氮、磷和维生素对冈村枝管藻盘状体生长的影响

以冈村枝管藻(Cladosiphon okamuranus Tokida)为实验材料,研究了培养基中氮、磷和维生素对冈村枝管藻盘状体生长的影响.并应用SPSS13.0软件包对数据进行统计分析.结果显示,在NH4NO3为氮源时,盘状体直径增长较快,氮浓度最适范围在0.3～0.6 mmol/L之间.在不同磷浓度条件下,盘状体保持大致相同的生长状态.不同浓度培养基时盘状体直径增长快慢各不相同,其中在1/2Provasoli培养基时,盘状体生长最快.维生素B1、维生素B12和生物素对盘状体的生长有一定的促进作用.     

植物激素对裂殖壶菌生长与DHA含量的影响

研究了6种植物激素(BA、GA、KT、IBA、NAA和IAA)对裂殖壶菌OUC175生长和DHA含量的影响。结果显示,在适宜的浓度条件下,6种植物激素都能不同程度提高裂殖壶菌生长速度和DHA含量,但是浓度过高产生抑制作用。6种植物激素对裂殖壶菌生物量和DHA含量的适宜浓度分别是:BA,3mg/L;KT,10mg/L;GA,1mg/L;IBA,3mg/L;NAA,6mg/L;IAA,3mg/L。BA在添加量3mg/L时,裂殖壶菌的生物量和DHA含量分别比对照组提高27.1%和30.0%。     

3种植物激素对螺旋藻生长和代谢产物含量的影响

用单因素分析法研究6一苄基氨基嘌呤(6-BA)、萘乙酸(NAA)和赤霉素(GA)3种植物激素对螺旋藻生长和代谢产物含量的影响.结果显示,添加NAA(0.4 mg/L)和GA(1.0 mg/L)分别使钝顶螺旋藻(Speruli-na pzatensis)和极大螺旋藻(Spirulina maximum)生物量达到最大值,与对照相比提高了49.1%和65.2%,比生长速率增加了66.7%和28.6%.同样,激素可以显著地影响螺旋藻的代谢产物含量.对于钝顶螺旋藻,GA(0.1 mg/L)使胞外总糖含量增加5倍;GA(0.3 mg/L)使胞内总糖含量提高5倍;6-BA(0.2 mg/L)使胞内蛋白含量提高27.8%;NAA(0.2 111g/L)使SOD酶比活力提高3.47倍.对于极大螺旋藻,GA(0.3 nlg/L)使胞外总糖含量增加1.32倍,使胞内总糖含量提高2倍;NAA(1.6mg/L)使胞内蛋白含量提高66.7%,6-BA(1.6 mg/L)使SOD酶比活力提高3.47倍.因此植物激素对螺旋藻生长和代谢产物合成有明显的促进作用,该结果为高密度规模化生产奠定基础.     

植物激素对海带配子体克隆附着的影响

实验研究 2 ,4 - D、KT、IAA、NAA四种植物激素对海带配子体克隆附着的影响。结果表明 :2 ,4 - D对附着有较明显的促附着作用 ,最有效浓度为 2 .5mg/L 和 5mg/L,其 4 h的附着率分别是对照的 2 .79倍和 2 .95倍 ;KT的作用较复杂 ,在浓度为 1mg/L 时 ,对附着有明显的促进作用 ,其 4 h的附着率是对照的 2 .3倍 ;IAA对配子体附着没有明显的促进或抑制作用 ;NAA对附着有抑制作用 ,浓度越高 ,抑制作用越强。     

