实时子结构实验Chang算法的稳定性和精度

与慢速拟动力子结构实验相比,实时子结构实验的优点在于它能真实地反映速度相关型试件的特性。实时子结构实验的逐步积分算法通常借用拟动力算法,但是目前液压伺服作动器很难实现速度反馈控制,因而试件速度不能实现原算法的假定值,这样一来算法的稳定性和计算精度将发生改变。台湾学者S.Y.Chang提出一种无条件稳定的显式拟动力算法,本文分析了这种方法应用于实时子结构实验时的稳定性和计算精度。研究发现在实时子结构实验中该方法由无条件稳定变成了有条件稳定的,精度也发生了改变。     

等效力控制方法及其在混合试验中的应用

对于大型复杂结构的实时(拟动力)子结构试验,更适宜用无条件稳定的逐步积分方法。隐式逐步积分方法通常是无条件稳定的,然而需要复杂耗时的迭代求解非线性方法。为了避免迭代过程,等效力控制方法用反馈控制求解非线性方程,使隐式逐步积分方法在实时子结构试验中的应用成为可能。本文首先以平均加速度法为例介绍等效力控制方法的原理、关键参数的选取;然后介绍基于等效力控制的能量守恒子结构试验方法和隐式中点法;最后介绍这些方法在以防屈曲支撑阻尼器为试件的单自由度简化结构、以磁流变阻尼器为试件的海洋平台结构的实时子结构试验,以及装配式钢筋混凝土剪力墙结构和框支配筋砌块短肢剪力墙结构拟动力试验中的应用。研究结果表明:这三种等效力控制方法都具有很好的精度,等效力控制方法相对于中心差分法具有更好的稳定性。     

考虑阻尼影响的修正CD-Newmark组合算法数值特性研究

显-隐式组合数值积分算法结合了显式算法无需迭代和隐式算法无条件稳定的各自优点,是结构抗震拟动力试验顺利运行的关键.在对传统显式中央差分法和隐式Newmark β组合算法进行参数修正的基础上,建立了修正CD-Newmark算法,考虑阻尼的影响分析了组合算法的稳定性条件、周期失真率和数值阻尼比,分别得到了试验子结构的稳定性条件和计算子结构无条件稳定的参数合理取值范围,并对计算精度进行了分析.通过算例分析验证了算法的数值特性,从而初步解决了CD-Newmark算法存在稳定性界限过严的问题,为结构抗震拟动力混合试验提供了研究参考.     

结合动量方程及显式γ函数法的拟动力试验方法

研究了一种适合实时或快速拟动力试验的数值积分方法--动量方程方法,阐述了动量方程方法的原理,结合显式γ函数法求解隐式方程,得到了拟动力试验实用的显式位移表达式.选用合适的参数,对一根悬臂钢柱进行了拟动力试验.试验结果与中心差分法得到的试验结果吻合较好,从而验证了积分方法的可行性和有效性,可以作为速度相关型结构或构件拟动力试验的数值积分方法.     

实时子结构实验的研究与应用

最近出现的结构控制装置,其中很多被动控制装置的性能都与速度有关,甚至有的还与加速度有关;采用反馈控制的主动、半主动控制装置,其控制力更是与时间相关,因此无法采用伪动力实验测试这些控制装置的性能或减振效果.实时子结构实验对试件进行实时加载,可以准确反映速度相关型试件的性能.由于试件性能的速度相关性和实验加载的实时性,使得实时子结构实验在逐步积分算法、实验系统累积误差、实验系统的加载控制等方面比伪动力实验更加复杂,另外还会出现系统时间滞后和加载系统与试件相互作用等新问题.根据实时子结构实验研究的关键科学问题介绍其研究进展及其应用,并指出有待进一步研究的问题.     

