江西省水库温室气体释放及其影响因素分析

对江西省柘林、白云山、陡水、洪门、仙女湖5个水库表面N_2O、CH_4和CO_2这3种温室气体的溶存浓度进行测定,估算出这3种温室气体在水-气界面的释放速率分别为0.29~1.05、3.65~39.42和-51.56~1383.21μg/(m~2·h).与其他环境因素的相关性分析表明,总氮浓度是控制N2O释放速率的决定性因素;CH_4的释放速率与水体温度、透明度以及总磷浓度的相关性显著;而CO_2的释放速率与叶绿素a、总有机碳浓度等环境因素均未发现单一的相关性.根据温室气体的全球变暖潜能值计算得到5个水库温室气体总的CO_2等效释放速率(TFeq-CO_2)范围为237.83~2267.83μg CO_2-e/(m~2·h).N2O、CH_4和CO_2的CO_2等效释放速率在TFeq-CO_2中所占比例范围分别为13.94%~83.26%、20.54%~175.21%和-140.43%~60.99%.N_2O和CH_4的CO_2等效释放速率对TFeq-CO_2的贡献基本相当;在柘林和仙女湖水库中CO_2的贡献为负值,而在其余3个水库中CO_2是水库所释放的最为主要的温室气体.本实验中5个水库温室气体的TFeq-CO_2相当于10.52~377.10 t C/a的碳排放,占产生相同电能燃煤发电站年碳排放量的0.05%~1.12%.     

运河(杭州段)沉积物磷释放的模拟试验

采用室内模拟的方法研究了扰动情况下运河（杭州段）表层沉积物磷的释放对上覆水的影响以及投加石灰、投加三气氛发化铁、连续曝气、换水清洗等措施对沉积物磷释放的控制效果,研究表明,在扰动、开放体系条件下,运河（杭州段）沉积物磷释放导致的上覆水总磷浓度在释放初期最高,随时间逐渐下降,表现出净吸附,采集于有机污染较重河段的沉积物磷释放能力显著高于总磷含量较高但以重金属污染为主的河段的沉积物,上覆水投加石灰最终导致沉积物磷释放量的增加,投加三氯化铁显著降低了上覆水总磷浓度,上覆水连续曝气降低了上覆水的平衡磷浓度、换水清洗对上覆水磷浓度的降低效果是有限的,然而上述措施均未能将上覆水总磷浓度控制在V类水的浓度限定值以下,因此,就上覆水TP的浓度指标而言,运河（杭州段）沉积物的内源释放对其影响很大。     

太湖螺类的实验生态学研究——以环棱螺为例

通过室内实验探讨环棱螺营养盐释放的影响因子及环棱螺对水体悬浮物、透明度及浮游植物的影响等生态特性．结果表明:温度及进食状况对环棱螺的营养盐释放均有显著影响．15℃时,环棱螺氨氮的释放速率约为55．60±4．95μg／(g·d),磷酸根的释放速率约为2．073±0．120μg／(g·d);而25℃时,环棱螺磷酸根的释放速率是2 819±0．075μg／(g·d),表明在一定温度范围内,环棱螺营养盐的释放速率随温度升高而增加,且进食状态下环棱螺的营养盐释放速率高于饥饿状态．此外,环棱螺虽在短时间内可提高水体的透明度,但其释放的营养盐可引起局部水体溶解态氮磷含量的增加,在没有其它初级生产者争夺营养盐和光照等资源的情况下,水体中藻类的再生速率会加快,环棱螺难以对藻类的增殖起到抑制作用．南此建议在利用螺类进行生态调控的过程中,必须与沉水植物的恢复紧密结合,通过合理的空间搭配,实现水生态系统的恢复与健康发展．     

南北地震带7级以上地震的中期预测研究

利用中国地震局陆远忠等研发的Mapsis软件系统及其数据库,计算出南北地震带1500年以来6级以上地震释放的能量。并以1年为尺度,根据地震能量释放原理,计算出508年时间段的地震能量,认为在该时间段内地震能量的释放具有较好的规律性,对南北地震带7级以上地震的中期预测具有较好的效果。     

