前兆形变仪器超出量程实时监视软件

分析前兆形变仪器超出量程判断方法,在此基础上,编制实时监视软件,并介绍软件的编程实现。该软件可以实时监视形变仪器是否超出量程,并在需要对仪器调整时提醒观测员。应用该软件可以避免因超出量程导致的数据缺失。     

RG-BS型测汞仪仪器性能标定数值分析

仪器标定是对所使用仪器精度进行检测,确认仪器各项性能指标是否符合日常观测或行业标准。在仪器各项性能指标符合日常观测或行业标准的前提下,可以确定仪器测量系统的输入、输出关系(这里指仪器K值),该关系直接影响日常观测样品的含量数值。因此,对仪器标定的各项性能指标进行科学分析,是保障日常观测数据准确与可靠的前提。     

山西临汾地震观测站水位观测数据对比分析

山西临汾地震观测站的水位观测自2014年以来,多次出现短时间的突升突降变化。为确定观测数据是否反映出水位的真实变化,2014年9月,在该井孔内新增加一套水位观测仪器。文章对两套仪器同一时段的观测数据进行对比分析得出,两套仪器的观测曲线较为一致,说明观测数据基本真实地反映了水位的变化,且新仪器的抗干扰能力和稳定性要优于旧仪器。根据分析结果,进一步提出提高台站仪器运行率的建议。     

乾陵地震台FHD磁力仪与CB-3磁变仪记录资料的相关分析

针对陕西省乾陵地震台FHD分量质子磁力仪和CB-3型三分向磁变仪的记录资料,利用线性相关性分析法,求出这两种仪器记录曲线的相关系数及剩余离散程度,定量分析其记录资料的相似程度,查看是否满足地震预报工作对资料连续性的要求。研究认为,两台仪器的观测数据一致性较高,两种资料延续衔接使用的可能性比较高。     

地震水化台网常规测氡仪器的技术性能指标及其判定

本文根据氡气测量原理、仪器设计制造和《地震水文地球化学观测技术规范》的要求,对我国地震水化台网中使用得最多的常规测氡仪器(FD-105K和FD-125型)的技术性能指标进行了详细的探讨论述。同时根据笔者多年水氡观测工作经验,从实用化、标准化的角度,提出了如何对这些技术性能指标进行判定的具体方法和评价测氡仪器是否处于最佳工作状态的定量化检查依据。     

试论水氡观测中仪器K值的使用

在水氡观测仪器标定中，关于标定K值的使用方法，《规范》规定：当新一原K值相对偏差小于5％时继续管用原K值。但在实际观测中，这样容易导致误差积累。本文从日常观测中出现的几个问题分析，认为在每年仪器标定后，无论标定的仪器新一原K值相对偏差是否大于5％，都应采用新K值。     

代县台宽频带倾斜仪观测效能评价

通过对代县台VP垂直摆倾斜仪观测资料的分析,总结出目前主要存在的干扰因素及其特征。分析忻州及周边地区中强以上地震前后仪器观测资料有无异常变化及其主要特征,研究近震和远震发生前观测数据是否存在趋势性变化和短周期变化。对仪器观测资料进行内精度计算,找出影响观测质量的原因,提高代县台垂直摆的观测质量。     

FHD仪偏置线圈电流反向对D分量基线值的影响及修正方法

在地磁连续观测中,需要通过分析计算观测数据对仪器的工作状态作出正确的判断,介绍了判断FHD仪偏置线圈电流是否反向的2种方法,研究了反向前后基线值的变化情况并提出了修正方法。     

朝阳石英摆倾斜异常跟踪分析

朝阳地震台SQ-70石英摆倾斜2017年以来,NS分量开始出现N倾趋势性转向,EW分量W倾转E倾趋势性变化。2018年12月开始,NS分量N倾年变较以往幅度增大,且2019年1月开始波动较大,而EW分量转为E倾年变较往年提前。针对该现象,从仪器观测系统、气象环境、同山洞仪器是否存在同步变化等情况对石英摆倾斜异常变化进行了详细地分析和研究,排除仪器自身故障和环境变化等问题,认为NS、EW分量出现的变化为趋势异常背景下产生的短期异常现象,该现象进一步说明辽宁西部地区应力场增强。     

