2010年夏南极半岛邻近海域的浮游植物群落

基于2010-01-02农业部首次南极磷虾探捕所获的浮游植物网采样品,分析了2010年夏季南极半岛以北南大洋海域的浮游植物群落.鉴定浮游植物27属49种,硅藻是主要的浮游植物类群.总细胞丰度变化在387～1.04×107个/m3,平均9.51×105个/m3,在南奥克尼群岛以北的海域出现高值分布.优势种为南极海毛藻(Thalassiothrix antarctica)、裸甲藻(Gymnodinium sp.)、角毛藻(Chaetoceros sp.)、细条伪菱形藻(Pseudonitzschia lineola)、克格伦拟脆杆藻(Fragilariopsis kerguelensis)、蛇形角毛藻(Chaetoceros criophilus)、无刺环毛藻(Corethron inerme)和短拟脆杆藻(Fragilariopsis curta).生态类型多为南大洋特有种.南设得兰群岛以西海域,浮游植物群落的多样性程度较高.温度与积分叶绿素a、总细胞丰度皆呈极显著正相关性(p＜0.01),是影响调查区浮游植物分布的重要环境因子.     

南极夏季普里兹湾桡足类优势种的产卵量和种群结构

1998年12月－1999年1月在南极普里兹湾采用现场培养的方法对大、中型桡足类优势种尖角似哲水蚤（Calanoides acutus)、戈氏长腹水蚤（Metridia gerlachei)和巨锚哲水蚤（Rhincalanus gigas)进行了实验研究，同时根据浮游动物垂直拖网的样品分析了它们的种群结构。结果表明，在实验中，C.acutus和M.gerlachei的平均产卵量分别为13.3(5-49)和5（4－12）个／雌／天；R.gigas没有产卵。随后对获得的卵进行连续观察，所有的卵均没有孵化。通过标本分析发现，C.acutus夏季的种群结构为双峰态，尤其是陆冰缘站，新生个体主要是CI期桡足幼体，而越冬个体包括CIV、CV和雌性成体。R.gigas的种群结构特征不明显，新生个体为12月末发现的大量集中分布的无节幼体。M.gerlachei表现出和C.acutus相似的丰度分布特性，但其种群结构主要是成体和晚期幼体。     

秋季南黄海浮游动物分布及其影响因素

基于2007年秋季在南黄海（32°20'~37°00'N;124°E以西）进行的浮游动物及环境因子大面调查;分析了秋季南黄海浮游动物种类组成、分布特征及其影响因素;主要结果如下:共鉴定浮游动物113种（不包括25种浮游幼体）;中华哲水蚤（Calanus sinicus）、强壮滨箭虫（Aidanosagitta crassa）、磷虾幼体（Euphausia larvae）和小齿海樽（Doliolum denticulatum）是秋季优势种;浮游动物丰度为（156.37±12.04）ind/m3;生物量为（172.57±10.41）mg/m3;与历史调查数据相比;本航次浮游动物丰度和生物量相对处于较高水平;磷虾幼体分布趋势与中华假磷虾（Psudeuphausia sinica）一致;说明秋季是中华假磷虾种群的一个重要的补充时期;小齿海樽在南黄海的大量出现系自身种群补充的结果;精致真刺水蚤（Euchaeta concinna）和肥胖软箭虫（Flaccisagitta enflata）主要分布在深水区;在近岸海区很少出现。中华哲水蚤、强壮滨箭虫丰度高值区倾向分布于海洋锋附近;进一步佐证了海洋锋对浮游动物的积聚作用。     

黄海小拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus parvus)丰度的季节变化

根据2001年3、5、6、7、8、11月黄海6个航次的大容量采水器(59L)中浮游动物的样品资料,对小拟哲水蚤无节幼体及该种桡足幼体和成体丰度的时空分布格局进行了研究。结果表明,小拟哲水蚤桡足幼体和成体3月份在整个黄海测区内的丰度较低;5月份除山东半岛南岸三个高值站位,外海相对比近岸高;6、7月份的丰度水平最高,7月份航次中,丰度最高的站位可达10555ind/m3,整个测区内,海州湾内侧高于外侧;8月份,测区内的丰度分布相对均匀,丰度较低;11月份,测区小拟哲水蚤的分布相对也比较均匀。小拟哲水蚤无节幼体的丰度在黄海测区内的分布格局与该种桡足幼体及成体丰度的分布格局在3、5、6、7月份比较吻合,在8、11月份吻合程度较差。不同月份小拟哲水蚤的分布与温度、盐度、叶绿素a的关系不尽相同;其受温度的影响相对较大,受盐度、叶绿素a影响较小。     