浅谈太原盆地的微震活动

通过对太原盆地近１０ａ来,遥测台网记录到的地震做震中分布,地震活动频度及能量释放等分析,得出太原盆地地震活动时间分布上人有“丛集性”,盆地小震活动频繁,应变能释放常以小震群形式释放的结论。指出今后２ａ,太原盆地将出现地震活动频度高,应变能释放逐渐回升的现象。     

道孚、甘孜地震前区域能量释放图象与过程的研究

一、引言大震前地震能量的释放过程、分区特征等作为一种预报参量的提出,或服务于孕震机制的理论探索,不少中外学者做了许多有益的工作。对深大断裂切割下的断块区,在地质构造条件影响下,其壳内地震在震前的能量释放是否有其规律呢?本文采用均匀描述地震弹性波     

地震活动对大气与海洋环境变化的影响分析——以美国加州与日本3·11地震为例

通过美国加州林火期间的地震、CO气体监测等数据的统计分析,认为地震对气候干燥、林火的发生以及CO气体浓度变化存在重要影响;对比分析日本3·11地震前后的海洋表面温度变化,认为海底地震的热能释放是导致海水温度升高及海洋热膨胀的重要因素,并进而通过海气交换对大气圈等产生影响;综上分析认为,地震活动伴随有大量的热能及气体释放,并对地球系统的多个方面产生影响,在全球变化中具有重要作用。     

长江中下游地区湖泊水和沉积物中营养盐的赋存、循环及其交换特征

回顾了有关长江中下游地区湖泊水、生物、沉积物中营养盐的迁移、转化、循环和交换等研究工作进展.典型湖泊的研究结果显示,历史上长江中下游地区湖泊的营养本底的确较高,处于中营养和富营养状态;人类活动在最近几十年中加快了这些湖泊的富营养化进程.长江中下游地区湖泊的治理不仅要重视外源污染的削减,也要重视湖泊内源污染的控制.长江中下游地区的浅水湖泊沉积物中,一般只有30％以下的磷是以较活跃的藻类易利用态存在的,表层沉积物通过吸附-解吸等交换作用对浅水湖泊水体中磷的浓度有较大的影响.长江中下游浅水湖泊沉积物中的营养盐释放主要有静态和动态二种释放方式.前者是基于化学平衡条件下的水土界面扩散作用.决定其释放量大小的主要因子是孔隙水与上覆水之间的营养盐浓度差.后者是基于水动力扰动对水土界面物理破坏条件下的底泥悬浮释放作用.二种释放模式在浅水水体中都存在.无论是静态或动态,水土界面的氧化还原环境,铁、锰、铝等元素含量,都对释放有影响.动态释放能在短期内大大提高水体颗粒态营养盐的浓度.在动态释放的初期,将有效增加水体可溶性营养盐,但是如果沉积物中铁、铝等金属元素较丰富,水体中的溶解性营养盐将由于吸附等作用而沉淀至湖底,因此,这样的湖泊往往具有较强的自我净化能力.长江中下游地区绝大多数湖泊都属于这种类型的湖泊.用底泥疏浚方法来控制湖泊内源污染的方法只适用湖泊面积较小、还原环境强烈,或者沉积物中铁、锰含量较低、水体去除可溶性营养盐的能力较弱的水体.此外,长江中下游地区的浅水湖泊生态系统对富营养化也具有强烈的反馈作用.水华暴发期间蓝藻的暴发性生长能通过改变水体的pH而引发沉积物中磷释放数量的大幅增加,大量释放的营养盐反过来又会促使蓝藻的大量生长,从而加剧水华的暴发.研究显示污染相对较重的水域水体中营养盐的含量高,微生物的生物量及生产力也高,碱性磷酸酶的活性也高,水体营养盐的循环也就更快.这反过来又促使微生物生产力增加,营养盐循环更快,加剧富营养化的危害.今后的工作应该重点围绕生物参与下营养盐的迁移转化等方面开展工作.     

滇西地区二氧化碳的释放与地震

作者在研究了滇西地区碳酸泉的分布及其同位素组成特征后提出,该区存在五种不同成因机制的CO2释放.其中,深源CO2混合成因和热动力变质成因CO2的释放与地壳深部应力状态的变化关系密切,因而具有较好的映震效能.对下关、江干等典型泉点的CO2释放的连续观测表明,在该区发生五级左右地震前,地热流体的溶解CO2总量有明显的异常变化,其中短临前兆变化十分引人注目.因此,监测这类碳酸泉的CO2释放有可能是一种有效的地震前兆观测方法.      

