基于矢量网络分析仪的低频探地雷达系统野外实验及结果分析

系统地介绍了基于矢量网络分析仪的步进频率探地雷达系统的基本原理及组成,同时采用该系统进行了野外勘探实验.通过对实验结果进行分析表明,低频探地雷达系统适合野外应用并具有准确的探测结果。     

阵列式探地雷达信号极化场特征

阵列式观测是探地雷达系统研制和新型探测方法的一个重要发展趋势,而同形多源并发地下目标响应特征分析成为系统研制和数据处理研究的基础和前提。阵列式天线的多源并发信号及目标反射信号存在复杂的极化特性,但同时也包含更多目标特征的响应信息。本文针对基于似平面波探地雷达系统,分析了目标体在极化平面波照射下的响应特征,从多极化信号角度分析典型地下目标体形态特征;并采用时域有限差分正演分析方法,通过对阵列天线接收到的数据沿时间轴进行积分来获得目标在地表投影的分布情况,分析了一维及二维分布的收发天线阵列对目标的检测。研究成果表明,多极化综合特征分析能够有效改善目标检测的稳定性,提高目标响应信号的信噪比,减弱天线方向图和目标散射截面闪烁对数据剖面的影响,降低数据处理和解释的难度。     

三维步进频率探地雷达在沥青层厚度检测中的应用

目前应用于道路沥青层厚度检测的探地雷达主要为1GHz以上的高频单通道天线,检测覆盖范围小,存在以线代面的问题。为了在兰州市市政道路工程竣工验收中实现沥青层厚度全覆盖无损检测,采用三维步进频率空耦探地雷达结合钻芯量厚验证其在沥青层厚度检测中的可靠性。文中通过分析步进频率探地雷达系统的工作原理和深度分辨率,并根据三维步进频率探地雷达的实验结果和验收实例,说明其适用于道路沥青层厚度检测,并具有直观、高效、分辨率高等特点。     

基于反正切法的定向钻孔雷达三维成像算法

作为探地雷达的一种特殊方式,定向钻孔雷达系统除了能够探测地下目标的深度和径向距离外,还能够对钻孔四周目标进行方位识别,进而利用所求方位进行三维成像。本文所研究的定向钻孔雷达包含一个发射天线和4个接收天线,4个接收天线等角度分布在垂直于井轴的圆环上。基于4个接收天线所接收到的四个信号的微弱不同,提出利用反正切法计算目标方位角,再利用方位角和各道信号组合计算井周地层纵横切片的算法,最终实现钻孔雷达三维成像算法。利用数值模拟结果检验了算法的正确性。     

电阻加载蝶形天线的性能研究

由于探地雷达系统大多采用超宽带窄脉冲信号,因此要求天线具有极宽的工作带宽。利用矩量法对线性离散电阻加载蝶形天线进行分析,结果表明,线性离散电阻加载在使天线获得宽带特性的同时,并使辐射的脉冲信号拖尾变得平稳,因此能够满足探地雷达系统的需要。     

一种低频探地雷达天线屏蔽装置实验研究

低频探地雷达系统多配置无屏蔽天线,抗干扰能力差。针对中心频率15 MHz的低频探地雷达天线,以铁丝网作为屏蔽材料,设计制作了3种尺寸(长×宽×高分别为:12 m×12 m×5 m、11 m×11 m×5 m、9.6 m×9.6 m×5 m)的屏蔽装置,对接收天线和发射天线分别进行了屏蔽干扰实验研究。结果表明:网孔为1 cm×1 cm,丝径t为0.15 cm铁丝网是制作屏蔽装置的有效材料;对接收天线单独进行电磁屏蔽时,三种尺寸的屏蔽装置均显示出较好的屏蔽效果,其中最佳尺寸为11 m×11 m×5 m;对发射天线单独进行电磁屏蔽时,只有11 m×11 m×5 m尺寸的屏蔽装置最有效,另外两种尺寸的装置屏蔽效果相对较差;相对而言,给接收天线单独增加屏蔽装置要比单独给发射天线增加屏蔽装置好。实验结果为下一步研发实用化的低频探地雷达屏蔽装置打下了良好基础。     