镧对黄姑鱼幼鱼促生长作用和成活率影响的研究

为探究镧对黄姑鱼(Nibea albiflora)幼鱼的促生长作用和成活率的影响,本研究设7组不同镧质量浓度处理组,采用不同方程对不同镧质量浓度组的体质量生长拟合。实验结果表明,不同镧质量浓度处理组黄姑鱼幼鱼的生长速度差异显著(P0.05)。采用线性方程:1.8 mg/L处理组的体质量生长系数最大,为0.011 2,而对照组(0 mg/L)的体质量生长系数最小,为0.009 9;采用多项式方程:1.8 mg/L组全长生长系数的绝对值最大,为3.26,而对照组(0 mg/L)的全长生长系数的绝对值最小,为1.17。镧对体质量增大率、全长增长率和特定生长率、死亡率均有显著的影响(P0.05),用多项式方程分别对上述生长参数与镧质量浓度(C)之间的相关关系拟合得到,体质量增大率=162.93+42.79C+(–11.62)C~2(R~2=0.95),全长增长率=38.49+21.54C+(–7.27)C~2(R~2=0.90),特定生长率=1.08+0.16C+(–0.04)C~2(R~2=0.93),死亡率=62.91+(–22.88)C+7.19C~2(R~2=0.54)。根据方程,得到最适体质量增大、最适全长增长、最适特定生长、最低死亡率的镧质量浓度分别为1.84、1.48、2和1.59 mg/L。证实,镧可促进黄姑鱼幼鱼的生长及提高成活率,1.48~2 mg/L为黄姑鱼幼鱼的最适生长的镧质量浓度范围。     

主要环境因子对细弱蜈蚣藻(Grateloupia tenuis)孢子发育的影响及生活史的研究

在实验室条件下,以细弱蜈蚣藻(Grateloupia tenuis Wang et Luan)为材料,进行了不同温度和光照强度等主要环境因子对其发育影响的研究,同时对其生活史进行了详细观察。结果表明:(1)在4—30°C范围内,盘状体形成与直立枝生长的最适温度为24°C;(2)在光照强度10—200μmol范围内,盘状体形成和直立枝生长的最适光照强度为120μmol/(m2s);(3)孢子(果孢子和四分孢子)发育类型为间接盘状体类型;(4)生活史由单倍体的雌、雄配子体,双倍体的果孢子体(囊果)及四分孢子体构成,四分孢子体和配子体在形态上完全相同,属于典型的同型世代交替;与属模蜈蚣藻(G.filicina)一致。     

营养盐浓度变动对菊花江蓠和细基江蓠繁枝变型生长、生化组成及生理的影响研究

在实验室条件下,对比研究了营养盐浓度变化对菊花江蓠(Gracilaria lichenoides)和细基江蓠繁枝变型(G.te-nuistipitata var. liui)的生长、生化组成和生理的影响。结果表明,不同的营养盐浓度变动对2种江蓠的生长、藻体藻红素、叶绿素a、总碳、总氮含量、硝酸还原酶以及过氧化氢酶活性影响有所不同。菊花江蓠生长在中等浓度(45μmol/L)的营养盐条件下最佳,而细基江蓠繁枝变型的生长反应则依前期环境中营养盐水平不同而有所差异。总体上看,当营养盐浓度由3μmol/L变动为45和150μmol/L时,2种江蓠藻体藻红素、叶绿素a、总碳和总氮含量以及硝酸还原酶的活性均有所提高;而当营养盐浓度由45和150μmol/L变动为3μmol/L时,2种江蓠藻体的上述指标则有所下降。营养盐浓度45和150μmol/L的相互变动对2种江蓠硝酸还原酶的活性影响不大。随着无机氮浓度的逐渐增加,过氧化氢酶的活性呈现显著下降的趋势。当营养盐浓度由3μmol/L向150μmol/L变动时,2种江蓠过氧化氢酶活性显著下降;而营养盐浓度由150μmol/L向3μmol/L变动时,过氧化氢酶活性则有所增强。综合比较表明,细基江蓠繁枝变型更容易受环境中营养盐浓度变动的影响,对环境中营养盐浓度变动的适应能力可能要低于菊花江蓠。     

