三维非均匀结构体对面波的多次散射

在面波层析成像和传统面波勘探中,都假定地球或浅层探测对象是一个均匀分层的多层介质模型,而实际上,介质的横向不均匀性广泛存在于从地球直到超声尺度的各种范围内.这里采用模式耦合的方法,研究了均匀半空间和二层介质中(也可以是多层的),三维非均匀体对Rayleigh面波的多次散射,计算了频率和时间域中的散射波场,并分析了散射波场的特点,为散射面波的应用提供了初步的理论基础.     

金属矿地震勘查的方法技术

从研究复杂波场条件下的地震波理论和模型实验入手，介绍了金属矿地震勘查的数据采集，资料处理和综合解释的方法技术。山东邹平铜矿区的试验研究结果表明，在金属矿地震勘查中，利用多次叠加技术可研究测区控矿构造，进行地质填图；利用地震散射波场，可研究地下与矿体有关介质的非均匀性。     

消除近地表地震散射噪音的方法

假设近地表垂直点力产生的地震波场由入射波场和散射波场组成。散射波场由深层散射和浅层散射两个部分组成，若只考虑消除近博区域的面波散射对地震资料的影响，则通过地震散射模型来估算近地表散射波分布。由波动理论建立近地表传播和散射模型，并在平行地表的一个网格面的各个节点上设置波阻抗差函数来近似地表的非均匀性。散射波场是入射波场与波阻抗差函数的函数。在这样的模式下，由炮集记录提取入射波场，进而通过最小二乘法，求解波阻抗差函数，最终得到散射波场的估计。从炮集记录中减去散射波场，实现地震散射噪音的衰减。     

地下障碍物探测井中地震散射波成像数值模拟

井中地震具有多波接收、高精度、高分辨率、能量传播距离短、接近探测目标、避开低速带等优点,在工程中得到了越来越广泛的应用.地震散射波是由地下三维不均匀体引起的地震波的变化,因此散射波成像特征与不均匀体分布情况密切相关.采用声波方程有限差分法对城市地下不均匀体如桩基、深埋管道等的散射波成像特征进行了数值模拟和分析;根据理论模拟给出了多种探测方式,并讨论了各方式的适用条件及应注意的问题.为城市地下空间开发中地下障碍物探测提供了理论指导.     

大地电磁场中磁信号的相对均匀性特征试验研究

根据同时实测的相距100km两观测点的电磁场信号,通过比较信号幅值、电磁信号相干性和电磁场相互替代计算视电阻率分析,得出了大地电磁信号中磁信号具有相对均匀性特征的结论,为一些MT勘探工程中需采用电磁分离布极观测提供了试验实例.     

桂林市软土工程地质特征及地基处理的探讨

桂林市软土分布广、厚度变化大，在下状基岩岩溶化强度较高时，上覆软土发育，反之则不发育。其软土工程地质特征具有：高含水性、高压缩性、低强度、高孔隙比、低渗透性、高蠕变性、不均匀性、高灵敏度等8种特性，因此决定了其强度低、压缩性高；作为地基时，其承载力低、沉降量大、易于产生不均匀沉降。软土地基处理的实质主要是增大其密度；而在作桩基时，无论是桩的承载力，或是桩的变形均应密切重视。另外，本文还对软土与土洞、塌陷间关系作了初步探讨．     

裂隙岩体不均匀冻胀性研究

隧道冻胀力是引起隧道冻害的主要原因之一，隧道冻胀力主要由围岩不均匀冻胀引起。裂隙的存在会对岩体不均匀冻胀产生进一步影响，因此推导了岩体不均匀冻胀系数 的计算公式，并获得岩体不均匀冻胀系数 的相关规律。（1）岩体不均匀冻胀系数随裂隙与冻结方向的夹角? 的增大而增大。（2）温度梯度增加，岩体的不均匀冻胀系数 增加，岩体的不均匀冻胀性增强。（3）裂隙率对岩体不均匀冻胀的影响需要考虑到裂隙与温度梯度夹角?，当裂隙与温度梯度的夹角? 较小时，岩体不均匀冻胀系数 随裂隙率的增加而减小；当裂隙与温度梯度的夹角? 较大时，岩体不均匀冻胀系数 随裂隙率的增加而增大。（4）裂隙对岩体不均匀冻胀的影响程度与岩体的岩性有关，裂隙对孔隙率小的岩体影响较大。根据推导的裂隙岩体不均匀冻胀系数计算公式，计算得到了不同岩性不同级别含裂隙围岩的不均匀冻胀系数范围，从而，在寒区隧道设计中可以更精确地计算隧道围岩作用于衬砌上的冻胀力，对寒区隧道工程的设计具有重要作用，对路基、边坡等寒区工程冻胀力的研究也可起到推动作用。     