极低频电磁(WEM)法信号检测试验

极低频电磁方法是近几年来在我国首先发展起来的地球物理新方法,可以应用于资源、能源及深部工程地质勘查中,其特色之处是在高阻区建立近南北方向和近东西方向两个长达上百公里的人工固定发射源,发射大功率电磁信号。2015年11月底发射台建设完成后,首要任务是检测远处记录的极低频电磁信号的强度和有效性,为此,我们在距发射源960 km的华北油田任丘盆地开展了首次信号测试试验:用高精度采集站接收发射信号,然后进行分段频谱分析,获得接收信号的频率谱,通过分析接收信号频谱的强度与信噪比评价发射信号的质量和有效性。在试验正式开始之前,先用10个均匀分布的频率确定最佳发射时间长度,其他频率的发射时间长度通过内插获得,以节省发射时间。通过试验,在离发射源960 km处成功检测到了电磁场有效信号。当东西方向天线发射频率高于0.353 78 Hz和南北方向天线发射频率高于1.4151 Hz时,与发射源方向一致的电磁场分量的信噪比都大于3,认为信号可靠可测。这次试验初步认定建成的发射台能够发射有效信号,可允许在全国各地进一步实施各种检测和联调试验研究。     

基于波形切除反褶积的探地雷达信号处理效果

探地雷达接收天线通常采用超宽频带进行记录,接收信号中含有多种干扰.为了消除探地雷达记录中的多次波干扰,提高信噪比,提出了将波形切除反褶积应用于探地雷达信号后处理的方法,提高了记录的纵向分辨率.阐述了该方法的原理和实现过程,分析了适用范围和应用条件.模型试验的结果表明雷达信号的多次干扰和随机干扰明显得到压制,图像效果明显得到改善.     

基于直接数字频率合成技术的类激发极化信号源研制

为了使阵列式激发极化接收机采集通道一致,需要设计特定的校准信号源,为此设计和实现了以USB2.0为通信协议的类激发极化信号源。系统以直接数字合成技术(DDFS)理论为基础,采用大规模现场可编程门阵列技术,设计了DDFS内核,结合M atlab产生上述模型响应的数据。该类激发极化信号源输出电压可以在1μV~1 V可调,步进为0.038μV,信噪比大于40 dB,输出频率为1、0.25、0.125、0.062 5 Hz,误差为1.8×10-5Hz。该类激发极化信号源已经在分布式阵列电磁接收系统的主站的多通道校准工作得到了应用。     

青藏铁路专用检测探地雷达实时数据采集与传输系统设计

为了快速检测青藏铁路路基冻融等病害,研制了专用探地雷达的实时数据采集、处理与传输系统。采用高速、高精度并行模数转换器,结合现场可编程逻辑阵列(FPGA)技术和通用串行总线(USB)实现雷达回波数据快速、实时传输,采用高性能浮点数字信号处理器对雷达回波数据进行实时处理。针对专用探地雷达三个天线同时工作,设计了3个实时数据采集、处理与传输通道。测试结果表明该系统达到了较高的数据吞吐率,满足探地雷达在青藏铁路上实施快速、连续检测的要求。     

全极化探地雷达地下管道分类识别技术

常规探地雷达大多数是单极化雷达,单极化雷达只能获得单极化数据,对复杂环境中管道准确快速地识别比较困难。为了解决此问题,本文采用了全极化探地雷达识别管道的方法,提取了单一管道目标、多个管道目标中任何一个管道目标和受其他目标影响的管道目标的极化属性。结果表明,全极化探地雷达技术对处于极化属性受到影响环境下的管道目标均能较好地识别。因此,全极化探地雷达能够获得更加全面的目标体极化信息,有效地解决了复杂环境中管道准确快速识别比较困难的问题。     

Imaging soil moisture using GPR tomography and reflection field experiments

We performed GPR tomography and GPR reflection field experiments using a 500-MHz antenna to image relative soil moisture distribution around a poplar tree at the botanic garden of Kiel University, Kiel, Germany. The GPR tomography field experiment is carried out in two consecutive phases in order to obtain ray paths traveling from all directions and intensively covering the target. The radar tomographic data are inverted using the authors’ developed software code SeismoRad based on the finite difference technique. The attained Root-Mean-Square (RMS) errors after 200 iterations between the measured and calculated times range between 1.066 and 5.7 % in the two tomography experiments. The estimated GPR velocities range between 5.3 and 15.1 cm/ns. Two low-GPR velocity zones could be delineated coinciding with the locations of the tree root zone and a previously excavated sector. The high water saturation zone around the tree root system is found to be the main reason for such a decrease in GPR velocity. Interpretation of the two phases proved that the coverage of ray paths from all directions is important to delineate the effect of the poplar tree root system and hence to obtain accurate tomographic results. Furthermore, four GPR reflection lines are performed along the sides of the four trenches such that the antenna is moved longitudinally in the trenches and the radargrams are recorded along the horizontal xy-plane parallel to the ground surface. On the processed GPR reflection radargrams, relatively high-amplitude GPR anomalies could be outlined and are attributed to the boundary between the saturated and wet zones where different water contents affect the GPR velocity. Comparable results are obtained between the tomogram and the radar reflection results with respect to zones of increase in water content.     