声控数据回收海底倾斜仪

为了直接观测海洋岩石层的俯冲作用,已经研制出高技术声控数据回收系统的高灵敏度海底倾斜仪(OBIT)。OBlT是第一台由人工操作潜入深海长期观测地壳形变的地球物理仪器。灵敏度为10~(-(?))-rad,足以检测成年累月的俯冲作用,从而回答俯冲速度是否变化的问题。使用法国新近设计的深海下潜装置(Nautile)在千岛海沟向海斜坡上成功地投放了两台OBIT,仪器被布设在Erimo海山西北台肩上,深3930m。为了取得可靠的地壳形变的长期观测结果,用泥浆把传感单元浇注在裸露的岩石上。仪器的寿命预期超过五年。记录数据可随时通过声控系统进行回收而无需回收仪器,也不要中断观测。声学系统具有较高的数据传输速率而且功耗极低。     

Obtaining the steady‐state drawdown solutions of constant‐head and constant‐flux tests

The solutions of constant‐head and constant‐flux tests are commonly used to predict the temporal or spatial drawdown distribution or to determine aquifer parameters. Theis and Thiem equations, for instance, are well‐known transient and steady‐state drawdown solutions, respectively, of the constant‐flux test. It is known that the Theis equation is not applicable to the case where the aquifer has a finite boundary or the pumping time tends to infinity. On the other hand, the Thiem equation does not apply to the case where the aquifer boundary is infinite. However, the issue of obtaining the Thiem equation from the transient drawdown solution has not previously been addressed. In this paper, the drawdown solutions for constant‐head and constant‐flux tests conducted in finite or infinite confined aquifers with or without consideration of the effect of the well radius are examined comprehensively. Mathematical verification and physical interpretation of the solutions to these two tests converging or not converging to the Thiem equation are presented. The result shows that there are some finite‐domain solutions for these two tests that can converge to the Thiem equation when the time becomes infinitely large. In addition, the time criteria to give a good approximation to the finite‐domain solution by the infinite‐domain solution and the Thiem equation are investigated and presented. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

复杂速度模型的地震交切定位方法

交切法是最基本的地震定位方法之一,该定位方法具有稳定性强、速度快的优点。由于速度模型假设为均匀或水平均匀介质,与实际介质有较大偏差,因此定位精度较低,特别是震源深度。为克服传统交切法的缺点,我们对其进行了改进。在改进的方法中,震源轨迹不再假设为圆形或双曲线形,而是利用最小走时树射线追踪方法进行精确计算。数值模型计算表明,本文提出的改进方法,可用于复杂速度模型的地震定位。     

地震保险的政策性与商业性探讨

地震是群灾之首,一次破坏性地震可以造成巨大的生命和财产损失。地震保险风险责任大,是保险公司难以独立承担的业务,必然亏损;单位或个人心存侥幸,不愿投保。这种逆向选择的局面严重制约了地震保险业的发展。随着时代的进步和科学技术的发展,地震保险离我们愈近,本文就地震保险的政策引导和商业盈利进行探讨,提出建立灾害基金,政策性强制保险及保险公司非盈利性经营的一些看法。     

Observations on the application of artificial neural network to predicting ground motion measures

Application of the artificial neural network (ANN) to predict pseudospectral acceleration or peak ground acceleration is explored in the study. The training of ANN model is carried out using feed-forward backpropagation method and about 600 records from 39 California earthquakes. The statistics of the residuals or modeling error for the trained ANN-based models are almost the same as those for the parametric ground motion prediction equations, derived through regression analysis; the residual or modeling error can be modeled as a normal variate. The similarity and differences between the predictions by these two approaches are shown. The trained ANN-based models, however, are not robust because the models with almost identical mean square errors do not always lead to the same predictions. This undesirable behaviour for predicting the ground motion measures has not been shown or discussed in the literature; the presented results, at least, serve to raise questions and caution on this problem. A practical approach to ameliorate this problem, perhaps, is to consider several trained ANN models, and to take the average of the predicted values from the trained ANN models as the predicted ground motion measure.     