长江中下游湖泊沉积物氮磷形态与释放风险关系

运用聚类分析、主成分分析和相关矩阵的统计分析手段,对长江中下游湖群共18个湖泊的沉积物氮磷释放风险以及湖泊沉积物、间隙水和上覆水中氮磷形态以及其他相关地球化学参数进行分析。草型和藻型湖泊的环境差异是造成氮磷释放风险的主要原因。氮磷释放风险与铁磷、藻类可利用磷、总氮、总磷、上覆水氮磷含量、间隙水氮含量、孔隙度和有机质含量间的关系最为密切。决定磷酸盐释放风险的主要形态磷是藻类可利用磷和铁磷,其他形态磷或者含量较低或者不易被转化释放,对磷酸盐释放风险影响较小。有机磷含量对磷的释放风险没有直接决定作用,但它与有机质含量间呈显著正相关。     

富营养水体磷酸酶动力学参数的季节变化——水体酶研究之一

本文报道了武汉东湖富营养湖区(东湖Ⅰ站)水体磷酸酶动力学参数(最大反应速度V_(max)和米氏常数K_m)的季节变化规律,在6月、8月和11月(或邻近时间),湖水溶解正磷酸盐的浓度较低而叶绿素的浓度达到高峰值,同时,V_(max)达到最大值,K_m值明显减小。因此,浮游植物可以通过提高酶的反应速度以及增强酶与底物的亲和能力这两种方式有效地利用有机磷。实验结果表明,湖水中对紫外线敏感的磷化合物可能是磷酸酶的竞争性抑制剂。     

Alkaline Degradation of Dissolved Organic Matter

The degradation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) was studied in alkaline solution. The products were characterised using UV/vis spectroscopy, size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC), and by the analysis of low‐molecular‐weight organic acids (LMWOA). The degradation experiments were performed with water from a brown water lake or its isolated fulvic acid fraction and sodium hydroxide at different reaction times and temperatures. Depending on the wavelength and the reaction time, the UV/vis absorbance between 230 nm and 600 nm increased or decreased. The behaviour of model compounds during reactions in alkaline media was compared to the UV/vis spectroscopic behaviour of DOM. The release of LMWOA was described by kinetic data and compared to the data of model reactions. Evidence was given for the carboxylic esters playing a significant role in the release of LMWOA only during the beginning of the alkaline degradation. The results gained by SEC with on‐line UV and DOC detection showed that the average size of DOM was decreasing, and that a major part of the degradation products consisted of low‐molecular‐weight mono‐ and dicarboxylic acids.     

Biological mechanisms driving the seasonal changes in the internal loading of phosphorus in shallow lakes

Because of the obvious importance of P as a nutrient that often accelerates growth of phytoplankton (including toxic cyanobacteria) and therefore worsens water quality, much interest has been devoted to P exchange across the sediment-water interface. Generally, the release mode of P from the sediment differed greatly between shallow and deep lakes, and much of the effort has been focused on iron and oxygen, and also on the relevant environmental factors, for example, turbulence and decomposition, but a large part of the P variation in shallow lakes remains unexplained. This paper reviews experimental and field studies on the mechanisms of P release from the sediment in the shallow temperate (in Europe) and subtropical (in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China) lakes, and it is suggested that pH rather than DO might be more important in driving the seasonal dynamics of internal P loading in these shallow lakes, i.e., intense photosynthesis of phytoplankton increases pH of the lake water and thus may increase pH of the surface sediment, leading to enhanced release of P (especially iron-bound P) from the sediment. Based on the selective pump of P (but not N) from the sediment by algal blooms, it is concluded that photosynthesis which is closely related to eutrophication level is the driving force for the seasonal variation of internal P loading in shallow lakes. This is a new finding. Additionally, the selective pump of P from the sediment by algal blooms not only explains satisfactorily why both TP and PO4-P in the hypereutrophic Lake Donghu declined significantly since the mid-1980s when heavy cyanobacterial blooms were eliminated by the nontraditional biomanipulation (massive stocking of the filter-feeding silver and bighead carps), but also explains why TP in European lakes decreased remarkably in the spring clear-water phase with less phytoplankton during the seasonal succession of aquatic communities or when phytoplankton biomass was decreased by traditional biomanipulation. Compared with deep lakes, wax and wane of phytoplankton due to alternations in the ecosystem structure is also able to exert significant influences on the P exchange at the sediment-water interface in shallow lakes. In other words, biological activities are also able to drive P release from sediments, and such a static P release process is especially more prominent in eutrophic shallow lakes with dense phytoplankton.     