综合多频率地质雷达天线探测活断层浅层结构——以玉树活动断裂为例

地质雷达技术具有操作性强、分辨率高、探测深度深、对地表环境无破坏和可重复探测等特点,在活断层探测中具有很大的优势。为验证综合多中心频率地质雷达天线探测活断层地下浅层结构效果,以民主村处发育的玉树活动断裂为研究对象,采用25 MHz、100 MHz、250 MHz和500 MHz中心频率的地质雷达天线对活断层浅层结构进行探测,并与探槽剖面进行效果对比。研究结果表明:低中心频率的地质雷达天线（25 MHz和100 MHz）可获取大范围内深度较深（约32 m）的活断层地下浅层结构的整体形态,从雷达图像上可识别出主断层分布范围、断层倾向及地下浅层结构等;而中高中心频率的地质雷达天线（250 MHz和500 MHz）则可获取局部范围内深度较浅（约3 m）的地下浅层结构,尤其是500 MHz天线。探测结果与地表构造地貌形态和探槽剖面地质构造一致,表明综合多中心频率地质雷达天线探测玉树活动断裂浅层结构的有效性和适用性,为活断层研究提供多尺度数据及方法支持。      

Requirements for the performance of a ground-penetrating radar system in searching for cavities

The requirements for the performance of a ground-penetrating radar (GPR) system for detecting subsurface cavities are analyzed by numerical modeling of the GPR problem. The algorithm used to solve the forward GPR problem is approximated to a real experiment with regard to the design of the GPR system, the parameters of the source and receiver, and their position relative to the medium under study and its inhomogeneity. We calculated the spatiotemporal distribution of the field of the detected signal from a pulse source located at the interface between the medium and a cavity anomaly of a given geometry. The results were used to estimate the dynamic range of the GPR system necessary for determining the anomaly. We also performed GPR surveys of low-contrast inhomogeneities (cavities in mines) using GROT 12 GPR systems and analyzed the survey results by numerical modeling. It is shown that the GPR performance required to detect and locate inhomogeneities of interest at a certain sounding depth can be estimated in the experiment design phase.     

Electrical resistivity ground imaging (ERGI): a new tool for mapping the lithology and geometry of channel-belts and valley-fills

Efforts to map the lithology and geometry of sand and gravel channel‐belts and valley‐fills are limited by an inability to easily obtain information about the shallow subsurface. Until recently, boreholes were the only method available to obtain this information; however, borehole programmes are costly, time consuming and always leave in doubt the stratigraphic connection between and beyond the boreholes. Although standard shallow geophysical techniques such as ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) and shallow seismic can rapidly obtain subsurface data with high horizontal resolution, they only function well under select conditions. Electrical resistivity ground imaging (ERGI) is a recently developed shallow geophysical technique that rapidly produces high‐resolution profiles of the shallow subsurface under most field conditions. ERGI uses measurements of the ground's resistance to an electrical current to develop a two‐dimensional model of the shallow subsurface (<200 m) called an ERGI profile. ERGI measurements work equally well in resistive sediments (‘clean’ sand and gravel) and in conductive sediments (silt and clay). This paper tests the effectiveness of ERGI in mapping the lithology and geometry of buried fluvial deposits. ERGI surveys are presented from two channel‐fills and two valley‐fills. ERGI profiles are compared with lithostratigraphic profiles from borehole logs, sediment cores, wireline logs or GPR. Depth, width and lithology of sand and gravel channel‐fills and adjacent sediments can be accurately detected and delineated from the ERGI profiles, even when buried beneath 1–20 m of silt/clay.     

