中国天然气地球化学研究新进展及展望

本文系统总结了近十年来中国天然气地球化学最新研究进展,包括天然气生成理论(生物气-低熟气成因、海相有机质和煤系气源岩高演化阶段生气潜力)、大气田成藏过程示踪研究(海相叠合盆地深层、陆相深层砂岩和火成岩大气田)、非烃气体地球化学特征及成因(CO2等H2S)、非常规天然气地球化学特征(致密砂岩气、页岩气和煤层气)、天然气实验新技术和新方法等。这些研究进展丰富了天然气地质学理论,促进了中国大气田的发现。但是随着中国天然气勘探向复杂地质环境区域、深部层系和致密砂岩气等非常规天然气资源发展,地质条件下全过程天然气生排运聚地球化学模型、深部天然气生成和运移及成藏地球化学、致密气等非常规天然气成藏地球化学等是今后天然气地球化学的重要研究方向。     

惠民凹陷南坡天然气藏形成条件及勘探方向

从气源岩、储层、圈闭等方面分析了惠民南坡的天然气成藏条件,认为该区烃源岩条件良好,有古近纪的暗色泥岩和石炭-二叠纪煤系地层作为气源岩,同时该区深大断裂发育,岩浆活动强烈,还具有充足的非烃气源;地层发育全,沉积体系多,发育多种类型的储集层,形成6套储盖组合,具备天然气聚集成藏的良好地质条件.研究表明,曲堤地垒和济阳地堑东部的古生界圈闭是深层气勘探的有利方向,非烃气的主要勘探方向是王判镇潜山带的新近纪地层构造圈闭和浅层"亮点"岩性圈闭.     

柴达木盆地深层天然气富集条件及勘探潜力

为明确柴达木盆地深层天然气勘探潜力，基于地震、地质、地球化学、录井及钻井等多种资料分析了柴达木盆地深层天然气藏的富集条件，并指出了有利勘探方向。结果表明：柴达木盆地深层具备形成大型气田的成藏条件，深层发育柴北缘侏罗系和柴西古近系两套优质气源，演化程度高，生气能力强；柴北缘深层发育基岩和古近系碎屑岩储层，柴西深层发育古近系湖相碳酸盐岩储集层，多种类型储层平面上分布广泛，纵向上组成多套储盖组合，发育的原生孔、溶蚀孔及裂缝等多种孔隙类型被认为是深层气藏富集的储存空间；持续活动的深大断裂是深层气源的优质通道；同时深层构造的形成与天然气生成具有良好的匹配关系，深层烃源岩具有早生烃、持续生烃特征，早期生成的液态烃在后期深埋过程中高温裂解成气，生气能力强，深层资源潜力大；盆地深层广泛发育的盐岩、泥质岩层及异常高压层有利于深层天然气保存。综合认为柴达木盆地深层气藏富集于断裂发育的生烃凹陷周围的圈闭中，柴北缘山前古隆起基岩、腹部构造带古近系碎屑岩和柴西环英雄岭构造带碳酸盐岩是深层天然气勘探有利区。     

川东石炭系大气田成藏条件分析

川东地区是四川盆地稳定地块中的相对构造活动带，区内发育10排高陡构造带，90年代以来高陡构造带石炭系成组气田勘探获得巨大突破。本文着重讨论了石炭系气藏的成藏条件，指出形成石炭系大气田的各项有利条件，即具丰富气源的志留系、二叠系存在异常高压提供足够的动力促使天然气向区域孔洞型储集层石炭系常压层运移，高陡构造带成串分布的高点是形成成组气田的有利圈闭，石炭系在上覆阳新统高压封闭体系的严密保护下聚集成藏。     

含煤盆地转化为含煤-含气(油)盆地的构造地质环境

与含煤岩系相关大气田的开发是中国天然气储产量快速增长的主体,为了进一步阐明与含煤岩系相关大气田的勘探前景,在概述了已发现大气田分布特征的基础上,用实例总结了含煤-含气(油)盆地形成条件,明确指出虽然不同类型含煤盆地发展演化的构造地质环境不完全相同,但是所有含煤盆地能否转化成为含煤-含气(油)盆地的关键因素是相同的,即:含煤岩系沉积期间和含煤岩系沉积后是否以沉降为主,沉积期间及沉积后所经历的构造地质作用能否有效匹配.上述构造地质环境持续时间越长,各种构造地质作用有效匹配程度越好,越利于转化成为含煤-含气(油)盆地,越有利于形成大型气田.中国特定的构造地质环境决定了含煤岩系是中国最重要的气源岩,一些大中型含煤盆地是构造地质环境最优越的盆地,还有较大勘探潜力,仍然可以继续发现更多的大型煤成气田,是未来相当长一段时间内中国天然气产量持续快速增长的主要勘探方向.      