使用Chang算法的剪切型子结构振动台试验方法及数值模拟

提出了使用无条件稳定显式Chang积分算法的剪切型子结构振动台试验方法,包括子结构定义及试验流程。进行某12层剪切型结构的整体结构及子结构方法的时程分析,整体结构分析结果作为子结构方法分析结果的参照。对于无时滞的情形,采用两种误差指标来量化子结构方法结果的准确性,研究了积分时间步长及时程分析类型对结果的影响。最后,考虑时滞对子结构方法结果的影响。结果表明:当系统不存在时滞时,即便在较大的积分时间步长的情况下,子结构方法的分析结果依然可以较好地吻合整体结构的分析结果;当系统存在时滞时,时滞对子结构方法结果的准确性产生不利的影响。     

基于振动台的动力子结构试验界面反力获取方法

基于振动台的实时子结构动力试验是一种新型的结构动力试验方法.该试验方法引入了“子结构”这一概念,不仅减小了常规振动台试验对于试验规模的限制,而且克服了拟动力子结构试验中无法考虑加载速率影响的问题.由于该试验方法将整体结构拆分为数值子结构和物理子结构两部分,二者之间通过交界面相互作用力实现实时数据交互,以保证子结构体系与...     

隐式时间积分方法的拟动力实验

本文介绍了采用隐式时间积分方法实现的拟动力实验。目前拟动力实验中所用的时间积分方法是显式条件稳定的，所以时间步Δｔ的选择受到试件刚度和自由度的限制，对于刚度大自由度很多的试件需采用很小的Δｔ，而Δｔ太小将造成实验累积误差增大，实验结果失真。隐式时间积分方法是无条条件稳定的Δｔ的选择不受试件特性的限制，可以比显式算法的稳定极限大很多，从而拓宽了拟动力的应用范围。     

子结构技术在结构抗震试验研究中的应用

根据结构试验理论和实验设备的特征,阐述了结构抗震试验的特点及发展,重点分析了子结构拟动力试验方法的原理、数值积分算法、加载方式和误差控制;振动台子结构试验的原理、研究成果;实时子结构的原理和时滞等混合试验方法的基本理论,以及大型通用有限元软件及远程协同试验方法在混合试验中的应用。基于各种试验方法的优势与发展,总结出混合试验技术未来的发展方向。     

高阶单步力控制拟动力试验方法研究

本文采用高阶单步力控制试验方法,提出了减少试验误差的若干处理技术,进行了三层底部框支配筋砌块短肢砌体剪力墙足尺结构的拟动力试验,实现了大刚度多自由度复杂结构拟动力试验。试验结果表明,足尺拟动力试验可以很好地反映结构在真实地震作用下的反应,而采用力控制试验方法在结构恢复力特性进入下降段之前是可行的。     

Improved control algorithm for real‐time substructure testing

Real‐time substructure testing is a novel method of testing structures under dynamic loading. The complete structure is separated into two substructures, one of which is tested physically at large scale and in real time, so that time‐dependent non‐linear behaviour of the substructure is realistically represented. The second substructure represents the surrounding structure, which is modelled numerically. In the current formulation this numerical substructure is assumed to remain linear. The two substructures interact in real‐time so that the response of the complete structure, incorporating the non‐linear behaviour of the physical substructure, is accurately represented. This paper presents several improvements to the linear numerical modelling of substructures for use in explicit time‐stepping routines for real‐time substructure testing. An extrapolation of a first‐order‐hold discretization is used which increases the accuracy of the numerical model over more direct explicit methods. Additionally, an integral form of the equation of motion is used in order to reduce the effects of noise and to take into account variations of the input over a time‐step. In order to take advantage of this integral form, interpolation of the model output is performed in order to smooth the output. The improvements are demonstrated using a series of substructure tests on a simple portal frame. While the testing approach is suitable for cases in which the physical substructure behaves non‐linearly, the results presented here are for fully linear systems. This enables comparisons to be made with analytical solutions, as well as with the results of tests based on the central difference method. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stability of central difference method for dynamic real‐time substructure testing

This paper studies the stability of the central difference method (CDM) for real‐time substructure test considering specimen mass. Because the standard CDM is implicit in terms of acceleration, to avoid iteration, an explicit acceleration formulation is assumed for its implementation in real‐time dynamic substructure testing. The analytical work shows that the stability of the algorithm decreases with increasing specimen mass if the experimental substructure is a pure inertia specimen. The algorithm becomes unstable however small the time integration interval is, when the mass of specimen equal or greater than that of its numerical counterpart. For the case of dynamic specimen, the algorithm is unstable when there is no damping in the whole test structure; a damping will make the algorithm stable conditionally. Part of the analytical results is validated through an actual test. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Real‐time hybrid testing using the unconditionally stable explicit CR integration algorithm