The effects of UVR irradiance and spectral composition on yellow perch (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Perca flavescens</Emphasis>) larvae survival

The purpose of this study was to determine experimentally the effects of the quality (UV-A/UV-B ratio) and quantity (irradiance) of natural ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on the survival of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) larvae and on the oxidative stress in their cytoplasm, estimated by the activity of the superoxide dismutase (SOD). We also estimated the potential accumulation of photodamage in DNA by using UV dosimeters. Freshly-hatched yellow perch and UV dosimeters were incubated in controlled conditions under a factorial combination of selective and non-selective filters offering different levels of UVR protection and exposed to natural solar light. Larval survival was inversely related to the UVR intensity gradient, and responded similarly to the presence of both UV-A and UV-B or UV-A only. In contrast, the responses of SOD activity and UV dosimeter were stronger in the presence of both UV-A and UV-B than UV-A only, leading to a partial mismatch with the results on survival. Our results, obtained under natural solar light, suggest that incident UV-A radiation, despite its lower energy per unit photon than UV-B, could be a serious threat for yellow perch larvae. They also show that UV dosimeters and SOD activity predict only some components of UVR risk for yellow perch larvae. The partial mismatch between UV dosimeters results and larval survival cautions against the use of UV dosimeters alone as a proxy for UVR risk in the field.     

Polarographische Bestimmung von Nickel und Chrom in Klärschlämmen Polarographic Determination of Nickel and Chromium in Sewage Sludge

The contents of Ni and Cr in sewage sludge with high and low amounts of heavy metals were investigated by polarography. The DIN-digestion (aqua regia) was used, and the resulting solution was treated with H₂O₂/UV (90 °C, 60 min) for further destroying of the organic material. Besides, the solution of the DIN-digestion was examined with AAS (flame) and ICP-OES. With the determination of Ni it was shown that after digestion with aqua regia no further treatment with H₂O₂/UV is necessary. Contrariwise it was found that for the determination of Cr a H₂O₂/UV photolysis is necessary followed by further steps to get good agreement with AAS and ICP results as well as with the certified values of a sludge of the Community Bureau of Standards.     

Performance of A Combination Process of UV/H2O2/Micro‐Aeration for Oxidation of Dichloroacetic Acid in Drinking Water

The decomposition of dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) in water using a UV/H₂O₂/micro‐aeration process was investigated in this paper. DCAA cannot be removed by UV radiation, H₂O₂ oxidation or micro‐aeration alone, while UV/H₂O₂/micro‐aeration combination processes have proved effective and can degrade this compound completely. With initial concentrations of about 110 μg/L, more than 95.1% of DCAA can be removed in 180 min under UV intensity of 1048.7 μW/cm², H₂O₂ dosage of 30 mg/L and micro‐aeration flow rate of 2 L/min. However, more than 30 μg/L of DCAA was left after 180 min by UV/H₂O₂ combination process without micro‐aeration with the same UV intensity and H₂O₂ dosage. The effects of applied UV radiation intensity, H₂O₂ dose, initial DCAA concentration and pH on the degradation of DCAA have been examined in this study. Degradation mechanisms of DCAA with hydroxyl radical oxidation have been discussed. The removal rate of DCAA was sensitive to operational parameters. There was a linear relationship between rate constant k and UV intensity and initial H₂O₂ concentration, which indicated that a higher removal capacity can be achieved by improvement of both factors. A newly found nitrogenous disinfection by‐product (N‐DBP)‐DCAcAm, which has the potential to form DCAA, was easier to remove than DCAA by UV/H₂O₂ and UV/H₂O₂/micro‐aeration processes. Finally, a preliminary cost comparison revealed that the UV/H₂O₂/micro‐aeration process was more cost‐effective than the UV/H₂O₂ process in the removal of DCAA from drinking water.     