二维自动地电阻率技术探测门头沟老窑

针对门头沟区采空灾害十分严重的情况，采用二维自动地电阻率方法进行探测。施工中，根据实际地质情况合理布置装置；对地表不均匀性的影响采用统计平均剔除的方式较正；用拟断面图做资料处理解释。钻孔验证表明，二维自动地电阻率方法的地质效果良好。     

用滤纸负载固相反射散射分光光度法测定银

探讨一种新的固相分光光度法——固相反射散射分光光度法，通过滤纸对银缔合物的分离富集，研究Ag与对二苯胺基卡叉若丹宁形成的缔合物在滤纸相的反射散射吸光度(Ag)，从而测定样品中的Ag。实验结果表明，在酸性条件下，Ag(Ⅰ)与若丹宁在表面活性剂介质中形成稳定的缔合物，可以被均匀地抽滤到滤纸相表面，该缔合物最大吸收波长(λ)为590nm；Ag(Ⅰ)质量浓度在O～12μg/25mL范围内，与吸光度呈线性关系；Ag的检出限为0．05μg/mLL，相对标准偏差(RSD)为4．3％。     

某些方解石单晶的光学质量评价

本文用光学方法检查了经野外地质工作者挑选过的天然方解石单晶的光学质量。发现部分晶体的光学均匀性很差,晶体中的光散射颗粒很多,不能满足作为光学介质的要求。     

Estimation of compressional seismic wave attenuation of carbonate rocks in Abu Dhabi,United Arab Emirates

The subsurface geology of Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates is primarily composed of carbonate rocks. Such media are known to be highly heterogeneous. Very few studies have attempted to estimate attenuation in carbonate rocks. In Abu Dhabi no attenuation profile has been published. This study provides the first seismic wave attenuation profiles in Abu Dhabi using dense array of VSP data. We estimated three attenuation profiles: the apparent, the scattering, and the intrinsic attenuations. The apparent attenuation profile was computed using amplitude decay and spectral-ratio methods. The scattering attenuation profile was estimated using a generalized reflection–transmission matrix forward model. It is usually estimated from the sonic log, but to be more consistent with the apparent attenuation, we succeeded in this paper to estimate it from the VSP data. We subtracted the scattering attenuation from the apparent attenuation to deduce the intrinsic attenuation. The results of the study indicate that the scattering attenuation is significant compared to the published studies that are mainly based on clastic rocks. The high scattering attenuation can reach up to 0.02. It can be explained by the strong heterogeneity of the carbonate rocks. This study demonstrates that the Simsima and Rus Formations have considerable scattering and intrinsic attenuations. These formations are considered aquifers in Abu Dhabi; we therefore interpreted this high intrinsic attenuation zones to be due to the heterogeneity and to the fluids contained in these formations. The Umm-Er-Radhuma Formation is a more homogenous formation with limited aquifer potential. Hence, scattering and intrinsic attenuations of the Umm-Er-Radhuma Formation are low.     

A study on resonance Rayleigh scattering spectra of Humic Acid (HA)

This paper deals with the influences of pH, acidity and ionic intensity of the solutions on the resonance Rayleigh scattering spectra and fluorescence spectra of humic acid. When the pH value is low and the acidity and ionic intensity are high, the resonance Rayleigh spectra and fluorescence spectra both show a tendency of increasing, though the former’s intensity is much higher. In combination with the transmission electron microscope data, the factors leading to the occurrence and enhancement of the resonance Rayleigh scattering spectra of humic acid were explored. It is considered that particle enlargement caused by aggregation, the increase of heterogeneity, the increase of hydrophobility, the formation of interface, etc., are the factors leading to the occurrence and enhancement of the resonance Rayleigh scattering spectra of humic acid. As the intensity of the resonance Rayleigh scattering spectra of humic acid is much higher, resonance Rayleigh scattering spectroscopy can be used as a newly developed spectrum technology, which is more sensitive and simpler, to study humic acid and its complicated behaviors.     

