二辉橄榄岩岩石有较高的MgO含量和较低的Al2O3、CaO和TiO2等易熔组分含量;稀土元素总量介于1.11×10-6～1.53×10-6之间,明显低于原始地幔值,配分模式为轻稀土轻微亏损。在原始地幔微量元素蛛网图中,蓬湖二辉橄榄岩显示Rb、Zr亏损,U、Ta、Sr强烈富集特征。蓬湖二辉橄榄岩的铂族元素总量介于22.9×10-9～27×10-9之间,PGEs球粒陨石标准化图解显示其为接近原始地幔的"平坦型"。以上特征与深海橄榄岩相似,指示它们可能形成于大洋中脊环境。定量模拟估算表明,蓬湖二辉橄榄岩可能来源于地幔中尖晶石相二辉橄榄岩源区,系经历了约5%～10%的部分熔融残余。蓬湖堆晶岩矿物结晶顺序为橄榄石-单斜辉石-斜长石,其中异剥橄榄岩中的单斜辉石Mg#值介于86.92～89.93之间、橄榄石Fo平均值为84.45,明显不同于MOR型蛇绿岩堆晶岩。蓬湖堆晶岩的矿物组成、岩浆结晶顺序和矿物成分均与俯冲带上SSZ型蛇绿岩形成的堆晶岩类似。以上结果表明,蓬湖二辉橄榄岩形成于大洋脊环境,为尖晶石二辉橄榄岩源区经历了不超过10%部分熔融的残余,后期由于洋内俯冲作用经历了岩石-熔体反应,形成了SSZ型堆晶岩和含较高Cr#值尖晶石的方辉橄榄岩。     

西藏雅鲁藏布江缝合带东段泽当地幔橄榄岩特征及其意义

泽当岩体位于雅鲁藏布江缝合带东段,主要由地幔橄榄岩、辉长辉绿岩和基性火山岩等组成。地幔橄榄岩主要为方辉橄榄岩和二辉橄榄岩,有少量透镜状纯橄岩。地幔橄榄岩经历了强烈的塑性变形作用。地幔橄榄岩中橄榄石的Fo值为89.6~91.8,属镁橄榄石;斜方辉石为顽火辉石,En 87.8~90.3;单斜辉石En 44.1~50.0,主要为顽透辉石和透辉石。铬尖晶石的Cr#值(=100×Cr/(Cr+Al))为17.0~93.6,其中,二辉橄榄岩和方辉橄榄岩中的铬尖晶石为富铝型尖晶石,纯橄岩中的铬尖晶石Cr#最高,为富铬型尖晶石。地幔橄榄岩的部分熔融程度为17%~34%,表明泽当地幔橄榄岩可能经历了多阶段的过程。亏损的主量元素组成和低于原始地幔的稀土元素含量(0.15×10-6~0.61×10-6)指示泽当地幔橄榄岩为经历过部分熔融和熔体抽取的亏损残余地幔岩石。REE配分型式为中稀土亏损的"V"型或"U"型,原始地幔标准化元素比值(La/Sm)N为0.5~8.0,表明泽当地幔橄榄岩经历过交代作用。矿物化学与地球化学数据表明泽当地幔橄榄岩形成于MOR环境,后受到SSZ环境的改造。     

A comparative study of melt-rock reactions in the mantle: laboratory dissolution experiments and geological field observations

Systematic variations in mineralogy and chemical composition across dunite-harzburgite (DH) and dunite-harzburgite-lherzolite (DHL) sequences in the mantle sections of ophiolites have been widely observed. The compositional variations are due to melt-rock reactions as basaltic melts travel through mantle peridotite, and may be key attributes to understanding melting and melt transport processes in the mantle. In order to better understand melt-rock reactions in the mantle, we conducted laboratory dissolution experiments by juxtaposing a spinel lherzolite against an alkali basalt or a mid-ocean ridge basalt. The charges were run at 1 GPa and either 1,300°C or 1,320°C for 8–28 h. Afterward, the charges were slowly cooled to 1,200°C and 1 GPa, which was maintained for at least 24 h to promote in situ crystallization of interstitial melts. Cooling allowed for better characterization of the mineralogy and mineral compositional trends produced and observed from melt-rock reactions. Dissolution of lherzolite in basaltic melts with cooling results in a clinopyroxene-bearing DHL sequence, in contrast to sequences observed in previously reported isothermal-isobaric dissolution experiments, but similar to those observed in the mantle sections of ophiolites. Compositional variations in minerals in the experimental charges follow similar melt-rock trends suggested by the field observations, including traverses across DH and DHL sequences from mantle sections of ophiolites as well as clinopyroxene and olivine from clinopyroxenite, dunite, and wehrlite dikes and xenoliths. These chemical variations are controlled by the composition of reacting melt, mineralogy and composition of host peridotite, and grain-scale processes that occur at various stages of melt-peridotite reaction. We suggest that laboratory dissolution experiments are a robust model to natural melt-rock reaction processes and that clinopyroxene in replacive dunites in the mantle sections of ophiolites is genetically linked to clinopyroxene in cumulate dunite and pyroxenites through melt transport and melt-rock reaction processes in the mantle.     