Production of Laccase from Coriolus versicolor and Its Application in Dye Decolorization in Combination with UV/H2O2 Technique

The relative ability of Coriolus versicolor to grow on coir fiber as a ligninocellulosic material was examined. Addition of yeast extract to the culture increased laccase activity, which was further enhanced to the level of 1976 U/L by addition of 1 mM copper sulfate. Laccase thus produced was used without further purification for the decolorization of various dye solutions. Decolorization efficiency was compared with the conventional environment friendly oxidation technique using hydrogen peroxide in the presence of UV radiations. Laccase showed good decolorization in most of the cases. Excellent results were achieved when the dye solution was treated successively with laccase and UV/H₂O₂ wherein more than 80% decolorization was achieved. This value is remarkably higher than that attained either by the enzyme or UV/H₂O₂ photolysis alone.     

Degradation of Reactive Brilliant Red X‐3B Dye by Microwave Electrodeless UV Irradiation

Degradations of reactive brilliant red X‐3B solution by both conventional UV irradiation and microwave electrodeless UV irradiation were investigated. Degradation processes were studied by UV–VIS spectrophotometry, total organic carbon (TOC), high performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE), conductivity, pH value, and ion chromatography. The results of color removal (%) and TOC removal (%) showed that the degradation by microwave electrodeless UV irradiation was more effective than by conventional UV irradiation. The results of UV–VIS absorption spectra and HPCE analyses indicated that the degradation of reactive brilliant red X‐3B was occurred at the conjugation system first, the benzene ring and the naphthalene ring later. The reactive brilliant red X‐3B was cleaved into some new small compounds and eventually most of the organic substances were mineralized to CO₂ and H₂O. The results of the conductivity analysis suggested that the degradation has mainly occurred in the first 40 min of reaction. The pH value of reactive brilliant red X‐3B solution was decreased first and then was increased. The results of inorganic anions analysis hinted that many of the N, Cl, and S elements from reactive brilliant red X‐3B were still attached in organic molecules.     

Degradation of organic matter from wastewater using advanced primary treatment by O3 and O3/UV in a pilot plant

The oxidation of organic matter from wastewater using ozone, ultraviolet radiation and ozone/UV oxidation was evaluated in a pilot plant, applying a continuous effluent arising from the Autonomous Metropolitan University wastewater treatment plant. The oxidation was measured as the efficiency to remove organic load, measured as chemical oxygen demand. The use of ozone and UV was evaluated separately and in combination through a continuous process. Three different ozone doses (0.6–1.2 mg O₃/L) and three different UV radiation fluencies (6.7–20.12 mJ/cm²) were assessed. A synergistic effect of the combined process ozone/UV was demonstrated, and a maximal chemical oxygen demand reduction was achieved both processes. Due to residence times used (less than 1 min), 36% of chemical oxygen demand reduction was obtained when ozone treatment was evaluate separately and only 9% using ultraviolet radiation.     

Changed relation between sunspot numbers,solar UV/EUV radiation and TSI during the declining phase of solar cycle 23

We study the mutual relation of sunspot numbers and several proxies of solar UV/EUV radiation, such as the F10.7 radio flux, the HeI 1083 nm equivalent width and the solar MgII core-to-wing ratio. It has been noted earlier that the relation between these solar activity parameters changed in 2001/2002, during a large enhancement of solar activity in the early declining phase of solar cycle 23. This enhancement (the secondary peak after the Gnevyshev gap) forms the maximum of solar UV/EUV parameters during solar cycle 23. We note that the changed mutual relation between sunspot numbers and UV/EUV proxies continues systematically during the whole declining phase of solar cycle 23, with the UV/EUV proxies attaining relatively larger values for the same sunspot number than during the several decennia prior to this time. We have also verified this evolution using the indirect solar UV/EUV proxy given by a globally averaged f₀(F2) frequency of the ionospheric F2 layer. We also note of a simultaneous, systematic change in the relation between the sunspot numbers and the total solar irradiance, which follow an exceptionally steep relation leading to a new minimum. Our results suggest that the reduction of sunspot magnetic fields (probably photospheric fields in general), started quite abruptly in 2001/2002. While these changes do not similarly affect the chromospheric UV/EUV emissions, the TSI suffers an even more dramatic reduction, which cannot be understood in terms of the photospheric field reduction only. However, the changes in TSI are seen to be simultaneous to those in sunspots, so most likely being due to the same ultimate cause.