Effects of trench-zone scattering on receiver functions over a subduction zone: A 3-D finite-difference modelling study

As Morozov [Morozov, I. B. (2004). Crustal scattering and some artefacts in receiver function images. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 94 (4), 1492–1499.] suggested, for a teleseismic array targeting subducting crust in a zone of active subduction, scattering from the strong horizontal velocity heterogeneity beneath the trench zone itself produces subhorizontally-propagating waves that should be observed as coherent dipping events in receiver functions (RF). Due to similar RF delay times and moveouts, these events could be difficult to distinguish from backscattered P- and S-wave modes. To further verify this suggestion, we performed a full-waveform, 3-D visco-elastic finite-difference modelling of teleseismic wave propagation within a simplified model of a subduction zone. The synthetics show strong scattering from the area beneath the trench, dominated by the mantle and crustal P-waves propagating at 6.2–8.1 km/s and slower. These scattered waves occupy the same time and moveout intervals as the backscattered converted modes, and also have similar amplitudes. Although their amplitude decay characters are different, the uncertainty in the knowledge of the velocity and density structure of the subduction zone could make distinguishing between these modes difficult. However, under minimal assumptions, recent observations of receiver function amplitudes decreasing away from the trench support the interpretation of (sub-) trench-zone scattering.Although still limited in its representation of crustal heterogeneity, 3-D modelling suggests that scattering from near-Moho crustal structures plays a key role in the formation of teleseismic wavefields. Recognition of scattered noise in teleseismic records could help to constrain major crustal structures, particularly those with strong horizontal velocity contrasts at near-Moho depths, such as crustal sutures, subduction fault zones, and mountain roots. Matching of the observed arrivals with wavefield synthetics could help constrain the locations and parameters of such structures and also help substantiate the interpretations.     

Seismic wave propagation beneath the Molucca Sea arc-arc collision zone, Indonesia

Seismograms of earthquakes from the Molucca Sea arc-arc collision zone, recorded at local stations, show a wide variety of coda envelope shapes and frequency contents. Some shallow (depth less than 20 km) events display large amplitude codas (relative to primary body waves) and lower frequency (2–4 cps) than deeper events which contain frequencies up to 12 cps. The shallowest events probably originate within the accretionary wedge of the collision zone and their signal characters at local stations indicate intense scattering within the highly deformed accretionary material. The scattering/attenuation for travel paths within the crust is high, but must decrease with depth starting in the upper mantle resulting in a more efficient path between intermediate depth events and the stations. A wide variation in the efficiency of S-wave propagation from intermediate depth events suggests the presence of considerable heterogeneity in deeper structure of the collision zone.     

Crystal-chemical microheterogeneity of Precambrian globular dioctahedral mica minerals

The paper presents a novel method for determining the crystal-chemical heterogeneity of finely dispersed dioctahedral 2: 1 mica mineral phases based on the modeling of their powder diffraction patterns. We used three samples, which were taken from Lower-Middle Riphean rock sections of the Anabar and Olenek uplifts in northern Siberia, and one sample from the Upper Riphean Inzer Formation in the southern Urals. Choice of globular samples was determined by contrast features of their chemical composition and different lithological types of the host terrigenous rocks that are commonly transformed at the level of deep catagenesis.Based on structural formulas, unit cell parameters, and coordinates of atoms occupying the cells, we modeled powder diffractograms that made it possible to determine the sizes of coherent scattering domains and probability parameters, which characterize the type, content, and distribution of stacking faults in each of the studied samples. The modeling results demonstrated that each sample represents a physical mixture of individual micaceous phases of different compositions. The paper discusses scales and modes of the crystalchemical heterogeneity of micaceous varieties, which make up globules in the coarse- and fine-grained terrigenous sediments, as well as their various specific crystal-chemical characteristics. The probable physicochemical settings, which were responsible for specific features of the structural and crystal-chemical heterogeneity of micaceous varieties in each of the studied four samples, are also discussed.     

The seismological picture of the inner core: structure and rotation

This paper presents a review of recent results concerning the structure and the rotation of the inner core, as inferred from seismological observations. We first focus on the apparent hemispherical pattern of the inner core structure, observed in both the anisotropy and the heterogeneity of the uppermost layers, whereas isotropic velocities seem to be homogeneous in a broad wavelength domain. Then we present results on the radial variations of the attenuation and its possible anisotropy, for which viscoelasticity and wave scattering provide complementary explanations. Linked to these results is a discussion about the detection of the PKJKP phase, which propagates as S-wave inside the inner core. Finally, the seismological observations of a possible inner core rotation are discussed; recent results seem to favour rotation rates below 0.2° yr^?1.     

