Potential impact of climate change and reindeer density on tundra indicator species in the Barents Sea region

Climate change is expected to alter the distribution of habitats and thus the distribution of species connected with these habitats in the terrestrial Barents Sea region. It was hypothesised that wild species connected with the tundra and open-land biome may be particularly at risk as forest area expands. Fourteen species of birds were identified as useful indicators for the biodiversity dependent upon this biome. By bringing together species distribution information with the LPJ-GUESS vegetation model, and with estimates of future wild and domestic reindeer density, potential impacts on these species between the present time and 2080 were assessed. Over this period there was a net loss of open land within the current breeding range of most bird species. Grazing reindeer were modelled as increasing the amount of open land retained for nine of the tundra bird species.     

土地利用与土地覆盖变化的遥感监测及环境影响研究综述

土地利用与土地覆盖变化（LUCC）对全球生态、环境产生了巨大影响,是全球变化的原因之一,也是全球变化研究的重要组成部分。从遥感数据源、遥感分类方法、遥感动态变化监测方法3方面出发,介绍了遥感监测技术在LUCC研究中的应用现状;回顾了LUCC对气候、水文影响的研究进展,并对数值模拟方法在LUCC影响研究中的应用进行了重点评述;探讨了目前LUCC研究工作中在动力机制、对环境的影响、遥感技术及资料应用、多源数据的综合应用及利用区域气候模式进行数值模拟试验等方面存在的问题及未来发展趋势。     

辽宁土地利用动态遥感监测分析

介绍了在RS与GIS支持下,以Landsat TM和ETM及SPOT数据为主要信息源,采用栅格数据与矢量数据、多源与多时相数据、遥感数据与生态环境基础图件相结合和内业处理与外业调查相结合的技术路线,应用遥感信息提取技术和遥感影像处理及DOM制作方法,得出近15 a辽宁土地面积变化及趋势。结果表明:近年辽宁耕地、水域和工矿等用地面积逐年上升;湿地、草地和未利用土地面积逐年下降。     

城市遥感研究进展

城市遥感是当前遥感技术应用的一个重要领域.随着我国新型城镇化过程的推进,遥感技术将在城市生态建设、国土空间开发、资源环境承载能力监测等方面发挥重要作用,成为城市规划管理重要的信息源.本文在总结国内外城市遥感研究内容的基础上,重点对城市遥感若干重要方向的发展进行了分析,在此基础上构建出一个地理学视角的城市遥感研究框架,结合典型实例从结构与格局、要素与作用、变化与过程、功能与响应4个方面进一步探讨了城市遥感研究的发展.最后,结合国家需求和技术发展,对城市遥感今后的发展从数据源、研究对象、应用主题、研究目标、技术方法等方面进行了展望.     

IPCC《气候变化与土地特别报告》解读

总结了IPCC《气候变化与土地特别报告》中有关陆气相互作用、粮食系统与粮食安全、土地退化和荒漠化、可持续土地管理等的主要结论,分析了报告中争议较大的粮食系统温室气体排放、生物质能源、土地温室气体通量等问题。我国在粮食系统全生命周期温室气体排放量估算、基于遥感测量和地面测量的大气浓度等数据反演温室气体排放量等方面需要深入研究。同时,我国要继续加强可持续土地管理,提高相应的技术措施和能力建设。     

Promise and reality of market-based environmental policy in China: Empirical analyses of the ecological restoration program on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Environmental conservation programs in China have increasingly emphasized integration of market-based logic into regulatory programs. But the realization of market logic and the effectiveness of such efforts are widely questioned by scientists and policy analysts. We empirically analyze the design, implementation, and outcomes of the ecological restoration program in the Three-Rivers Headwater Region in China, a large-scale conservation scheme aimed at restoring degraded grasslands and improving local livelihoods. Results indicate that the market mechanisms emphasized in the design of the policy were not realized in practice due to inadequate use of scientific measurements, lack of accountability, and poor monitoring and enforcement. Moreover, because enrollment was not voluntary, as is generally expected in market-based programs, there were negative impacts on herders. A household survey (n = 202) of local herders shows that if conservation incentives were properly designed and implemented, 67% would voluntarily participate in the program. Variance recorded in ecological and socioeconomic conditions points to opportunities to use market-based policy instruments to integrate local information into decision making regarding targeting of land conservation and land retirement. The potential of market-based environmental policies can be expanded through commitments to scientific measurement, voluntary participation, and outcome-based payments.     