Re-Os geochronology,O isotopes and mineral geochemistry of the Neoproterozoic Songshugou ultramafic massif in the Qinling Orogenic Belt,China

The Qinling Orogenic Belt was formed by subduction and collision between the North and South China Blocks along the Shangdan suture. The Songshugou ultramafic massif located on the northern side of the Shangdan suture provides essential insights into the mantle origin and evolutionary processes during spreading and subduction of the Shangdan oceanic lithosphere. The ultramafic massif comprises harzburgite, coarse- and fine-grained dunites. The spinels from harzburgite exhibit low Cr# and high Mg# numbers, suggesting a mid-ocean ridge peridotite origin, whereas spinels from both coarse- and fine-grained dunites are indicated as resulted from melt-rock reaction due to their systematic higher Cr# and low Mg# numbers. This melt-rock reaction in the dunites is also indicated by the low TiO₂ (mostly <0.4 wt%) in the spinel and high Fo (90–92) in olivines. Due to its relatively homogeneous nature in the mantle, oxygen isotopic composition is a sensitive indicator for the petrogenesis and tectonic setting of the Songshugou ultramafic rocks. Based on in-situ oxygen isotope analyses of olivines from twenty-six rock samples, most harzburgites from the Songshugou ultramafic massif show low δ¹⁸O values of 4.54–5.30‰, suggesting the olivines are equilibrium with N-MORB magmas and originally formed in a mid-ocean ridge setting. The coarse- and fine-grained dunites exhibit slightly higher olivine δ¹⁸O values of 4.69–6.00‰ and 5.00–6.11‰, respectively, suggesting they may have been modified by subduction-related boninitic melt-rock reaction. The δ¹⁸O values of olivines systematically increasing from the harzburgites, to coarse-grained dunites and fine-grained dunites may suggest enhancing of melt-rock reaction. The decreasing of Os concentration, ¹⁸⁷Re/¹⁸⁸Os and ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios from harzburgite to dunite suggest an ¹⁸⁷Os-enriched, subduction zone melt was responsible for creating the melt channel for melt-rock reactions. Together with the high-temperature ductile deformation microstructures, these isotopic and mineral geochemical features suggest that the harzburgites represent mantle residues after partial melting at mid-ocean ridge or supra-subduction zone, while the dunites were probably resulted from reactions between boninitic melt and harzburgites in a supra-subduction zone. Re-Os geochronology yields a maximum Re depletion model age (T_RD) of 805 Ma, constraining the minimum formation age of the harzburgites derived from oceanic mantle. Eight samples of whole rock and chromite yield a Re-Os isochron age of 500 ± 120 Ma, constraining the timing of melt-rock reactions. Combined with the regional geology and our previous investigations, the Songshugou ultramafic rocks favors a mantle origin at mid-ocean ridge before 805 Ma, and were modified by boninitic melt percolations in a SSZ setting at ca. 500 Ma. This long-term tectonic process from spreading to subduction might imply a huge Pan-Tethyan ocean between the Laurasia (e.g., North China Block) and Gondwana (e.g., South China Block) and/or a one-side subduction.     

Reaction between slab-derived melts and peridotite in the mantle wedge: experimental constraints at 3.8 GPa

Laboratory experiments on natural, hydrous basalts at 1–4 GPa constrain the composition of “unadulterated” partial melts of eclogitized oceanic crust within downgoing lithospheric slabs in subduction zones. We complement the “slab melting” experiments with another set of experiments in which these same “adakite” melts are allowed to infiltrate and react with an overlying layer of peridotite, simulating melt:rock reaction at the slab–mantle wedge interface. In subduction zones, the effects of reaction between slab-derived, adakite melts and peridotitic mantle conceivably range from hybridization of the melt, to modal or cryptic metasomatism of the sub-arc mantle, depending upon the “effective” melt:rock ratio. In experiments at 3.8 GPa, assimilation of either fertile or depleted peridotite by slab melts at a melt:rock ratio 2:1 produces Mg-rich, high-silica liquids in reactions which form pyrope-rich garnet and low-Mg# orthopyroxene, and fully consume olivine. Analysis of both the pristine and hybridized slab melts for a range of trace elements indicates that, although abundances of most trace elements in the melt increase during assimilation (because melt is consumed), trace element ratios remain relatively constant. In their compositional range, the experimental liquids closely resemble adakite lavas in island-arc and continental margin settings, and adakite veins and melt inclusions in metasomatized peridotite xenoliths from the sub-arc mantle. At slightly lower melt:rock ratios (1:1), slab melts are fully consumed, along with peridotitic olivine, in modal metasomatic reactions that form sodic amphibole and high-Mg# orthopyroxene.     