不同培养条件对三角褐指藻生长及其生物活性成分积累的影响

以三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)为研究材料,比较了Na NO3、NH4HCO3和CO(NH2)2为氮源的两种培养基(m L1和ASW培养基)对其生长和生物活性成分(岩藻黄素、金藻昆布糖和二十碳五烯酸(C20:5,EPA))时相积累的影响,同时分析了脂肪酸组成和总脂含量的变化。结果表明:以m L1培养基培养时,三角褐指藻的生物质质量浓度明显高于ASW培养基培养时的生物质质量质量浓度,尿素优于其他两种氮源,最大生物质质量质量浓度为3.7 g/L。不同培养条件下岩藻黄素含量的时相变化规律一致,均随着培养时间的延长呈现先增加后减少的趋势,其最高积累量分别为:13.27 mg/g(Na NO3)、13.23 mg/g(CO(NH2)2)和13.89 mg/g(NH4HCO3)(m L1);13.2 mg/g(Na NO3)、14.92 mg/g(CO(NH2)2)和13.6 mg/g(NH4HCO3)(ASW),由此可知氮源对岩藻黄素积累量影响不大。金藻昆布糖含量随着培养时间延长逐渐增加,其最大积累量分别为9.82 mg/g(NH4HCO3)(m L1)和8.59 mg/g(Na NO3)(ASW)。不同培养条件下其总脂含量变化不显著,均在培养末期达到最大值,分别为24.18%(NH4HCO3)(m L1)和23.79%(Na NO3)(ASW);其主要脂肪酸组成为:豆蔻酸(C14:0)、棕榈酸(C16:0)、棕榈油酸(C16:1)、硬脂酸(C18:0)、油酸(C18:1)、亚油酸(C18:2)、花生一烯酸(C20:1)、木焦油酸(C24:0)和EPA,其中,EPA含量随着培养时间延长逐渐下降,尿素最有利于EPA的积累。     

原绿球藻生态条件的研究

原绿球藻(prochlorococcus sp.)是一种海水单细胞藻类,个体小(平均长径0.8μm,宽0.5μm),生长繁殖迅速,是水产养殖中一种新的理想生物饵料。笔者在实验室条件下.研究了温度、光照和营养盐成分(氮、磷、铁单因子试验和氮、磷、铁正交试验)对这种原绿球藻生长繁殖的影响,以确定该藻的最适生态条件。单因子试验结果表明:原绿球藻适宜生长的温度为10～30℃.最适温度为25～30℃;适宜生长的光照范围为20～200μmol/m~2s.最适光照为20～40μmol/m~2s;适宜生长的N、P、Fe含量浓度分别为0～30 mg/L、0～3.0 mg/L、0～1.0 mg/L,最适浓度分别为N-5～30 mg/L、P—0.5～1.5 mg/L、Fe—0.6～1.0mg/L。正交试验结果表明:Fe对藻的生长影响极显著,N对藻的生长影响显著,P作用不显著。N和P交互作用显著,N和Fe、P和Fe交互作用不显著。最优水平组合为N-30mg/L、P—1.5mg/ L、Fe-0.8mg/L。     

大连蜈蚣藻孢子发育及生活史的研究

在实验室条件下,对大连蜈蚣藻(Grateloupia dalianensis H.W.Wang et D.Zhao)的孢子早期发育、盘状体的形成和直立枝生长进行了详细研究,对其生活史进行了详细观察,并进行了温度和光照强度对孢子发育影响的研究。结果表明:(1)孢子发育类型为间接盘状体型;(2)生活史由雌、雄配子体、四分孢子体和果孢子体三相世代组成,配子体与孢子体形态相同,属于同型世代交替,与属模蜈蚣藻(G.filicina)一致;(3)温度对盘状体和直立枝生长均有影响,最适温度均为16℃;(4)光照强度对盘状体和直立枝生长均有影响,最适光照强度分别为7 500 lx和10 000 lx。     

On the growth of ocean waves

The availability of 10 h of continuous, uninterrupted field measurements of wind waves recorded in the western Pacific and containing a complete wave growth episode, has provided a distinct opportunity for us to make a novel, unprecedented examination of detailed wave growth processes. We found that the significance of the size of data used in the measurement, which can only be addressed with continuous and uninterrupted measurements, reflected the ineptness of the conventional approach toward further detailed understanding of realistic wave growth processes, as the conventional 20 min data size essentially stamped out any dynamics with time scale below 20 min. While our conventional understanding and modeling were generally operative and useful, they left no real vestige on time localized mechanisms such as wave grouping or wave breaking processes all with time scales much less than 20 min.     

Kinetics of nitrogen- or phosphorus-limited growth and effects of growth conditions on nutrient uptake inChattonella antiqua

Chattonella antiqua was grown in a nitrogen- or phosphorus-limited semicontinuous culture system. Using the cells in steady growth state, the relationship between growth rate and cell quota and effects of growth conditions on nitrate, ammonium and phosphate uptake were examined. Under nitrogen-limited conditions, growth rate as a function of nitrogen cell quota followed the empirical Droop equation and the uptake of nitrate and ammonium was not significantly affected by growth rate. Similarly, under phosphorus-limited conditions, the growth rate as a function of phosphorus cell quota also followed the Droop equation and phosphate uptake was not significantly affected by growth rate.Combining the results obtained in the present study with those from previous studies on nutrient uptake, half saturation constants for growth (K _g ) were calculated for nitrate, ammonium and phosphate. Comparisons ofK _g with nutrient concentrations in the Seto Inland Sea in summer, where red tides ofC. antiqua often occur, suggest that phosphate is one of the controlling factors for the population ofC. antiqua.     