基于RS和GIS的黄河故道地区土地沙质贫瘠化评价——以河南省中牟县为例

土地沙质贫瘠化是土地沙漠化在黄河故道地区的典型表现形式,对该区域的生态环境和人类可持续发展构成了巨大威胁。利用Landsat TM数据,在遥感与地理信息建模技术支持下,构建了像元为尺度的土地沙质贫瘠化定量化评价模型。通过对模型中的植被盖度、地表温度和裸沙占地百分比等3个关键因子的遥感反演,可实现对研究区土地沙质贫瘠化程...     

The effects of orography in indochina on wind, cloud, and rainfall patterns during Typhoon Ketsana (2009)

The objective of this study is to i) investigate the effects of orography on the rainfall, wind, and cloud systems of the Typhoon Ketsana (2009) in Indochina, ii) determine rainfall distribution patterns and which parts of Indochina were most affected during Typhoon Ketsana, iii) identify trends in the cloud and rainfall distribution patterns and wind flow patterns in the synoptic scale on orographic effects during Typhoon Ketsana. Remote sensing techniques have been used to study the impacts of TCs. Using data from the remote sensing data such as Fengyun 2D (FY-2D) satellite, Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM) from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) satellite, wind information from the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS), and radiosonde data were applied in this study to determine the relationship of the typhoon with the orographic effect. This study provides examples of how the orographic effect is important to weather forecasters, as high mountain ranges were able to influence the distribution of the cloud, rainfall and even wind flow patterns during the typhoon season. This remote sensing technique allows tropical cyclones to be forecasted and their impacts to be defined, and it allows disaster zones to be determined.     

1993～2003年郑州市土地利用/覆被变化特征研究

以河南省郑州市为例,利用RS、GIS软件对1993年和2003年两时次TM、ETM 影像进行遥感解译,采用GIS空间分析和数理统计分析等方法,研究了10 a来该市土地利用变化过程尤其是土地沙化的变化过程及其社会经济驱动机制。结果表明:10 a来,西部山区、东部沙化地区以及黄河沿岸地区土地利用类型的变化比较大,特别是东部地区用地变化比较剧烈;旱地、草地、工交建设用地面积明显增加,沙化土地、水田、林地、水体面积呈现减少的趋势;沙化现象得到了有效遏制,草地面积的增加,改善了研究区的生态环境。此外,林地面积的大量减少,应引起重视,可实行退耕还林或植树造林以建立良好的生态环境。     

地表蒸散遥感监测的进展及问题

利用遥感技术监测土壤水分和作物蒸散具有快速、宏观、方便等特点,国内外学者围绕该领域在理论和技术方法上开展了大量研究。本文查阅大量文献,较详细地分析了地表蒸散遥感监测技术方法研究的有关进展和问题,供从事地表蒸散遥感监测的相关工作者参考。分析结果表明,在部分植被覆盖条件下,双层模型的估算精确度明显高于单层模型,但双层模型中引入较多的参数增加了其运算难度,有待进一步研究。     

宁夏中部干旱带生态变化与沙尘暴发生的关系分析

利用TM遥感资料, 结合8大类土地详查资料, 基本查清了位于宁夏中部干旱带具有代表性的沙尘暴高发区盐池县20世纪90年代年际变迁量化特征。分析表明, 盐池县90年代初期的生态状况明显好于末期。气候干旱是导致生态变化的主要原因, 但人为活动如大量开垦耕地、过牧及滥挖甘草等也是重要因子。依据沙尘暴的成因, 通过对近30年盐池县沙尘暴个例多源资料综合分析, 局部治理整体恶化的生态现状导致了沙尘暴起暴阈值的明显下降, 即近30年来沙尘暴在宁夏中部的干旱地带发生机率已显著提高。由于造成我国西北地区土地荒漠化的气候、水资源短缺、土地资源超载等因素在可预见的一个相当长的时期将难以得到较大的改善, 且干旱区的生态环境具有脆弱性、易损性、难复性等特点, 该文通过较全面客观的量化分析, 初次提出今后我国西北地区的沙尘暴发生机率应处在上升的态势之中。     

基于FY 3D的MERSI全球晴空数据合成技术

FY-3D极轨气象卫星作为最新一代的极地轨道气象卫星,其图像数据包含了丰富的植被、河流、山区等地表信息,对陆地资源调查、地表类型变化监测等具有重要作用。但几乎每轨遥感图像大约有2/3区域都被云雾覆盖,无法直接获取云层下的地表信息用于产品应用。本文研究晴空数据合成技术,首次提出反射率最小合成法、植被指数最大合成法和西格玛合成法的3个标准联合运用的晴空合成技术,利用先进的多时次气象卫星遥感数据合成技术,自动生成FY-3D中分辨率光谱成像仪(MERSI-II)250m分辨率晴空遥感数据,较好地实现了云和云阴影的去除,生成的晴空效果良好,具备了后续应用的价值。     