Geochemical cycling during subduction initiation: Evidence from serpentinized mantle wedge peridotite in the south Andaman ophiolite suite

The ophiolite suite from south Andaman Islands forms part of the Tethyan Ophiolite Belt and preserves the remnants of an ideal ophiolite sequence comprising a basal serpentinized and tectonised mantle peridotite followed by ultramafic and mafic cumulate units, basaltic dykes and spilitic pillow basalts interlayered with arkosic wacke. Here, we present new major, trace, rare earth(REE) and platinum group(PGE) element data for serpentinized and metasomatized peridotites(dunites) exposed in south Andaman representing the tectonized mantle section of the ophiolite suite. Geochemical features of the studied rocks, marked by Al_2 O_3/TiO_2 23, LILE-LREE enrichment, HFSE depletion, and U-shaped chondrite-normalized REE patterns with(La/Sm)N 1 and(Gd/Yb)N 1, suggest contributions from boninitic mantle melts. These observations substantiate a subduction initiation process ensued by rapid slab roll-back with extension and seafloor spreading in an intraoceanic fore-arc regime. The boninitic composition of the serpentinized peridotites corroborate fluid and melt interaction with mantle manifested in terms of(i) hydration, metasomatism and serpentinization of depleted, MORB-type, sub-arc wedge mantle residual after repeated melt extraction; and(ii) refertilization of refractory mantle peridotite by boninitic melts derived at the initial stage of intraoceanic subduction. Serpentinized and metasomatized mantle dunites in this study record both MOR and intraoceanic arc signatures collectively suggesting suprasubduction zone affinity. The elevated abundances of Pd(4.4-12.2 ppb) with highΣPPGE/∑IPGE(2-3) and Pd/Ir(2-5.5) ratios are in accordance with extensive melt-rock interaction through percolation of boninitic melts enriched in fluid-fluxed LILE-LREE into the depleted mantle after multiple episodes of melt extraction. The high Pd contents with relatively lower Ir concentrations of the samples are analogous to characteristic PGE signatures of boninitic magmas and might have resulted by the infiltration of boninitic melts into the depleted and residual mantle wedge peridotite during fore-arc extension at the initial stage of intraoceanic subduction. The PGE patterns with high Os + Ir(2-8.6 ppb)and Ru(2.8-8.4 ppb) also suggest mantle rejuvenation by infiltration of melts derived by high degree of mantle melting. The trace, REE and PGE data presented in our study collectively reflect heterogeneous mantle compositions and provide insights into ocean-crust-mantle interaction and associated geochemical cycling within a suprasubduction zone regime.     

埃达克岩的原义、特征与成因

论述了埃达克岩的原义与综合特征 ,并针对其与太古宙TTG之间的区别和联系及今后研究埃达克岩的建议提出了自己的见解。埃达克岩 (adakite)的原义是指一类具有镁铁质斑晶的隐晶质火山岩 ,属于岛弧型岩浆钙碱性岩系 ,一般形成于年轻的 (<2 5Ma)、地热高的岛弧环境 ,是俯冲板块和上覆地幔相互作用产生的杂化熔液通过结晶分异形成的。综合总结埃达克岩 (原义 )的地球化学特征如下 :(1)原生标志 ,高Mg# 、低FeO /MgO、高Cr及Ni;(2 )微量元素标志 ,高LILE、高LREE、低HREE、低HFSE以及高分异的REE型式等。对实验岩石学研究资料的总结可知杂化 (hybridized)熔液是由小数量的板块熔液与地幔楔反应经交代作用、同化作用形成的 ,可分异直至出现酸性岩浆 ,这一过程称为“地幔同化及分离结晶作用 (mantle AFC)”。在橄榄岩的同化作用中 ,原有熔液Mg# 迅速上升 ,并在熔液成分加多后 ,向高Mg# 区迅速发展。在近代一些埃达克岩及相关岩石研究中 ,部分学者认为太古宙TTG与新生代板块 (榴辉岩 )重熔的TTD岩系类似。同时 ,亦有学者认为太古宙“绿岩带”中与TTG有关的深成岩系是一类Mg质花岗闪长岩Mg质二长闪长岩 ,成因与Sanukite相似 (太古宙sanuk itoid岩系 ) ,相当于富集橄榄岩重熔形成的岩系。这些研究重新引发了太古宙     