Real‐time hybrid testing combines experimental testing and numerical simulation, and provides a viable alternative for the dynamic testing of structural systems. An integration algorithm is used in real‐time hybrid testing to compute the structural response based on feedback restoring forces from experimental and analytical substructures. Explicit integration algorithms are usually preferred over implicit algorithms as they do not require iteration and are therefore computationally efficient. The time step size for explicit integration algorithms, which are typically conditionally stable, can be extremely small in order to avoid numerical stability when the number of degree‐of‐freedom of the structure becomes large. This paper presents the implementation and application of a newly developed unconditionally stable explicit integration algorithm for real‐time hybrid testing. The development of the integration algorithm is briefly reviewed. An extrapolation procedure is introduced in the implementation of the algorithm for real‐time testing to ensure the continuous movement of the servo‐hydraulic actuator. The stability of the implemented integration algorithm is investigated using control theory. Real‐time hybrid test results of single‐degree‐of‐freedom and multi‐degree‐of‐freedom structures with a passive elastomeric damper subjected to earthquake ground motion are presented. The explicit integration algorithm is shown to enable the exceptional real‐time hybrid test results to be achieved. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

考虑土-结构相互作用的振动台实时子结构试验仿真分析

本文基于状态空间方程进行了实时子结构试验的初步探索,提出了一种新的实时子结构试验方法。通过simulink仿真发现,这种方法能很好地再现整体分析的结构反应。最后,对考虑土-结构相互作用的振动台实时子结构试验进行了仿真分析。     

结构抗震试验方法的发展

地震荷载极大的破坏性,使得结构抗震性能的研究成为一个被广泛关注的热点问题.为了提高结构抗震研究的试验能力和试验水平,近年来在传统结构抗震试验方法的基础上,出现了一些新的试验方式和方法.本文总结介绍了目前结构抗震试验方法的一些发展趋势,包括：（1）地震模拟振动台的大型化和多台化,以进行大比例模型甚至足尺模型试验或考虑大跨度结构地震动的非均匀性;（2）进行子结构试验的实时化,以实现数值子结构模型和试验子结构模型的实时结合;（3）进行试验设备的网络化,以提高试验设备的利用率,实现资源共享等,供有关研究者参考.     

Operator‐splitting method for real‐time substructure testing

It has been shown that the operator‐splitting method (OSM) provides explicit and unconditionally stable solutions for quasi‐static pseudo‐dynamic substructure testing. However, the OSM provides only an explicit target displacement but not an explicit target velocity, so that it is essentially an implicit method for real‐time substructure testing (RST) when the velocity‐dependent restoring force is considered. This paper proposes a target velocity formulation based on the forward difference of the predicted displacements so as to render the OSM explicit for RST. The stability and accuracy of the resulting OSM‐RST algorithm are investigated. It is shown that the OSM‐RST is unconditionally stable so long as the non‐linear stiffness and damping are of the softening type (i.e. the tangent stiffness and damping never exceed the initial values). The stability of the OSM‐RST for structures with infinite tangent damping coefficient or stiffness is also proved, and the stability of the method for MDOF structures with a non‐classical damping matrix is demonstrated by an energy criterion. The effects of actuator delay and compensation are analysed based on the bilinear approximation of the actuator step response. Experiments on damped SDOF and MDOF structures verify that the stability of the OSM‐RST is preserved when the experimental substructure generates velocity‐dependent reaction forces, whereas the stability of real‐time substructure tests based on the central difference method is worsened by the damping of the specimen. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Model updating for real time dynamic substructures based on UKF algorithm

Combining the advantages of numerical simulation with experimental testing, real-time dynamic substructure (RTDS) testing provides a new experimental method for the investigation of engineered structures. However, not all unmodeled parts can be physically tested, as testing is often limited by the capacity of the test facility. Model updating is a good option to improve the modeling accuracy for numerical substructures in RTDS. In this study, a model updating method is introduced, which has great performance in describing this nonlinearity. In order to determine the optimal parameters in this model, an Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF)-based algorithm was applied to extract the knowledge contained in the sensors data. All the parameters that need to be identified are listed as the extended state variables, and the identification was achieved via the step-by-step state prediction and state update process. Effectiveness of the proposed method was verified through a group of experimental data, and results showed good agreement. Furthermore, the proposed method was compared with the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF)-based method, and better accuracy was easily found. The proposed parameter identification method has great applicability for structural objects with nonlinear behaviors and could be extended to research in other engineering fields.