煤浓度盖层封闭天然气的有效性及其研究意义

本文在烃浓度盖层封闭机理及其形成地质条件分析的基础上，通过烃浓度盖层封闭能力形成时期的确定，利用其了源岩排气门限的匹配关系，探讨了烃浓度盖层封闭天然气的有效性，烃浓度盖层封闭能力形成时期只有早于或相近于气源岩排气门限时，才能有效地封闭气源岩排出呈分子扩散相运移的天然气；否则其封闭的有效性差。并以松辽盆地三肇凹陷青山口组烃学说画层对下伏侏罗系气源岩天然封闭的有效性为例进行分析，阐明其在天然气远景资源     

准噶尔盆地南缘天然气成藏及勘探方向

准噶尔盆地南缘地区与塔里木库车坳陷有着相似的沉积地层和构造演化历史,但是天然气勘探始终未取得重大突破。本文在南缘地区天然气成因类型与气源判识的基础上,分析该地区天然气成藏条件,探讨有利勘探方向与目标层系。结果表明,南缘地区天然气存在煤型气、混合气与油型气三类,且以煤型气和混合气为主;侏罗纪煤系为该地区主要的天然气源岩,其大量生气期与背斜构造形成期相匹配,构成最佳源灶-圈闭成藏组合;二叠系湖相和上三叠统湖相-湖沼相烃源岩也是重要的天然气源岩,其主要生气期在中部地区早于绝大多数背斜构造形成期,而在西部地区与背斜构造形成期相匹配。南缘地区生烃物质基础好于库车坳陷,只是主要气源岩侏罗纪煤系的成熟度略低于库车坳陷,盖层封盖性和储层发育规模略逊于库车坳陷,但仍具备形成大规模油气田的成藏条件。深层二叠系-侏罗系-白垩系成藏组合是最为有利的天然气勘探目标层系,西部是寻找和发现侏罗纪煤系和二叠系湖相油气藏的有利目标区域,中部是寻找和发现侏罗纪煤系天然气藏的有利目标区域。中浅层白垩系-新近系成藏组合是次要的天然气勘探目标层系,具有寻找和发现一定规模天然气藏的潜力。高探1井获得重大突破充分表明制约南缘天然气勘探大发现的因素不是气源规模、运移通道、储层物性和盖层封闭性,而是有效圈闭的落实、钻井工程技术及勘探工作量的投入。     

库车坳陷的断裂有效运移通道及其物理模拟

库车坳陷区的变形,垂向上可分为3大构造层:盐上层、新生代膏盐层和盐下层。根据该地典型构造的含气性差异,分析了断裂有效输导天然气的地质条件,认为充足且有效的气源条件、沟通源岩与圈闭且不断穿区域性盖层的盐下断裂以及完整的圈闭是决定天然气沿断裂运聚成藏的重要条件,因而不断穿区域性盖层的盐下断裂是有效油气运移通道,并用物理模拟对其进行了验证。通过分析与断裂有效运移通道相配置的砂体的封闭程度、体积和物理性质的差异发现:沿断裂有效运移通道运移的天然气向断裂两侧储层分流的优势运移路径明显不同,在发育断裂有效运移通道时,断裂带内部的流体总是向着断裂带两侧封闭程度差、体积大和物性好的储层分流运移。     

晚期成藏对大气田形成的重大作用

截至2001年底,中国发现21个大气田,累计探明天然气储量17953×108m3,占全国天然气总储量的59.80%。天然气的分子小、重量小、难被吸附而易扩散。成藏早的大气田,若无继续获得气源,随扩散时间增长损失气量不断增加,使大气田演变为中、小型气田,甚至散失殆尽。因此,晚期成藏是大气田形成的必要条件之一。中国盆地具有多旋回性,多旋回性往往是后续的旋回损害和降低前旋回聚集气藏的保存条件和储量,故晚期成藏就避免此弊,有利于大气田的形成。晚期成藏的大气田的生气高峰期既可是与成藏期同步或基本同步,以及储集层与气源岩的层位较新,也可以是成气高峰期比成藏期早,储集层和气源岩层位老。     

