水溶性低分子量壳聚糖对糖尿病大鼠血糖的影响

研究不同化学修饰的水溶性低分子量壳聚糖对糖尿病大鼠血糖的调节作用,以探讨其结构与功能的关系。本研究对低分子量壳聚糖、低分子量羧甲基壳聚糖和低分子量羧甲基甲壳素进行化学表征和分子量测定。通过腹腔注射链脲佐菌素建立大鼠糖尿病模型,并随机分为糖尿病治疗组和模型组。治疗组大鼠每日按180 mg/kg体质量分别灌胃低分子量壳聚糖、低分子量羧甲基壳聚糖、低分子量羧甲基甲壳素,模型组按体质量灌胃相同体积的蒸馏水,连续灌胃45 d,于末次灌胃后测定大鼠空腹血糖、糖耐量、肝肌糖原含量,大鼠胰腺做病理组织切片观察。结果表明,不同化学修饰的水溶性低分子量壳聚糖的分子量在10 000~25 000 Da间,低分子量壳聚糖乙酰基取代度为52.71%,低分子量羧甲基壳聚糖的乙酰基取代度为7.50%、羧基取代度为98.16%,低分子量羧甲基甲壳素的乙酰基取代度为89.96%、羧基取代度为98.65%;三者均可显著降低糖尿病大鼠空腹血糖水平,改善糖耐量,提高肝肌糖原含量。其中,低分子量羧甲基甲壳素组效果最好,低分子量壳聚糖效果次之,推测水溶性低分子量壳聚糖的乙酰基可能在糖尿病大鼠血糖调节中发挥重要作用。     

水溶性低分子量壳聚糖对糖尿病大鼠血糖的影响

研究不同化学修饰的水溶性低分子量壳聚糖对糖尿病大鼠血糖的调节作用,以探讨其结构与功能的关系.本研究对低分子量壳聚糖、低分子量羧甲基壳聚糖和低分子茸羧甲基甲壳素进行化学表征和分子量测定.通过腹腔注射链脲佐菌素建立大鼠糖尿病模型,并随机分为糖尿病治疗组和模型组.治疗组大鼠每日按180 mg/kg体质量分别灌胃低分子量壳聚糖、低分子量羧甲基壳聚糖、低分子量羧甲基甲壳素,模型组按体质量灌胃相同体积的蒸馏水,连续灌胃45 d,于末次灌胃后测定大鼠空腹血糖、糖耐量、肝肌糖原含量,大鼠胰腺做病理组织切片观察.结果表明,不同化学修饰的水溶性低分子量壳聚糖的分子量在10 000～25 000 Da间,低分子量壳聚精乙酰基取代度为52.71%,低分子最羧甲基壳聚糖的乙酰基取代度为7.50%、羧基取代度为98.16%,低分子量羧甲基甲壳素的乙酰基取代度为89.96%、羧基取代度为98.65%;三者均可显著降低糖尿病大鼠空腹血糖水平,改善糖耐量,提高肝肌糖原含量.其中,低分子量羧甲基甲壳素组效果最好,低分子量壳聚糖效果次之,推测水溶性低分子量壳聚糖的乙酰基可能在糖尿病大鼠血糖调节中发挥重要作用.     

不同取代位置羧甲基壳聚糖的核磁共振波谱和电位滴定分析

本文制备了O-羧甲基壳聚糖、N-羧甲基壳聚糖和N,O-羧甲基壳聚糖,并采用核磁共振波谱以及电位滴定方法对不同取代位置羧甲基壳聚糖取代度进行了分析。结果表明,核磁共振碳谱及DEPT谱可以确定羧甲基壳聚糖中羧甲基的取代位置,电位滴定法可以确定O-位羧甲基、N-位羧甲基以及总羧甲基的取代度,是一种简单易行的方法。     

壳聚糖基水凝胶对肿瘤在体内外生长的影响研究

本文介绍壳聚糖基水凝胶(CH)对肿瘤生长的影响。用MTT法检测水凝胶对Hela及SGC-7901两种肿瘤细胞体外生长增殖的影响。建立小鼠移植性肿瘤S180实体瘤模型,通过腹腔注射给药研究水凝胶的体内抑瘤效果。结果表明水凝胶能轻微抑制肿瘤细胞的体外生长,提高荷瘤小鼠免疫器官指数和细胞因子水平,显著抑制荷瘤小鼠体内肿瘤组织的生长。说明壳聚糖基水凝胶对肿瘤在体内外的生长具有一定抑制作用。     

羧甲基壳聚糖及羧甲基甲壳素对TGF-β诱导的角膜上皮纤维化的抑制作用研究

本实验旨在研究不同分子量的羧甲基壳聚糖(CMCTS)和羧甲基甲壳素(CMCT)对转化生长因子β(TGF-β)诱导的人角膜上皮细胞纤维化的抑制作用,并初探其作用机制。MTT法检测不同分子量的CMCTS和CMCT对人角膜上皮细胞系(HCE)生长增殖能力的影响;细胞划痕实验研究TGF-β诱导的HCE细胞纤维化过程中CMCTS和CMCT的作用;western blot方法在蛋白水平探究不同分子量的CMCTS和CMCT对角膜上皮细胞纤维化相关的TGF-β/Smad通路信号分子的影响。结果表明,在10~1 000μg/mL浓度范围内,4种多糖对HCE细胞均具有较好的相容性。此外,不论大分子还是小分子的CMCTS对TGF-β诱导的HCE细胞纤维化均具有显著的抑制作用,其作用机制与抑制TGF-β/Smad信号通路Smad2和Smad3分子的磷酸化有关。然而,两种分子量的CMCT均没有抑制纤维化的作用。因此,CMCTS可以作为一种有发展潜力的生物医用材料应用于人角膜上皮损伤修复,发挥其抗纤维化的作用。     