Speculations on the nature and cause of mantle heterogeneity

Hotspots and hotspot tracks are on, or start on, preexisting lithospheric features such as fracture zones, transform faults, continental sutures, ridges and former plate boundaries. Volcanism is often associated with these features and with regions of lithospheric extension, thinning, and preexisting thin spots. The lithosphere clearly controls the location of volcanism. The nature of the volcanism and the presence of ‘melting anomalies’ or ‘hotspots’, however, reflect the intrinsic chemical and lithologic heterogeneity of the upper mantle. Melting anomalies—shallow regions of ridges, volcanic chains, flood basalts, radial dike swarms—and continental breakup are frequently attributed to the impingement of deep mantle thermal plumes on the base of the lithosphere. The heat required for volcanism in the plume hypothesis is from the core. Alternatively, mantle fertility and melting point, ponding and focusing, and edge effects, i.e., plate tectonic and near-surface phenomena, may control the volumes and rates of magmatism. The heat required is from the mantle, mainly from internal heating and conduction into recycled fragments. The magnitude of magmatism appears to reflect the fertility, not the absolute temperature, of the asthenosphere. I attribute the chemical heterogeneity of the upper mantle to subduction of young plates, aseismic ridges and seamount chains, and to delamination of the lower continental crust. These heterogeneities eventually warm up past the melting point of eclogite and become buoyant low-velocity diapirs that undergo further adiabatic decompression melting as they encounter thin or spreading regions of the lithosphere. The heat required for the melting of cold subducted and delaminated material is extracted from the essentially infinite heat reservoir of the mantle, not the core. Melting in the upper mantle does not requires the instability of a deep thermal boundary layer or high absolute temperatures. Melts from recycled oceanic crust, and seamounts—and possibly even plateaus—pond beneath the lithosphere, particularly beneath basins and suture zones, with locally thin, weak or young lithosphere. The characteristic scale lengths—150 to 600 km—of variations in bathymetry and magma chemistry, and the variable productivity of volcanic chains, may reflect compositional heterogeneity of the asthenosphere, not the scales of mantle convection or the spacing of hot plumes. High-frequency seismic waves, scattering, coda studies and deep reflection profiles are needed to detect the kind of chemical heterogeneity and small-scale layering predicted from the recycling hypothesis.     

融合地震属性和成像测井信息优化的储层缝洞带评价与钻井轨迹

针对新疆某工区强非均质性岩溶缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层,提出了一种基于地震多属性优化与电成像测井信息融合的碳酸盐岩储层缝洞带识别评价与钻井轨迹优化设计方法。首先,利用相干体、蚂蚁体等多种地震属性与张量约束的稀疏脉冲反演结果综合实现缝洞发育带空间分布预测与雕刻,确定可能油气圈闭的分布范围;然后,基于数学形态学滤波方法,由电成像测井资料自动拾取井壁的裂缝和溶蚀孔洞分布,统计井壁裂缝倾向和倾角;再次,用工区内钻孔多臂井径资料计算的井筒崩落信息与电成像资料拾取的诱导缝信息预测工区的最大和最小主应力方向;最后,融合地震属性与电成像测井信息评价的缝洞分布结果,预测工区内走滑断裂带的最大主应力方向以NE—SW为主,局部为NW—SE,且以中高角度为主的裂缝走向与主应力近乎平行。采用预测主应力分布方法实现了沿NW—SE方向的大斜度井与水平井优化设计,钻遇了大规模优质储集体,获得了稳定油流,并以此为基础在周围打井若干口,极大地降低了深层勘探的钻井风险。     

综合指数法在河流相储层非均质性研究中的应用

在储层建筑结构划分、测井多参数处理结果的基础上,根据熵的原理,应用熵权法定量计算了胜坨油田二区沙河街组二段3砂层组4小层（简称沙二段34）河流相储层的非均质综合指数,按照不同的开发时期详尽分析了储层的层间、层内、平面非均质性特征,并阐述了储层非均质性的主要影响因素,结果表明：沙二段34储层层内、层间及平面非均质性中等—较强,随着注水开发的进行,非均质性有继续增强的趋势,平面非均质性较之层内和层间非均质性要更强烈一些。同一小层及韵律层在不同开发时期的非均质程度有明显的差异。建筑结构控制储层非均质程度,成岩作用使非均质性复杂化,注采井网不完善加剧了非均质性的差异性。研究成果为剩余油挖潜提供了一种可行方法。     

地下浅部异质体对表面波场谱扰动分析

均匀半无限体中表面源激发近表面波场由瑞利波主导,当浅部存在异质体,前行瑞利波发生散射,异质体周围表面波场响应谱发生变化。当异质体长度相对波长较大时,由异质体上方表面质点响应谱提取绕射波频散曲线可分析异质体与周围介质刚度差异对绕射波传播特性的影响。与含软层或硬层半无限体中瑞利波特性比较,可以发现绕射波具有与瑞利波类似的传播特性。异质体上方谱变化特征与异质体和周围介质间刚度差异有关,本研究基于异质体绕射波与入射瑞利波位移结构差异解释谱变化现象。结果表明：异质体上方谱与周围谱明显不同,在偏移距−波长域,相对于前方波场,软质体上方谱密度整体呈减弱趋势,硬质体上方谱密度整体呈增强趋势。根据谱密度变化对应偏移距、波长及谱密度强弱,可以预估异质体在传播方向的位置、埋深,并识别异质体类型。