马尼拉海沟俯冲带增生楔中天然气水合物的流体运移通道

南海东北部海域水深、沉积厚度大、沉积速率高和有机质含量丰富,为马尼拉增生楔中天然气水合物成藏提供了必要的气源,且相应适宜的温压条件以及构造背景也有利于天然气水合物的形成与赋存,其中马尼拉俯冲带俯冲前缘以及增生楔中的断裂系统成为天然气水合物成藏的非常重要的运移通道。通过对地震剖面中断裂系统和三维地貌图的精细解释,分析了马尼拉海沟俯冲带存在的海沟前缘正断层、海沟轴部的盲断层以及增生楔中的盲冲断层或逆冲断层,直到最后发育成隔断叠瓦状岩片的逆冲断层组,这些断裂系统反映出增生楔上天然气水合物的含气流体的形成、运移及聚集过程,成为天然气水合物成藏的运移通道。     

Types of Karst-fractured and Porous Reservoirs in China''s Carbonates and the Nature of the Tahe Oilfield in the Tarim Basin

Almost all the oil and gas reservoirs developed in marine sedimentary strata of China have undergone processes of multi-phase reservoir formation and later modification. The irregular reservoirs are classified into three types as the Naxi, Tahe and Renqiu ones, increasing successively in the development degree of karstificated pores and fissures and the connection degree of independent reservoirs. In these reservoirs, the unity in the fluid feature, pressure and oil-gas-water interface also increases successively from the Naxi to the Renqiu type. The main body of Ordovician reservoirs of the Tahe Oilfield in the Tarim Basin is a network pool rather than a stratified, massive, stratigraphically-unconformed or weathering-crust one. The fluid nature of oil, gas and water, the interface positions and the pressures, as well as the dynamic conditions of fluids within the reservoirs during the production are all different from those in stratified or massive oil and gas reservoirs. Carbonates in the Akekule upli     

Depositional and Diagenetic Controls on Sandstone Reservoirs with Low Porosity and Low Permeability in the Eastern Sulige Gas Field,China

In order to determine the genesis and the factors that control the low-porosity and low- permeability sandstone reservoirs in the eastern Sulige Gas Field in the Ordos Basin, systematic studies on the sedimentary facies and diagenesis were conducted by means of analysis of cores, thin sections, fluid inclusions, X-ray diffraction, cathode luminescence and scanning electron microscope. It was found that the sand bodies of the major gas reservoirs in the Shan1 section （P1S1） and the He8 section （P2H8） were formed during the Permian as sedimentary facies such as braided-channel bars, braided-river channels and point bars of a meandering river. Four types of diagenetic facies developed subsequently： in order from the best to the poorest properties these are type A （weak compaction, early calcite cement-chlorite film facies）, type B （moderate compaction, quartz overgrowth-feldspar corrosion-kaolinite filling facies）, type C （strong compaction, late calcite cement-quartz corrosion facies） and type D （matrix filling and strong compaction facies）. This diagenesis is undoubtedly the main reason for the poor reservoir properties of sandstone reservoirs, but the sedimentary facies are the underlying factors that greatly affect the diagenesis and thus the reservoir performance. Favorable diagenetic facies developed mainly in relatively small lithofacies such as braided-river channels, channel bars and point bars. The vertical distribution of the physical properties and the diagenetic facies of the reservoirs are related to the stratigraphic succession. Most of the sandstones between mudstones and thin beds of sandstone are unfavorable diagenetic facies. Analyses indicate that siliceous cementation can hardly be stopped by hydrocarbon filling. Authigenic chlorite could hardly protect the primary porosity. It not only occupies pore space, but also blocks pathways through sandstone reservoirs, so that it has significant influence on the permeability. Authigenic chlorite cannot be used as a marker for a     

Types of Karst-fractured and Porous Reservoirs in China''''s Carbonates and the Nature of the Tahe Oilfield in the Tarim Basin

Almost all the oil and gas reservoirs developed in marine sedimentary strata of China have undergone processes of multi-phase reservoir formation and later modification. The irregular reservoirs are classified into three types as the Naxi, Tahe and Renqiu ones, increasing successively in the development degree of karstificated pores and fissures and the connection degree of independent reservoirs. In these reservoirs, the unity in the fluid feature, pressure and oil-gas-water interface also increases successively from the Naxi to the Renqiu type. The main body of Ordovician reservoirs of the Tahe Oilfield in the Tarim Basin is a network pool rather than a stratified, massive, stratigraphically-unconformed or weathering-crust one. The fluid nature of oil, gas and water, the interface positions and the pressures, as well as the dynamic conditions of fluids within the reservoirs during the production are all different from those in stratified or massive oil and gas reservoirs. Carbonates in the Akekule upli     