东海浮游动物昼夜垂直移动的初步研究

于 1 994年 4月 (春季 )和 1 1月 (秋季 )在东海 41 0站 ( 1 2 4°5 9′E ,2 9°32′N ,水深 85m)对浮游动物的昼夜垂直移动变化规律进行 2 4h定点连续观测。结果表明 ,春季和秋季浮游动物总数量的昼夜垂直移动变化均不明显 ,其数量主要分布在 0— 1 0m的表层水域 ;在桡足类的优势种中 ,个体较大的中华哲水蚤第V期和成体、精致真刺水蚤 ,以及磷虾类的中华假磷虾和太平洋磷虾等 ,其昼夜垂直移动比较明显。而一些个体较小的种类 ,如小拟哲水蚤、近缘大眼剑水蚤和其他种类的幼体、被囊类的优势种长尾住囊虫等 ,无论是在春季还是在秋季 ,它们的昼夜垂直移动均不明显 ,主要集中在 0— 1 0m的表层水域     

莱州湾拟哲水蚤Paracalanus sp.发育期丰度组成和个体大小季节变化

拟哲水蚤是莱州湾桡足类中周年出现的优势种;是上层鱼类幼鱼早期开口饵料的重要贡献者;掌握其种群动态分布特点;有利于了解湾内生物环境状况、次级生产力生产水平。基于2011年5月至20 12年4月采集的浮游生物资料的分析结果显示;莱州湾拟哲水蚤的发育期丰度组成和个体大小均表现了明显的季节变化。调查季节中;4-6月以成体居多;其他季节以桡足幼体CⅢ-CⅤ较多;其中10-11月和3月主要由后期桡足幼体CⅣ和CⅤ期构成。成体中以雌体为主导;雌/雄比介于1.46~9.62;该比值在3-4月最低;10-11月最高。拟哲水蚤各期桡足幼体和成体个体大小以4-5月最大、8月最小;并与水温表现出明显的负相关。拟哲水蚤桡足幼体和成体的总生物量月变化与丰度变化相同;即以8月值最高;3-5月值最低;月均值为2.69 mg/m3（以碳计）;日生产力估算值为0.74 mg/（m3·d）（以碳计）。由上述结果;推测莱州湾拟哲水蚤的种群结构周年变化主要可分3个阶段;4-6月是莱州湾拟哲水蚤开始繁殖期;7-8月为种群数量快速增长期;9月之后为种群增长相对停滞期。     

夏季南黄海浅海潮汐锋对小拟哲水蚤和叶绿素a分布的影响

为分析夏季南黄海潮汐锋及其对浮游动物和初级生产分布的影响,本文利用2011年夏季航次的水文数据、小拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus parvus)样品及叶绿素a资料,对南黄海潮汐锋区位置及小拟哲水蚤丰度和叶绿素a分布进行了研究,探讨了夏季南黄海潮汐锋对小拟哲水蚤丰度和初级生产分布的影响。结果表明,在调查水域存在明显的浅海潮汐锋;小拟哲水蚤丰度高值(18267ind/m3)出现在锋区,其低丰度值(1480ind/m3)出现于锋区附近混合区,两者之间相差1个数量级,其丰度由远岸层化区至锋区逐渐升高。叶绿素a表层浓度高值(4.7μg/L)出现在锋区附近层化区,锋区叶绿素a表层浓度较低(2.2μg/L)。锋区中出现小拟哲水蚤丰度高、表层叶绿素a浓度较低的现象,表明桡足类的摄食压力对初级生产具有明显影响。可见,潮汐锋是影响南黄海浮游生物分布的重要驱动因子。本研究可为深入探讨潮汐锋对跨锋区生物要素分布乃至海洋生态系统结构与功能的影响提供重要依据。     