A parameterized model for REE distribution between low-Ca pyroxene and basaltic melts with applications to REE partitioning in low-Ca pyroxene along a mantle adiabat and during pyroxenite-derived melt and peridotite interaction

Low-Ca pyroxenes play an important role in mantle melting, melt-rock reaction, and magma differentiation processes. In order to better understand REE fractionation during adiabatic mantle melting and pyroxenite-derived melt and peridotite interaction, we developed a parameterized model for REE partitioning between low-Ca pyroxene and basaltic melts. Our parameterization is based on the lattice strain model and a compilation of published experimental data, supplemented by a new set of trace element partitioning experiments for low-Ca pyroxenes produced by pyroxenite-derived melt and peridotite interaction. To test the validity of the assumptions and simplifications used in the model development, we compared model-derived partition coefficients with measured partition coefficients for REE between orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene in well-equilibrated peridotite xenoliths. REE partition coefficients in low-Ca pyroxene correlate negatively with temperature and positively with both calcium content on the M2 site and aluminum content on the tetrahedral site of pyroxene. The strong competing effect between temperature and major element compositions of low-Ca pyroxene results in very small variations in REE partition coefficients in orthopyroxene during adiabatic mantle melting when diopside is in the residue. REE partition coefficients in orthopyroxene can be treated as constants at a given mantle potential temperature during decompression melting of lherzolite and diopside-bearing harzburgite. In the absence of diopside, partition coefficients of light REE in orthopyroxene vary significantly, and such variations should be taken into consideration in geochemical modeling of REE fractionation in clinopyroxene-free harzburgite. Application of the parameterized model to low-Ca pyroxenes produced by reaction between pyroxenite-derived melt and peridotite revealed large variations in the calculated REE partition coefficients in the low-Ca pyroxenes. Temperature and composition of starting pyroxenite must be considered when selecting REE partition coefficients for pyroxenite-derived melt and peridotite interaction.     

Constraints on the origin of the oxidation state of mantle overlying subduction zones: An example from Simcoe,Washington, USA

Type I spinel peridotite xenoliths from Simcoe Volcano, southern Washington (USA), are from lithospheric mantle approximately 65 km inboard from the axis of the subduction-related Cascade Range. Oxygen fugacities calculated from contents of Fe³⁺/ΣFe in Simcoe spinels, determined by Mössbauer spectroscopy, are up to 1.4 log units more oxidizing than the FMQ buffer. These are among the most oxidized mantle xenoliths reported, with fugacities substantially higher than those calculated for mantle beneath most of western North America. These results, together with those from amphibole-bearing spinel peridotites from Ichinomegata, Japan (Wood and Virgo, 1989), provide evidence that the mantle above subduction zones is more oxidized than is oceanic or ancient cratonic mantle. We suggest that oxidation was accomplished by an agent ranging in composition from solute-rich hydrous fluid to water-bearing silicate melt. A qualitative model relating extent of oxidation, duration of the oxidation process, and proportion of the available water (derived from subducting slabs) that oxidizes Fe in subarc mantle peridotite, suggests that such an agent can easily produce the observed extents of oxidation over timescales similar to the typical lifespans of subduction zones. For the Cascade arc with a duration of 50 Ma, the observed oxidation in the Simcoe peridotites can be achieved by reacting about 6–11 % of the available water with the mantle. These results demonstrate that water can make an efficient oxidizing agent, and because of the comparatively low ferric iron contents reported for mantle peridotites from other tectonic settings, oxidation of the mantle by water is mostly restricted to subduction zones where water is recycled from the surface and transferred into the mantle wedge.     

