海洋锋信息产品制作方法研究

根据海洋要素梯度统计结果、区域环境特征、实际业务需求及海洋锋影响等,研究了海洋锋诊断阈值和分级,定义了海洋锋各个特征信息,制作了西北太平洋海洋锋二维、三维特征信息产品和声传播损失信息产品。     

我国周边海域典型海洋锋特征建模研究

基于海洋锋空间位置、水平分布结构和垂直扩展特征等时空特征参数,结合海洋锋空间结构几何模型,建立了区域海洋锋温盐三维结构快速重构特征模型,对黄海西部沿岸锋和东海黑潮中段锋锋区温度场进行了仿真计算,并与实测数据进行了比较分析,实验结果表明：仿真结果与实测数据符合较好,实验结果验证了特征模型的有效性和可推广性。海洋锋区声速具有明显的水平梯度变化,对声纳的水下探测和反探测产生显著影响,因此,需要建立实时估计获取锋区水下温、盐结构的方法。海洋锋特征模型能够快速有效地重构海洋锋区温度场,为实时获取海洋锋水下结构特征提供了方法。     

一种基于Canny和数学形态学的海洋锋检测方法

MODIS遥感影像中海洋锋呈现明显的弱边缘信息特征。为有效获得海洋锋信息,首先应用调整后的Canny边缘检测算法,获取海洋锋初步检测结果,然后基于数学形态学二值重构及击中击不中算法,对检测出来的海洋锋进行再处理,确保了海洋锋的连续性及定位准确性。试验结果表明了该算法在海洋锋检测上的有效性与实用性。     

东海海洋锋分类的初步探讨

基于笔者近年来对海洋锋的研究，本文初次探讨了东海海洋锋的分类问题。同时，对各类海洋锋的海洋学特征及其形成机理做了分析比较。并给出了各种海洋锋的垂结构模式图。     

阿尔沃兰海海洋锋时空气候变化特征

阿尔沃兰海海洋锋研究有较高的学术价值和军事应用价值,然而目前对于阿尔沃兰海海洋锋国内外缺乏相关研究。本文通过WOA13季节、月平均数据对阿尔沃兰海海洋锋锋轴线分布变化特征,锋轴线强度分布变化特征等方面进行了研究。认为阿尔沃兰海温度锋可分为0—30 m与30—200 m两层分别讨论,其中0—30 m成南北分布而30—200 m内锋轴线则成东西方向,两部分锋轴线分布特征及强度变化特征均有不同。阿尔沃兰海盐度锋四季存在且0—200 m内锋轴线均成南北方向分布,其锋轴线上强度随深度成先增加后减小的特点,最大强度对应的深度在100 m处。     

东海海洋锋分类的初步探讨

基于笔者近年来对海洋锋的研究（１９９０；１９９２；１９９５）［１，５～７］，本文初次探讨了东海海洋锋的分类问题。同时，对各类海洋锋的海洋学特征及其形成机理做了分析比较。并给出了各种海洋锋的垂直结构模式图。     

基于WOA13数据对亚南极锋的季节变化特征研究

海洋锋深刻反映着海洋环境要素的变化,研究海洋锋对渔业和水下声学的应用有着重要的参考价值。WOA13是一种平均格点化数据,对于研究海洋锋季节变化特征有着很好的优势。文中利用WOA13季节平均温度数据,选取0.25经纬度网格数据,对南极洲亚极地锋进行了季节变化特征研究。以绝对梯度的最大值连线画出锋线具体位置,对比不同季节断面T-D分布图的差异,得到了亚极地锋的锋面结构、强度等季节变化信息。     

基于同化再分析产品研究东中国海海洋锋季节变化特征

海洋锋是特性明显不同的两种或几种水体之间的水平分布高梯度带。海洋锋对海战场环境存在重要影响。文中基于高性能计算机平台,采用海洋动力模式和先进的数据同化技术制作的海洋数值再分析产品(China Ocean Reanalysis,CORA),研究了东中国海温度锋和盐度锋分别在表层和50 m层深度上的季节变化特征。通过分析发现温度锋在冬季主要分布在东海及台湾海峡,在夏季主要分布在渤海及黄海;春秋两季的变化介于冬夏两季之间;东海黑潮区四季皆存在温度锋。盐度锋主要存在于黄河和长江等径流入海区附近。温度锋和盐度锋的季节变化主要受气象条件、河流入海和近岸升降流季节变化的共同影响。     

基于卫星遥感海面温度数据的海洋锋分海区分析方法

为了能够合理准确地描述海洋锋特征体系以及锋区本身的各种结构要素,提出了一种中国近海海洋锋分海区分析方法:首先,在对中国近海27条典型海洋锋的时空分布特征和季节演变系统归纳的基础上,基于多年卫星遥感海面温度数据锋面出现频率图,得出中国近海海区锋面系统划分方法;然后,利用日益更新的高时空分辨率卫星遥感海面温度数据,对各划分海区内海洋锋时空分布特征进行分析,调整纠正以往锋面系统分析的偏差或空缺,对中国近海锋面系统进行补充完善,为中国近海各锋面系统特征参数的规范化分析和准确的特征描述奠定基础。该方法对完善我国近海锋面系统研究具有长远的应用价值,对形成中远海及世界大洋海洋锋时空分布特征具有指导作用。     

黄海西部沿岸锋多年平均特征统计分析

根据黄海1939-1999年海洋实测数据集和2010年黄海成山头附近海域海试资料,统计分析了黄海西部沿岸锋温度分布结构、平均强度、宽度、位置分布等特征。实测数据统计分析结果表明,黄海西部沿岸锋具有明显的季节变化特征:春季开始形成并逐步加强,夏季处于强盛期,秋季海洋锋逐渐减弱,冬季相比秋季略有增强的趋势,初春季节海洋锋消亡。海试资料表明2010-08该锋位于20m等深线以西5nmile至以东30nmile之间的海域,且位于40m等深线以西20nmile至以东20nmile之间的海域。     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,