黄海太平洋磷虾的幼体分布及发育途径

通过镜检分析网采样品和现场培养实验相结合的方法, 研究了2006年4月份黄海太平洋磷虾的幼体分布、早期幼体发育和幼体发育途径。结果表明, 4月份是南黄海太平洋磷虾繁殖发育的高峰期, 幼体在种群组成结构中占绝对优势, 占种群总数量的90.85%, 其中原状幼体和状幼体占种群比例分别是51.9%和26.9%。相关性分析结果表明, 太平洋磷虾不同幼体发育期丰度存在显著的正相关关系; 卵丰度分布跟叶绿素a浓度有显著的正相关关系; 原状幼体和状幼体丰度分布跟叶绿素a浓度、海水温度等环境因子没有显著相关关系。在南黄海, 太平洋磷虾的幼体发育主要遵循以下途径: 卵→无节幼体→后期无节幼体→原状幼体→状幼体F1(0′7, 1′7)→状幼体F2(1′4″7, 3′1″7)→状幼体F3(5″7)→状幼体F4(5″5)→状幼体F5(5″3)→状幼体F6(5″1)。太平洋磷虾在15℃下的幼体发育速度明显快于4℃。15℃下幼体发育到C1期只需5.6天, 而4℃下则需要16.1天。     

曹妃甸邻近海域浮游动物群落时空变化及其影响因素

根据2013年8月(夏季)和2014年5月(春季)在曹妃甸邻近海域的调查资料,研究了浮游动物群落的种类组成、丰度、生物量、优势种和多样性的时空变化特征,分析了其与环境因子的关系,并结合2004年调查资料对比分析了浮游动物丰度和优势种的变化特征及围填海的影响。结果表明,研究海域浮游动物共鉴定得到31种(类),以桡足类和浮游幼体为主,优势种主要包括双刺纺锤水蚤(Acartia bifilosa)、小拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus parvus)、拟长腹剑水蚤(Oithona similis)和桡足类幼体(Copepodid larva)等。春季的浮游动物丰度和生物量均高于夏季,多样性和均匀度指数均低于夏季。浮游动物丰度的空间分布主要受温度、叶绿素a(Chl-a)等环境因子影响,春季基本为近岸高、远岸低的空间分布规律,夏季则相反,基本为近岸低、远岸高的空间分布规律。与2004年相比,本次调查春季和夏季的浮游动物丰度明显下降,可能与浮游植物丰度及DIP浓度降低有关。春季,西侧、东侧海域的浮游动物丰度分别明显降低、升高,与围填海后营养盐重新分布促进了东侧海域浮游植物增殖有关。夏季则主要受河流输入影响,浮游动物丰度的变化不具有空间差异。     

基于RF和GAM模型的南极磷虾资源分布与环境因子关系研究

为实现南极磷虾(Euphausia superba)渔场的有效预测和高效开发。本研究基于"龙腾"号拖网渔船在南设得兰群岛和象岛周围海域2015—2019年渔捞日志的数据,应用随机森林模型(Random forest, RF)和广义可加模型(Genera-lized additive model, GAM)分析了南极磷虾单位捕捞努力量渔获量(Catch per unit effort, CPUE)与环境因子(经纬度、表层水温、水深、离岸距离)之间的关系。RF模型分析显示:经度和纬度与南极磷虾CPUE整体上呈负相关关系;随着表层水温的升高南极磷虾的CPUE呈逐渐下降趋势;当水深小于1 000 m时,南极磷虾CPUE较高,当水深大于1 000 m时,南极磷虾CPUE与水深呈负相关关系,这表明水深对南极磷虾的分布影响显著。GAM模型分析显示:南极磷虾CPUE与经度在整体上呈极显著非线性负相关关系(P0.01);与表层水温呈极显著线性负相关关系(P0.01);与纬度、水深和离岸距离呈极显著非线性相关关系(P0.01)。综合这两种模型结果表明,南极磷虾适宜栖息于较浅海域且在不同海域对水温的适宜性不同,CPUE高值相对集中于62.5°S—63.5°S、58°W—60°W范围。相较于GAM模型,RF模型拟合效果更优(R~2=0.331 4±0.000 7,RMSE=0.248 1±0.000 2)。RF模型通过计算变量重要性并排序,选择对南极磷虾的CPUE产生影响的主导因子,在研究海洋生物资源分布中有广阔的应用前景。     