Types of Karst-fractured and Porous Reservoirs in China＇s Carbonates and the Nature of the Tahe Oilfield in the Tarim Basin

Almost all the oil and gas reservoirs developed in marine sedimentary strata of China have undergone processes of multi-phase reservoir formation and later modification. The irregular reservoirs are classified into three types as the Naxi, Tahe and Renqiu ones, increasing successively in the development degree of karstificated pores and fissures and the connection degree of independent reservoirs. In these reservoirs, the unity in the fluid feature, pressure and oil-gaswater interface also increases successively from the Naxi to the Renqiu type. The main body of Ordovician reservoirs of the Tahe Oilfield in the Tarim Basin is a network pool rather than a stratified, massive, stratigraphically-unconformed or weathering-crust one. The fluid nature of oil, gas and water, the interface positions and the pressures, as well as the dynamic conditions of fluids within the reservoirs during the production are all different from those in stratified or massive oil and gas reservoirs. Carbonates in the Akekule uplift and the Tahe Oilfield are assemblages of various types of reservoirs, which have an overall oH-bearing potential and obvious uneven distribution. Testing and producing tests are the major means to evaluate this type of reservoirs and acid fracturing improvement is a key link in petroleum exploration and development.     

东濮凹陷砂岩储层成岩作用及其对高压致密气藏的制约

东濮凹陷低渗致密储层的沉积-成岩特征表现为砂层薄、粒度细、沉积非均质性显著;埋藏深度大于3700m,压实作用、晚期自生伊利石-绿泥石和二氧化硅胶结作用强。储层具有小孔极细喉孔隙结构,表面积大,渗透率对围压的敏感性强,地下真实孔隙度和渗透率分别介于10% -< 5% 、0.1×10^-3-< 0.001×10^-3μm ².研究认为,东濮凹陷致密砂岩气藏大多产出于盆地次级深洼陷中,具有高压水溶气的成因机制,这是由储层的低渗性、较高的毛细管准数、高束缚水饱和度和高温-高压以及充足-近源的天然气供给等条件所决定的。     

车镇凹陷大王北地区沙二段滩坝成因类型、分布规律与控制因素研究

滩坝砂岩是我国陆相盆地重要储集类型之一,由于其厚度较薄,储层分布预测的难度较大。对车镇凹陷沙二段滩坝砂体进行了解剖性研究,总结了“滩”和“坝”的识别标志,指出二者在分布特征、沉积厚度、粒度与几何形态等方面均有明显差异。运用以基准面为参照面的高分辨率层序地层学方法划分了滩坝层系的等时地层单元,分析了“滩”“坝”砂的分布规律。探讨了湖盆结构、古地貌、物源供给、水动力等条件对滩坝砂体形成与分布的控制作用。在此基础上,建立了沙二段滩坝砂体成因模式,为滩坝砂体储层油气勘探提供了地质依据。     

海拉尔盆地乌尔逊凹陷下白垩统层序构成样式分析及油气藏预测

乌尔逊凹陷是海拉尔盆地主要油气勘探和开发区之一.对乌尔逊凹陷下白垩统层序构成样式和沉积充填的综合研究表明,盆地的充填序列受构造演化的控制,具有明显的阶段性.在盆地幕式断陷活动和同沉积断裂差异断陷活动等构造作用下,形成了断控陡坡型、缓坡断阶型和洼槽型3种层序构成样式,它们制约了沉积物的分散过程和砂体堆积,对乌尔逊凹陷层序...     

松辽盆地徐家围子断陷火山岩天然气成藏主控因素及模式

徐家围子断陷火山岩天然气藏分布具有4个特征：纵向分布层位多,深度范围大;平面上分布在生气凹陷内或附近,且沿断裂带分布;自储自盖;气-水关系复杂.其成藏与分布主要受3个因素控制,即：源岩区控制着火山岩天然气藏的分布区域,断裂带和古隆起控制着火山岩天然气藏分布的具体部位,火山岩相控制着天然气的储集.源岩排气史、断裂活动史、火山岩罔闭形成史和天然气运聚史的综合研究认为：火山岩气藏形成的主要时期为泉头组沉积晚期-青山口组沉积时期、嫩汀组沉积末期和明水组沉积时期.成藏模式为断陷深部沙河子组源岩生成的天然气在主成藏期沿断裂向上运移至断裂带处的火山岩圈闭中或古隆起上的火山岩圈闭中聚集成火山岩气藏.     

储层预测和油藏描述中的一些沉积学问题

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