A general model for the intrusion and evolution of 'mantle' garnet peridotites in high-pressure and ultra-high-pressure metamorphic terranes

Garnet‐bearing peridotite lenses are minor but significant components of most metamorphic terranes characterized by high‐temperature eclogite facies assemblages. Most peridotite intrudes when slabs of continental crust are subducted deeply (60–120 km) into the mantle, usually by following oceanic lithosphere down an established subduction zone. Peridotite is transferred from the resulting mantle wedge into the crustal footwall through brittle and/or ductile mechanisms. These ‘mantle’ peridotites vary petrographically, chemically, isotopically, chronologically and thermobarometrically from orogen to orogen, within orogens and even within individual terranes. The variations reflect: (1) derivation from different mantle sources (oceanic or continental lithosphere, asthenosphere); (2) perturbations while the mantle wedges were above subducting oceanic lithosphere; and (3) changes within the host crustal slabs during intrusion, subduction and exhumation. Peridotite caught within mantle wedges above oceanic subduction zones will tend to recrystallize and be contaminated by fluids derived from the subducting oceanic crust. These ‘subduction zone peridotites’ intrude during the subsequent subduction of continental crust. Low‐pressure protoliths introduced at shallow (serpentinite, plagioclase peridotite) and intermediate (spinel peridotite) mantle depths (20–50 km) may be carried to deeper levels within the host slab and undergo high‐pressure metamorphism along with the enclosing rocks. If subducted deeply enough, the peridotites will develop garnet‐bearing assemblages that are isofacial with, and give the same recrystallization ages as, the eclogite facies country rocks. Peridotites introduced at deeper levels (50–120 km) may already contain garnet when they intrude and will not necessarily be isofacial or isochronous with the enclosing crustal rocks. Some garnet peridotites recrystallize from spinel peridotite precursors at very high temperatures (c. 1200 °C) and may derive ultimately from the asthenosphere. Other peridotites are from old (>1 Ga), cold (c. 850 °C), subcontinental mantle (‘relict peridotites’) and seem to require the development of major intra‐cratonic faults to effect their intrusion.     

造山带橄榄岩起源和大陆俯冲带壳幔相互作用

俯冲地壳衍生流体交代地幔楔,是产生俯冲带岩浆作用的重要机制.但是,目前人们对俯冲大陆物质改造地幔楔的岩石学过程和机理仍缺乏深入认识,造山带橄榄岩是解析这一问题的直接样品.通过对大别-苏鲁造山带橄榄岩进行系统的矿物学、岩石学和地球化学研究,发现橄榄石Ni/Co比值可有效区分幔源和壳源造山带橄榄岩,揭示幔源造山带橄榄岩起源于华北岩石圈地幔.苏鲁李家屯纯橄岩在进入俯冲带之前就已在地幔内部经历了碳酸盐熔体交代.大别毛屋和苏鲁蒋庄橄榄岩及其交代脉体记录了约170~200 km深度的俯冲带壳幔相互作用过程.深俯冲陆壳释放的富Si-Al质熔体可不同程度地改造地幔楔底部,形成富石榴石和富辉石的交代岩,并引发强烈的Os同位素分馏效应.该过程不仅改变地幔楔岩性和化学组成,还能够改变交代介质成分,为俯冲带各类深部地幔岩浆提供源区物质.因此,大陆深俯冲是导致上地幔不均一的重要途径.      

Mantle hydrocarbons: abiotic or biotic?

Analyses of 227 rocks from fifty localities throughout the world showed that mantle derived rocks such as tectonized peridotites in ophiolite sequences (tectonites) arid peridotite xenoliths in alkali basalts contain heavier hydrocarbons (n-alkanes), whereas igneous rocks produced by magmas such as gabbro arid granite lack them. The occurrence of hydrocarbons indicates that they were not derived either from laboratory contamination or from held contamination; these compounds found in the mantle-derived rocks are called here "mantle hydrocarbons." The existence of hydrocarbons correlates with petrogenesis. For example, peridotite cumulates produced by magmatic differentiation lack hydrocarbons whereas peridotite xenoliths derived from the mantle contain them. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric records of the mantle hydrocarbons resemble those of aliphatics in meteorites and in petroleum. Features of the hydrocarbons are that (a) the mantle hydrocarbons reside mainly along grain boundaries and in fluid inclusions of minerals; (b) heavier isoprenoids such as pristane and phytane are present; and (c) delta 13C of the mantle hydrocarbons is uniform (about -27%). Possible origins for the mantle hydrocarbons are as follows. (1) They were in organically synthesized by Fischer-Tropsch type reaction in the mantle. (2) They were delivered by meteorites and comets to the early Earth. (3) They were recycled by subduction. The mantle hydrocarbons in the cases of (1) and (2) are abiogenic and those in (3) are mainly biogenic. It appears that hydrocarbons may survive high pressures and temperatures in the mantle, but they are decomposed into lighter hydrocarbon gases such as CH4 at lower pressures when magmas intrude into the crust; consequently, peridotite cumulates do not contain heavier hydrocarbons but possess hydrocarbon gases up to C4H10.