Geographical distribution and age composition of Euphausia superba larvae (Crustacea：Euphausiacea) in the South Shetland Islands region and southern Scotia Sea in relation to environmental conditions

Spatial distribution patterns of the different life stages of Euphausia superba in the region of the South Shet- land Islands and southern Scotia Sea （Antarctica） were assessed based on scientific survey data collected in lanuary and February of 2010. Adults, eggs, nauplii, metanauplii, calyptopis I-Ill, and furcilia I-II were found in the investigation. The abundance of larvae averaged 1 172.8 ind./mz, with calyptopis I and II as the dominant stages. Habitat occupancy patterns varied among Euphausia superba at different stages, and three sub-regions were identified by cluster analysis. The degree of larval development increased from west to east. Larvae were not observed north of the South Shetland Islands. Calyptopis I was predominant in the water between Elephant Island and the South Orkney Islands, which featured no thermocline. Older stages, including calyptopis II and III and furcilia I and II, were common in north and northeast of the South Orkney Islands, which were characterized by high temperature and high chlorophyll concentration. Distri- bution and abundance of the early life stages of E. superba were associated with specific environmental con- ditions. According to Biota-Environment matching （BIOENV）, the distributions of E. superba larvae were correlated with a combination of temperature at the surface and 200 m, and 0-100 m integrated chlorophyll a concentration.     

Loss Processes of Sinking Fecal Pellets of Zooplankton in the Mesopelagic Layers of the Antarctic Marginal Ice Zone

A time-series sediment trap deployment was carried out in the marginal ice zone (MIZ) of the Antarctic Ocean (64°42′ S, 139°58′E; sea depth of 2930 m), during the austral summer. Cylindrical fecal pellets were the predominant sinking particles at 537 m in the middle of January and most of them disappeared below that depth, the loss of which were 25.3 mg C m⁻² day⁻¹ in the depth range of 537–796 m. Small-sized sinking particles other than fecal pellets increased in that depth range. Analyses of fecal pellets for remnant DNA corresponding to 16S mitochondrial RNA and 28S ribosomal RNA suggested that the large cylindrical fecal pellets at 537 m were produced by Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) and copepods. According to the presence of the DNA associated with sinking particles, E. superba fecal pellets rapidly disappeared below 537 m, while copepod fecal pellets still remained in the mesopelagic and bathypelagic layers. Small-sized amorphous sinking particles at 537 m also contained E. superba- and copepod-derived DNA. The abundance of trap-collected copepods (Oithona spp. and Oncaea spp.) which are known to be coprophagous increased at 796 m where many fecal pellets disappeared. We suggest that those rapidly sinking pellets were fragmented by copepods with intensified coprorhexy activity (fragmentation of fecal pellets) in the mesopelagic layers, reducing their sinking rates. These smaller and slower sinking particles can be important food sources for detritivorus or coprophagous animals in mesopelagic and bathypelagic layers in the MIZ. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Density of mud‐dwelling meiobenthos from three sites in the Wellington region

Meiobenthos from the Waiwhetu Stream (41°14.22′S, 174°54.28′E), a heavily polluted site, was low in density and numbers of species; a tubificid oligochaete Limnodrihts cf. hoffmeisteri dominated. In the Hutt River estuary (41°14.09′S, 174°53.85′E), meiofauna density was the same as in similar sediments world‐wide, but dominance by 2 species of harpacticoid copepods produced a low‐diversity assemblage. The fauna in the Pauatahanui Inlet (41°05.2′S, 174°54.05′E) was comparable in density and diversity to the faunas of muddy estuarine sediments in other parts of the world. The dominance of nematodes, abundance of Echinoderes cf. coulli (Kinorhyncha), and the variety of species suggest that the Pauatahanui site was the most normal of the 3 sampled.     

