苏南煤田青龙灰岩分布区地震反射法初步试验

在苏南煤田进行反射法地震勘探的主要任务,是了解煤系地层的埋藏深度和地质构造。与华北常见的煤田地震地质条件相比,本区岩性、岩相多变、地质构造复杂。尤其特殊的是,苏南普遍分布着波速很高的青龙灰岩,具有强大的屏蔽作用。这给地震勘探工作带来很大困难。本文主要介绍我们在苏南有青龙灰岩屏蔽的含煤地区进行地震反射法的试验情况。      

偏移叠加在回放仪上的尝试

目前,我国在煤田地震勘探中广泛应用的多次叠加均以共反射点水平叠加理论为基础。当地层倾角较大时,由于反射界面的倾斜,各叠加道的讯息並非来自同一个反射点,而反射点沿界面的上倾或下倾方向产生位移,並且其位移量随炮检距及地层倾角的增大而增加(图1)。这时,如果仍按水平叠加施工和处理,就满足不了共反射点叠加的条件,而只能是共中心点叠加了,其叠加效果也就不可能很理想。      

反射槽波探测煤层断层构造的应用研究

在实际煤田地球物理勘探中,常规的地面地震勘探技术无法对煤层中的小断层、陷落柱、夹矸等微幅构造体进行精细的探测。相比于地面地震勘探,槽波地震勘探直接在煤层中激发,能量强,范围大,能够精确探测煤层中的微幅构造体。笔者等针对反射槽波地震数据的特征,给出了一种有效的反射槽波地震数据精细处理技术和流程,通过对频散分析以及槽波包络叠加等关键技术进行试验研究,提高反射槽波地震数据的成像精度,进而更准确地识别煤层中小断层等微幅构造。实际煤田反射槽波的应用试验表明,反射槽波勘探准确识别出煤层中的小断层构造,验证了反射槽波勘探技术的实用性以及本文反射槽波地震数据处理技术的有效性。     

反射槽波探测煤层断层构造的应用研究

在实际煤田地球物理勘探中,常规的地面地震勘探技术无法对煤层中的小断层、陷落柱、夹矸等微幅构造体进行精细的探测。相比于地面地震勘探,槽波地震勘探直接在煤层中激发,能量强,范围大,能够精确探测煤层中的微幅构造体。笔者等针对反射槽波地震数据的特征,给出了一种有效的反射槽波地震数据精细处理技术和流程,通过对频散分析以及槽波包络叠加等关键技术进行试验研究,提高反射槽波地震数据的成像精度,进而更准确地识别煤层中小断层等微幅构造。实际煤田反射槽波的应用试验表明,反射槽波勘探准确识别出煤层中的小断层构造,验证了反射槽波勘探技术的实用性以及本文反射槽波地震数据处理技术的有效性。     

松辽盆地北部石炭—二叠纪地层厚度：来自深反射地震的证据

在松Ⅰ～松Ⅵ6条深反射地震剖面上依据震相特征并结合地质演化过程分析识别石炭—二叠系,分析其层位反射特征及同相轴特征,建立松辽盆地北部地区石炭—二叠系地震震相特征识别标志。主要震相特征为中—强反射能量,局部存在高值,整体同相轴连续—较连续,由南到北、由西向东规律变化。利用已有的钻遇石炭—二叠系的探井资料和地震波传播速度,得到研究区时间-深度转换关系。由研究区石炭—二叠系相位追踪对比后的反射时间分布,计算石炭—二叠纪地层顶界面与底界面在深反射地震时间剖面上的走时之差,通过时深转换得出研究区基底石炭—二叠纪地层厚度和分布。全区地层分布不很均匀,主要在中央隆起带以东地区及西部断陷区出现2个厚度高值区;地层整体由浅到深大致可分为上、中、下3层,且地震震相特征互不相同。松辽盆地北部石炭—二叠系分布对东北地区主力油层之下的深层油气勘探提供了有价值的依据。     

时间剖面道的涵义及倾斜界面的归位

随着对煤田地震勘探精度要求的提高,反射界面的构组方法已成为大家经常探讨、研究的课题,并已有了不少论述。但这些研究大都以煤田中常见的二层楔型介质为基础,对多层倾斜反射界面的绘制则具有较大的局限性。如文献[1]、[2]在讨论大倾角地区的偏移归位问题及倾斜界面的绘制时还涉及到对叠加时间剖面道的涵义的认识,还有待于进一步商榷。因此,本文将在弄清时间剖面道概念的基础上,介绍一种较为通用的,尤其适用于多层倾斜反射界面的绘制方法。      

刘庄井田的高分辨率反射地震勘探

由于采用大规模现代化综采技术,需要对一些小型地质构造有更清楚的了解。另一方面,随着勘探深度加大,以钻探为主的煤田勘探费用大幅度增加,这在经济上是不合算的。基于这种现状,不久前在淮南煤田开展了高分辨率地震反射方法的试验和研究,接着在该煤田的刘庄井田采用综合勘探方法,即高分辨率反射地震勘探和钻探相结合     

渤海湾盆地东营-惠民凹陷古近系孔店组孔二段地震相与沉积相

在胜利油田,深层油气勘探已经成为寻找后备储量的主要方向,但是因为研究程度低而未能取得重大突破。因此,有必要跳出既成思路,针对孔店组作扎实的基础研究。本文以地震地层学的观点和方法,把东营-惠民凹陷孔店组的地震反射看作一个地震层序,并将其划分为三个亚层序(相当于层序地层学中的体系域),分别对应于地层分层上的孔一段、孔二段和孔三段。利用地震反射波的振幅、连续性、内部结构和外部形态等地震反射特征,在具有油气勘探前景的孔二段的地震反射中识别出了中振幅中连续亚平行席状相、杂乱充填相、杂乱-斜交前积相、丘状相、弱振幅中连续楔状相、弱变振幅低连续楔状相及帚状前积相等七种地震相。将地震相转变为沉积相,划分出了湖泊沉积环境的深湖-半深湖、滨浅湖、扇三角洲、近岸水下扇等沉积相,进而预测了有利相带,优选了部分深湖-半深湖相沉积区作为下一步勘探工作的重点目标区域,为今后的勘探工作提出了有益的建议。     

两淮地球物理界面及含煤区地球物理特征

安徽省两淮地区属全掩盖式煤田,在煤田的发现及开发阶段物探资料(重、磁、电、地震)具有不可替代的作用。两淮地区地层存在着明显的密度界面、磁性界面、电性层界面及波阻抗界面,与其相对应的重力场、磁场、电场、地震等地球物理特征反映了不同时期的沉积环境及区域构造特点。根据煤系地层与其它岩层的物性差异,提出了应用物探资料分析煤系赋存规律的方法及控煤构造综合解释方法。     

倾斜反射界面反射波有效速度计算方法

在煤田地质勘探工作中经常遇到倾斜反射界面,在这种情况下如何简单精确地计算地层的有效速度,对野外地震勘探工作的质量及效率都有很重要的意义。过去教科书上也有计算方法,本文所介绍的方法与过去的方法相比,既简便,又精确。为了计算方便起见,先将文中采用的符号作如下说明(见图):     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.