基于Mask R-CNN的遥感影像土地分割与轮廓提取

传统的模式识别难以对土地遥感影像一次性精确统计分析.在精确分割出土地种类的前提下,本文提出了一种基于骨干网络为ResNet-101-RPN的Mask R-CNN的遥感影像土地分割与轮廓提取方法.该方法包括以下步骤：数据获取、图像去雾、遥感影像土地统计分析、土地分割和轮廓获取.在一个具有挑战性的卫星地图瓦片数据集上对所提出的方法进行训练和测试.实验结果表明,该方法以0.907的均值平均精度（mAP）和31.33像素的均值平均距离误差（mADE）获得了令人满意的不同种类土地分割和轮廓提取结果.     

适应性治理与气候变化：内蒙古草原案例分析与对策探讨

适应性治理通过边学边做,针对各地方的社会经济条件、自然生态系统、地方知识文化等基本特征,基于一个动态、自下而上和自组织的过程不断测试和修正制度安排与知识体系,形成一个旨在解决实际问题的循环过程。通过内蒙古3个地区案例的对比分析研究,基于对其气候变化风险和社会脆弱性的评估,发现其在气候变化影响下形成的不同程度的社会脆弱性正是源于不同的草原利用机制和基于此的社会合作机制。正是因为3个案例地的牧民有着不同的社会资本和社会记忆,所以他们面对极端天气导致的自然灾害时,采取了不同的应对方式,有的牧户可以依赖于社会资本移动牲畜来渡过难关,有的牧户则可以在嘎查范围内重启社会记忆,通过合理安排草场利用和移动牲畜提高自身的抗灾能力,而有的牧户则只能通过买草料独立抗灾。这样不同的结果有力证明了适应性治理在提升这些地区气候变化应对能力方面的必要性和可行性。在地区层面引入适应性治理,可以满足各利益相关方的需求,有利于自然、社会及管理的多学科协同,与“未来地球计划”的协同设计、协同实施和协同推广理念不谋而合,是“未来地球”思想在气候变化适应研究中的实践。     

我国沙尘灾害遥感监测研究与展望

沙尘暴是一种强自然灾害,日益成为影响生态环境和社会经济的重要问题.随着遥感技术的不断发展和新型遥感数据的大量出现,运用遥感技术监测沙尘灾害不仅弥补了传统监测手段时空分辨率的不足,同时也是沙尘灾害研究的重要组成部分.本文论述了卫星遥感监测沙尘灾害的原理,从沙尘移动路径变化、下垫面状况、遥感信息定量获取和强度监测等四个方面总结了遥感监测沙尘灾害的主要内容,并介绍了利用极轨卫星和静止卫星遥感监测沙尘的主要方法,最后从新型遥感数据应用、多种遥感方式结合和多学科、多领域的交叉研究等三个方面展望了卫星遥感监测沙尘的未来的发展趋势.     

卫星反演积雪信息的研究进展

综合分析了积雪信息反演的主要遥感信息源和提取方法。在光学遥感方面，应用较广的主要是改进型甚高分辨率扫描辐射仪（AVHRR）资料和中分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）资料；提取积雪信息大多是根据积雪在可见光波段的高反射率和近红外波段的低反射率，并通过建立回归模型反演积雪面积和深度。由于传感器的改进，MODIS卫星资料在空间分辨率、积雪反演算法等方面明显优于AVHRR资料。光学仪器受云层和大气的影响很大，由于云和积雪在可见光和近红外波段上都具有高反射率。并且由于云层的遮挡。云下的地表信息不能被光学遥感仪器所接收到。微波遥感方面，被动微波遥感仪如微波辐射计成像仪（SSM／I）、高级微波扫描辐射计（AMSR—E）等可以全天候穿过云层进行监测，具有光学仪器所没有的优势，并通过提取地表的亮温差，建立雪深反演模型得到积雪深度。被动微波传感器存在分辨率低。无法监测浅雪区信息等问题。另外影响地表微波亮温的因素很多，这些都在一定程度上影响了反演结果的精确度。主动微波遥感仪如合成孔径雷达、微波散射计等利用积雪与其它地物的后向散射系数的不同来识别积雪，但也同样存在分辨率低等问题。最后探讨了卫星反演积雪信息中仍然存在的问题和进一步发展的方向。     

地表蒸散遥感监测的进展及问题

利用遥感技术监测土壤水分和作物蒸散具有快速、宏观、方便等特点,国内外学者围绕该领域在理论和技术方法上开展了大量研究。本文查阅大量文献,较详细地分析了地表蒸散遥感监测技术方法研究的有关进展和问题,供从事地表蒸散遥感监测的相关工作者参考。分析结果表明,在部分植被覆盖条件下,双层模型的估算精确度明显高于单层模型,但双层模型中引入较多的参数增加了其运算难度,有待进一步研究。      