珠江口枯水期和丰水期中小型浮游动物群落动态

根据珠江口枯水期(2013年11月)和丰水期(2014年8月) 24个站位调查资料,对中小型浮游动物种类组成、丰度分布、群落结构及其主要影响因子进行了研究.结果表明,枯水期和丰水期分别鉴定浮游动物成体91种和70种,以桡足类最为丰富.浮游动物种类从河口上游向外围逐渐增加.浮游动物丰度时空分布差异显著,丰水期平均值高达11 619. 78 ind/m~3,显著高于枯水期的1 707. 13 ind/m~3.桡足类在珠江口中小型浮游动物中占绝对优势,枯水期和丰水期分别占总丰度的80. 3%和93. 0%,对浮游动物的丰度分布起关键作用.强额孔雀哲水蚤(Parvocalanus crassirostris)、中华异水蚤(Acartiella sinensis)和刺尾纺锤水蚤(Acartia spinicauda)在两个水期均为主要优势种,小拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus parvus)和厦门矮隆哲水蚤(Bestiolina amoyensis)则分别在枯水期和丰水期具有较高的优势度.聚类分析的结果显示,枯水期和丰水期该水域浮游动物均可划分为3个群落.相关性分析表明,珠江口中小型浮游动物群落结构受多个环境因子的影响,但盐度是其中最为关键的非生物因子.     

Lipids in selected abyssal benthopelagic animals: links to the epipelagic zone?

A detailed study of the lipids of selected zooplankton species and scavenging amphipods in the near-bottom water layer (15–100 m above bottom, mab) was carried out at the BENGAL site in late summer 1998. Copepoda were the main contributors to the zooplankton, comprising 75% of the total abundance, followed by Ostracoda and Chaetognatha. Calanoid copepods of the family Metridinidae were predominant and accounted for more than 50% of all copepods.Two types of storage lipids were distinguished: triacylglycerols and wax esters. Ostracoda and the polychaete Vanadis sp. stored exclusively triacylglycerols whilst the bulk of the Copepoda accumulated wax esters, with the exception of the family Aetideidae. In the amphipods both lipid classes were found: Eurythenes gryllus stored wax esters and Paralicella spp. and Orchomene sp. triacylglycerols.The fatty acid composition was characterized by a high level of monounsaturated 18:1 (n—9), which is described as characteristic for animals living in the deeper layers of the water column, and to a lesser degree by 16:1 (n—7) and 20:5 (n—3), which are typical components of diatom lipids, and 22:6 (n—3), typical of dinoflagellates. The ratio of 18:1 (n—9):18:1 (n—7) fatty acids was between 5 and 10 in the copepods and indicates a carnivorous/omnivorous feeding behaviour in this group, whereas the higher ratios of 8–18 in the amphipods confirm their necrophagy. The fatty alcohols of the animals storing wax esters were dominated by the monounsaturated isomers 18:1 (n—9) and 18:1 (n—7).The predominance of wax esters as storage lipids in the deep-sea copepods indicates a strong seasonality in the availability of food. This is supported by the high levels of 16:1 (n—7), 20:5 (n—3) and 22:6 (n—3) fatty acids, which point to there being a direct link between the surface primary production and deep-sea copepods, probably via the rapid deposition of phytodetritus.     

Biomass,carbon ingestion,and ammonia excretion by zooplankton associated with an upwelling plume in western Cook Strait,New Zealand

The biomass, elemental composition, and rates of ingestion and excretion by macrozoo‐plankon associated with the upwelling plume off the north‐west coast of the South Island, New Zealand, were investigated in March‐April 1983. Ingestion and excretion rates of the major zoo‐plankton species were combined with abundance data to determine the spatial and temporal variability which may influence phytoplankton dynamics in the plume system. Zooplankton biomass near Cape Kahurangi was dominated by small copepods like Acartia ensifera (up to 60%). In the South Tar‐anaki Bight, larval and adult forms of the euphau‐siid Nyctiphanes australis commonly contributed up to 60% of biomass. However, the carbon ingestion and ammonia excretion patterns of N. australis were spatially displaced from those of the total zooplankton community in the South Taranaki Bight because of higher weight‐specific metabolic rates for the smaller copepods. Close to the focus of the upwelling near the Kahurangi Shoals, grazing pressure on the phytoplankton was high, but as the upwelled water was advected into the Taranaki Bight, carbon production exceeded utilisation by zooplankton. Relatively high rates of ammonia excretion were also associated with peak zooplankton biomass near the Kahurangi Shoals and in the eastern Taranaki Bight.     