Potentials and constraints of different types of soil moisture observations for flood simulations in headwater catchments

Flood generation in mountainous headwater catchments is governed by rainfall intensities, by the spatial distribution of rainfall and by the state of the catchment prior to the rainfall, e.g. by the spatial pattern of the soil moisture, groundwater conditions and possibly snow. The work presented here explores the limits and potentials of measuring soil moisture with different methods and in different scales and their potential use for flood simulation. These measurements were obtained in 2007 and 2008 within a comprehensive multi-scale experiment in the Weisseritz headwater catchment in the Ore-Mountains, Germany. The following technologies have been applied jointly thermogravimetric method, frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) sensors, spatial time domain reflectometry (STDR) cluster, ground-penetrating radar (GPR), airborne polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (polarimetric SAR) and advanced synthetic aperture radar (ASAR) based on the satellite Envisat. We present exemplary soil measurement results, with spatial scales ranging from point scale, via hillslope and field scale, to the catchment scale. Only the spatial TDR cluster was able to record continuous data. The other methods are limited to the date of over-flights (airplane and satellite) or measurement campaigns on the ground. For possible use in flood simulation, the observation of soil moisture at multiple scales has to be combined with suitable hydrological modelling, using the hydrological model WaSiM-ETH. Therefore, several simulation experiments have been conducted in order to test both the usability of the recorded soil moisture data and the suitability of a distributed hydrological model to make use of this information. The measurement results show that airborne-based and satellite-based systems in particular provide information on the near-surface spatial distribution. However, there are still a variety of limitations, such as the need for parallel ground measurements (Envisat ASAR), uncertainties in polarimetric decomposition techniques (polarimetric SAR), very limited information from remote sensing methods about vegetated surfaces and the non-availability of continuous measurements. The model experiments showed the importance of soil moisture as an initial condition for physically based flood modelling. However, the observed moisture data reflect the surface or near-surface soil moisture only. Hence, only saturated overland flow might be related to these data. Other flood generation processes influenced by catchment wetness in the subsurface such as subsurface storm flow or quick groundwater drainage cannot be assessed by these data. One has to acknowledge that, in spite of innovative measuring techniques on all spatial scales, soil moisture data for entire vegetated catchments are still today not operationally available. Therefore, observations of soil moisture should primarily be used to improve the quality of continuous, distributed hydrological catchment models that simulate the spatial distribution of moisture internally. Thus, when and where soil moisture data are available, they should be compared with their simulated equivalents in order to improve the parameter estimates and possibly the structure of the hydrological model.     

Ground‐penetrating radar and sedimentological analysis of Holocene floodplains: Insight from the Tuross valley,New South Wales

Ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) has been used on an array of floodplain types on the lower Tuross River, in southeastern New South Wales, as part of an investigation into controls on channel‐floodplain relationships. Ground‐penetrating radar transects from two floodplains are presented, along with sedimentological detail from trenches dug along the profiles at key locations. Sedimentological investigations showed that 100 MHz antenna gave an approximation of overall bedding trends in the upper 3 m when automatic gain control processing was used. Spreading and exponential compensation processing provided insight into textural changes associated with increased silt content distal of the levee crest. One trench showed that thinning beds were responsible for onlapping reflectors. Signal attenuation at ～4 m depth below the raised floodplain surface resulted from a >50 cm‐thick bed of sandy clay. The close integration of GPR and sedimentological data produced an excellent dataset, that enabled form‐process associations and floodplain evolution to be established for these sandy floodplains. However, accurate subsurface assessment and interpretation must stem from carefully combined GPR and sedimentological datasets.     

利用GPR天线-目标极化的瞬时属性分析方法探测LNAPL污染土壤

轻非水相流体(LNAPL)泄漏后会对土壤和地下水造成严重污染,为了准确探测出LNAPL泄漏范围,本文将GPR天线-目标极化的瞬时属性分析方法应用于轻非水相流体污染土壤探测的研究中。采用注入柴油的石英砂砂箱在实验室建立污染土壤模型,利用探地雷达对该污染土壤分别进行天线方位为0°、90°的测量。LNAPL土壤污染物形状、大小、结构并不规则,因此可以通过0°和90°方位天线测量来分析天线-目标极化特征,了解目标物的走向、形状等地下介质信息。通过对预处理后的包含天线-目标极化特征的信息进行瞬时属性分析,LNAPL污染范围可以被清晰地识别,提高了GPR探测能力。