Use of remotely sensed land use classification for a better evaluation of micrometeorological flux measurement sites

Summary Long-term flux measurement sites are often characterized by a heterogeneous terrain, which disagrees with the fundamental theoretical assumptions for eddy-covariance measurements. An evaluation procedure to assess the influence of terrain heterogeneity on the data quality has been developed by G?ckede et al. (2004), which combines existing quality assessment tools for flux measurements with analytic footprint modeling. In addition to micrometeorological input data, this approach requires information defining the land use structure and the roughness of the surrounding terrain. The aim of this study was to improve the footprint based site evaluation approach by using high-resolution land use maps derived by Landsat ETM+ and ASTER satellite data. The influence of the grid resolution of the maps on the results was examined, and four different roughness length classification schemes were tested. Due to numerical instabilities of the analytic footprint routine, as an additional footprint model a Lagrangian stochastic footprint routine (Rannik et al., 2003) was employed. Application of the approach on two German FLUXNET sites revealed only weak influence of the characteristics of the land use data when the land use structure was homogeneous. For a more heterogeneous site, use of the more detailed land use maps derived by remote sensing methods resulted in distinct differences indicating the potential of remote sensing for improving the flux measurement site evaluation.     

Saami reindeer pastoralism under climate change: Applying a generalized framework for vulnerability studies to a sub-arctic social–ecological system

A generalized vulnerability framework was used to structure an interdisciplinary and intercultural examination of factors that influence the ways in which reindeer pastoralism in Finnmark (northern Norway) may be affected by climate change. Regional and local (downscaled) climate projections included scenarios that can potentially influence foraging conditions for reindeer. None of the projections were without precedent; several climate change events in Finnmark during the last 100 years were at least as great as those projected in the next 20–30 years. Herders’ traditional responses to changes in both the natural and the socio-economic environments have depended on a flexibility in herding practice that is currently being eroded by several non-climate factors. The reduced of freedom of action resulting from loss of habitat, predation and aspects of governance (especially economic and legal constraints) potentially dwarves the putative effects of projected climate change on reindeer pastoralism. It may, however, also lead to situations in which new climatic conditions threaten the system in unprecedented ways. Developing appropriate methodologies for assessing the adaptive capacity, the vulnerability and the resilience of social–ecological systems to global changes remains a challenge. Recognition of the knowledge systems of Arctic cultures and the full engagement of local people throughout the process are key elements of the solution.     

Assessing Tower Flux Footprint Climatology and Scaling Between Remotely Sensed and Eddy Covariance Measurements

We describe pragmatic and reliable methods to examine the influence of patch-scale heterogeneities on the uncertainty in long-term eddy-covariance (EC) carbon flux data and to scale between the carbon flux estimates derived from land surface optical remote sensing and directly derived from EC flux measurements on the basis of the assessment of footprint climatology. Three different aged Douglas-fir stands with EC flux towers located on Vancouver Island and part of the Fluxnet Canada Research Network were selected. Monthly, annual and interannual footprint climatologies, unweighted or weighted by carbon fluxes, were produced by a simple model based on an analytical solution of the Eulerian advection-diffusion equation. The dimensions and orientation of the flux footprint depended on the height of the measurement, surface roughness length, wind speed and direction, and atmospheric stability. The weighted footprint climatology varied with the different carbon flux components and was asymmetrically distributed around the tower, and its size and spatial structure significantly varied monthly, seasonally and inter-annually. Gross primary productivity (GPP) maps at 10-m resolution were produced using a tower-mounted multi-angular spectroradiometer, combined with the canopy structural information derived from airborne laser scanning (Lidar) data. The horizontal arrays of footprint climatology were superimposed on the 10-m-resolution GPP maps. Monthly and annual uncertainties in EC flux caused by variations in footprint climatology of the 59-year-old Douglas-fir stand were estimated to be approximately 15–20% based on a comparison of GPP estimates derived from EC and remote sensing measurements, and on sensor location bias analysis. The footprint-variation-induced uncertainty in long-term EC flux measurements was mainly dependent on the site spatial heterogeneity. The bias in carbon flux estimates using spatially-explicit ecological models or tower-based remote sensing at finer scales can be estimated by comparing the footprint-weighted and EC-derived flux estimates. This bias is useful for model parameter optimizing. The optimization of parameters in remote-sensing algorithms or ecosystem models using satellite data will, in turn, increase the accuracy in the upscaled regional carbon flux estimation.