小型桡足类在海洋生态系统中的功能作用

依据渤海周年的中型浮游动物网样品 ,研究了小型桡足类的优势种小拟哲水蚤(Paracalanusparvus)、强额拟哲水蚤 (Paracalanuscrassirostris)和双刺纺锤水蚤 (Acartiabifilosa)生物量的季节变动、分布和年产量 ,并与渤海大型桡足类的优势种中华哲水蚤 (Calanussinicus)进行了比较。结果表明 ,三种小型桡足类成体的年产量分别为 2 4 .89、1 0 .83和 1 9.5 4mgC/(m3·a) ,中华哲水蚤的年产量为 1 8.30mgC/(m3·a)。小型桡足类主要分布在近岸 ,特别是渤海湾和莱州湾 ,这里正好是许多经济鱼类的产卵场和育幼场 ;而中华哲水蚤主要分布在中央水域。小型桡足类的高峰季节持续时间长 ,从 4月到 1 0月 ,覆盖了几乎所有仔稚鱼大量出现的月份 ;而中华哲水蚤高峰季节持续时间短 ,仅 6月和 7月。另外 ,在粒度上 ,小型桡足类的卵、无节幼体、桡足幼体和成体都比中华哲水蚤等大型桡足类小了一个数量级 (按体积计 ) ,特别适合作为仔稚鱼的饵料。因此认为 ,在近海生态系统中 ,小型桡足类较之大型桡足类起更为重要的作用     

Sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus) spawning and larval environment in a Florida Current frontal eddy

Fronts and eddies are widely hypothesized to be critical spawning habitat for large pelagic fishes, due to increased larval and/or adult feeding opportunities at these features. We examined sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus) spawning around a cyclonic, submesoscale (∼13 × 7 km) Florida Current frontal eddy. The temporal progression of eddy dynamics over a 65 h period was determined using ocean color satellite imagery, continuous surface measurements along the cruise track, and non-linear least-squares fitting of the positions of three drifters deployed within the eddy. A peak in larval sailfish densities (n = 2435, stations = 49), composed primarily of yolk-sac and first-feeding larvae, occurred at the eddy frontal zone. A majority of these larvae were estimated to have been spawned during the formation of the eddy. A comparison between the distribution of similar-age sailfish and scombrid larvae indicated that the peak in larval sailfish density likely resulted from spawning directly at the front, rather than transport by convergent flow. The first-feeding prey items of larval sailfish (Farranula and Corycaeus copepods) were most abundant at the frontal zone and to a lesser extent inside the eddy. Egg distributions were used to indirectly assess the distribution of adult sailfish prey items. Euthynnus alleteratus and Auxis spp. eggs were in highest abundance outside the eddy, while the eggs of small carangids were in highest abundance at the eddy frontal zone. Overall, this study indicates that sailfish spawn at small-scale oceanographic features that provide a favorable feeding environment for their larvae and potentially also for the adults.     

Copepod community structure during upwelling and non-upwelling seasons in coastal waters off Cochin, southwest coast of India

Vypeen, an island of Cochin estuarine system, acts as the spawning site of several marine and estuarine fishes. We assumed that, physical process(upwelling) make changes in hydrography and the production of chlorophyll a in coastal waters off Vypeen. These alterations can influence the zooplankton abundance and copepod community structure in that area. For justifying this hypothesis, samples were collected from Vypeen at 10 m and 30 m locations during January(pre-southwest monsoon), August(late-southwest monsoon) and November(postsouthwest monsoon) 2014. During August, subsurface water column was cool, nutrient rich and less oxygenated(signatures of upwelling) than in November and January. Maximum concentrations of nitrate and chlorophyll a were recorded during August. In the present study, 15 zooplankton groups were recorded; of which copepods were the most predominant group(73%–90%). Copepod density in the present study ranged between 527.2 ind./m~3 and 5 139.2 ind./m~3. Totally, 37 copepods species were reported in present study and copepod species richness was higher during January. The abundance of zooplankton and copepods was high in August during late-southwest monsoon. These variations were closely associated with the coastal upwelling in August and weakening of moderate upwelling in November. In SIMPER analysis, it was found that the copepods species distribution was similar within season and dissimilar between the three seasons. Moreover, the higher abundance of upwelling indicator species Temora turbinata was recorded in August, which confirms the signs of seasonal upwelling in Vypeen. The present study emphasized on the influence of hydrographical parameters associated with physical process, in governing the copepod community organization of the Vypeen Island.