海原断裂带刺儿沟古地震剖面炭屑~(14)C年龄及其意义

在青藏高原东北缘海原断裂带刺儿沟古地震剖面上不仅保存了地震活动的崩积楔遗迹,还发现多层炭屑以及与人类活动有关的铁渣、陶片等遗物,文中运用14C测年法和经红外释光照射后的绿光释光测年法(Post-IR OSL)分别对剖面上的炭屑、烘烤黏土、沉积物等样品进行年龄测定和比对,获得了各炭屑层和人类活动遗迹的年代。测定的人类活动遗迹年代与海原周缘历史记载的强震发生时间序列比对结果表明,刺儿沟人类活动遗迹的形成可能与历史地震无关,过去以炭屑年代作为地层年代来限定古地震发生的时代,建立的古地震事件时序的结果可能不正确,上述工作为进一步研究海原断裂带的强震复发规律和海原地区考古提供了重要的基础资料     

A weighted least-squares solution to a 3-D symmetrical similarity transformation without linearization

A weighted least-squares (WLS) solution to a 3-D non-linear symmetrical similarity transformation within a Gauss-Helmert (GH) model, and/or an errors-in-variables (EIV) model is developed, which does not require linearization. The geodetic weight matrix is the inverse of the observation dispersion matrix (second-order moment). We suppose that the dispersion matrices are non-singular. This is in contrast to Procrustes algorithm within a Gauss-Markov (GM) model, or even its generalized algorithms within the GH and/or EIV models, which cannot accept geodetic weights. It is shown that the errors-invariables in the source system do not affect the estimation of the rotation matrix with arbitrary rotational angles and also the geodetic weights do not participate in the estimation of the rotation matrix. This results in a fundamental correction to the previous algorithm used for this problem since in that algorithm, the rotation matrix is calculated after the multiplication by row-wise weights. An empirical example and a simulation study give insight into the efficiency of the proposed procedure.     

On the consistency of the indirect lognormal correction

The indirect lognormal correction is a change-of-support model commonly used in geostatistical applications when dealing with additive variables, for which the upscaling amounts to arithmetic averaging. It was designed as a generalization of the lognormal correction that states the permanence of lognormality, but so far its internal consistency has not been proven in the general case. After a recall of the theoretical conditions that change-of-support models must honor, the concept of conventional income is introduced and used to establish the mathematical consistency of the indirect lognormal correction. However, the suitability of this model is questionable in many situations, in particular when the support effect is important or when the point-support distribution presents a zero effect, is not continuous or not positively skewed.Tel.: +56-2-672-3504, +56-2-678-4498     

具有已知深度点的条件下解二度单一密度界面反问题的方法

本文假定密度界面上有若干点的深度为已知,制订了一种迭代方法。它不要求事先经过区域异常和局部异常的划分,而直接利用布格异常求解。此方法假定了一个基准面,但解的结果不依赖于它。本文还探讨了一种加速收敛的方法,提供了用本迭代法计算的若干理论模型及实际例子。试验表明,本方法可在袖珍计算机上实现。     

Experimental beyond design and residual performances of full-scale viscoelastic dampers and their empirical modeling

Most past researches relevant to viscoelastic (VE) dampers, regardless of analytical and experimental ones, aimed at their design (or pre-damage) performance. In reality, however, under maximum considered or greater shaking caused by earthquakes, the shear deformation of the VE dampers installed in a structure may exceed or is even much larger than their nominal design range, thus leading to damage to the VE material. Under this circumstance, the structural design might become not conservative when the viscoelastically damped structure is a retrofit design or is not a supplemental damping design. Therefore, in this study, the beyond design and residual performances of the full-scale VE dampers after suffering damage are experimentally probed and compared with their design (or pre-damage) performance tested before. To have more engineering sense in practice, some suitable and conservative empirical post-damage models through considering reduction factors in the Kelvin-Voigt model for assessing the beyond design and residual performances of the full-scale VE dampers after suffering damage are recommended.     

A New Method for Collecting Core Samples Without a Drilling Rig

A new piston sampler allows the collection of high-quality core samples from sand, silt or clay, up to depths of 18 meters. The sampler is operated by a one- or two-person crew without a drilling rig. The sampler and ancillary equipment fit easily into a half-ton truck, making this a highly portable sampling system. Other advantages include minimal mechanical disturbance and precisely known sample depth. Casing is not required to maintain an open corehole below the water table and drilling fluid is not used in the corehole, so the solids and pore water of the sample should not be contaminated by foreign fluids. High-quality samples for physical, geochemical, and microbiological characterization of the subsurface are easily obtained with this new device.