壳聚糖特性粘度的快速测定

对比不同生产厂家、不同分子量 (或粘度 )、不同脱乙酰度的壳聚糖产品在 2种不同测定条件 (30℃ ,0 .1mol· L-1CH3 COONa- 0 .2 mol· L-1CH3 COOH为溶剂 ;2 5℃ ,0 .2 mol· L-1Na Cl-0 .1mol· L-1CH3 COOH为溶剂 )下利用常规外推法和常用一点法经验公式所得的壳聚糖的特性粘度值表明 :一点法经验公式计算所得的壳聚糖的特性粘度值与用常规外推法所得的特性粘度值间的偏差最小 ,适合于快速测定壳聚糖特性粘度 ,进而可求得其粘均分子量     

壳聚糖酶的分离纯化及性质研究

以本实验室分离的产壳聚糖酶YJ02菌株出发,制备壳聚糖酶发酵液,经离心、(NH4)2SO4分级盐析、Q-SepharoseFast Flow阴离子交换、Sephacry S-100凝胶过滤分离纯化步骤,SDS-PAGE显示为一条带,壳聚糖酶纯化了28.9倍,收率为47.6%。该酶的性质研究表明,该酶的分子量为66.2KD,最适反应温度为50℃,最适反应pH为6.0;Mn2 对酶活力有明显的促进作用,Cu2 ,Fe3 ,Hg2 对酶活力有抑制作用;小分子有机物EDTA和SDS对酶活力有抑制作用,而IAA和β-巯基乙醇对酶活力稍有促进作用。该壳聚糖酶对高脱乙酰度壳聚糖底物水解作用强,酶解位点可能为NGlc-NGlc,酶最大反应速度Vmax=4.1μmol/min,常数Km为64mmol/L。此壳聚糖酶水解壳聚糖制备的壳寡糖数均分子量为2 400Da。     

耳壳藻内酯分子合成及其抗肿瘤活性的研究

采用四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)法体外肿瘤细胞株抑制试验，研究耳壳藻内酯合成过程中结构的衍化物和抗肿瘤活性的关系。结果表明．耳壳藻内酯对小鼠肝细胞癌(H22)、小鼠路易斯肺癌(LLC)、人宫颈癌(Hela)和人乳腺癌(MCF-7)有较强的细胞毒性，对正常小鼠胚成纤维(NIH3T3)和人肝细胞(L—02)的毒性较低。酮基内酯对各肿瘤细胞毒性差异较大，对上述正常细胞株的杀伤力也较大。体外结合DNA的研究表明，耳壳藻内酯芳香环上的羟基较酮基内酯上的酮基易于插入DNA分子中．造成DNA分子的断裂和解聚。标记代谢物前体掺入试验表明，耳壳藻内酯能够显著抑制DNA大分子的合成，阻滞肿瘤细胞的生长。推测耳壳藻内酯芳香环上的羟基是影响其抗肿瘤活性的主要官能团。     

5-氯水杨酰肼三苯基氯化锡体外抗肿瘤作用研究

研究5-氯水杨酰肼三苯基氯化锡(LPY-3)体外抗肿瘤作用及作用机制。采用MTT法检测LPY-3对HO-8910、Hela、A549等6种肿瘤细胞的生长抑制作用;用Western Blotting法检测LPY-3对HO-8910细胞中凋亡相关信号分子及DNA断裂标志蛋白γ-H2AX的诱导作用;用DNA凝胶电泳检测LPY-3对pBR322质粒的DNA断裂作用。结果表明,LPY-3对HO-8910、Hela、A549等细胞有显著的增殖抑制作用,IC50值在0.12～0.26μmol/L浓度范围内;能够诱导HO-8910细胞中凋亡相关信号分子Caspase-9、Caspase-3、Cyt C、PARP剪切,Bcl-2表达降低,γ-H2AX表达升高;对pBR322质粒有DNA断裂作用。     

推拿对骨骼肌损伤组织机化期TGF-β1、IL-6及TNF-α的影响

目的：研究在骨骼肌损伤组织机化期，推拿对组织中转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）、白介素-6（IL-6）及肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）含量的影响，探讨推拿促进骨骼肌损伤修复的作用机制。方法：3月龄健康清洁级成年新西兰大耳白兔30只，雌雄各半，随机分为空白组（n=6）、模型组（n=12）、手法组（n=12）。空白组不进行任何处理；模型组和手法组采用自制重力锤打击右后肢股四头肌的方法制备骨骼肌损伤模型，手法组在造模后第5天（即组织机化期）开始进行推拿治疗，5min/次，2次/d，连续3d；干预结束后处死动物，切取损伤最严重处的病灶组织，使用酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）检测组织中TGF-β1、IL-6及TNF-α的含量。结果：手法组TGF-β1水平均明显高于空白组及模型组，而炎性因子IL-6、TNF-α水平则高于空白组，低于模型组，差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：推拿可通过调节TGF-β1的表达，有效减轻炎症反应，进而促进骨骼肌损伤修复，提高修复质量。     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,