On the theory of hailstone growth

Analysis of the existing theories of hailstone growth has shown that there are two different approaches to the explanation of the layered structure of hailstones. L.G. Kachurin showed that the layered structure of ice on the surface of an object placed into the flux of supercooled water aerosol is controlled by the equilibrium film thickness. Another approach is based on the equation of heat balance at the hailstone surface and on the introduction of the critical water content. This paper elucidates the meaning of the critical equilibrium film thickness and establishes the relation between the two existing criteria controlling the transition from the dry regime of hailstone growth to the wet regime.     

Blue growth and ecosystem services

The recent years have witnessed a rise in interest in the ocean economy. To cover a more sustainable dimension, terms such as ‘blue economy’ and ‘blue growth’ have been coined, and are increasingly used in international contexts and academic literature. However, there are no generally accepted definitions of these ‘blue’ concepts. In particular, it is not clear what connotation of sustainability and what role of natural environment is linked to these terms. The objective of this study is to retrace the meaning of the concepts of blue economy and blue growth and include them in a coherent environmental accounting framework. Starting from the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting of the United Nations, a set of assumptions is proposed to link blue economy/growth and ecosystem services, including the creation of an adjusted measure of value added, while considering the depletion and degradation of the environment and the value of non-market benefits provided by the ecosystem. Finally, an example of this approach in the case of the Mediterranean Sea is presented.     

Development and growth rates of Centropages typicus

This paper presents an updated review of our knowledge about Centropages typicus development and growth based on a synthesis of all data found in the literature on stage durations, development rates, size, weight, and C:N ratios. Developmental and growth characteristics have been recorded during field time series and cruises, as well as in controlled laboratory experiments. A few laboratory studies have contributed to an understanding of the impact of food quantity, food quality and temperature on growth and development.C. typicus has a sigmoidal development pattern when the contribution of the different stages to total development time is considered, CIV and CV having much longer durations than preceding stages. The development times of this species are closely related to temperature with a nearly equiproportional development. In turn, food conditions, both in quantity and quality, have less effect on development than on growth rate, leading to large variations in weight within stage, even larger than those predicted from changes in length and biovolume. Actual measurements of weight and biochemical composition are required to better understand the growth of C. typicus in relation to food composition. As a consequence, our review shows that weight–length relationships obtained in particular environmental conditions may be inadequate for others.The combination of a temperature-dependent development rate and a food-dependent growth rate may explain why shelf regions are a more favourable environment for C. typicus as compared to offshore regions, as they support large females, production of more and better quality eggs, and probably better survival of the offspring.     

长牡蛎F3 代快速生长选育群体生长特性的研究

采用模型拟合方法研究了长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)F3代快速生长选育群体不同时期各生长性状的发育规律。结果表明,长牡蛎幼虫期壳高(SH)、壳长(SL)对日龄(t)的回归遵循Logistic模型,生长方程分别为SH=455.612/(1+9.500e-0.142t),R2=0.999;SL=462.476/(1+8.026e-0.108t),R2=0.996。幼虫期壳高与壳长成直线相关,回归方程为SL=0.76SH+18.82,R2=0.994。长牡蛎养成期各生长性状呈现明显的季节变化,壳高(SH)、壳长(SL)、壳宽(SW)和总质量(TW)对月龄(X)的多项式回归方程分别为SH=-0.0297X4+1.0365X3-12.0220X2+57.6500X-68.9260,R2=0.985;SL=-0.0173X4+0.5893X3-6.5702X2+30.2420X-34.4150,R2=0.986;SW=-0.0068X4+0.2620X3-3.2806X2+16.9170X-22.1410,R2=0.956;TW=-0.0219X4+0.8234X3-10.1680X2+50.7040X-85.4110,R2=0.972。壳高、壳长、壳宽与总质量均呈幂函数相关,回归方程分别为SH=23.645TW0.3213,R2=0.998;SL=12.337TW0.3776,R2=0.995;SW=6.611TW0.3589,R2=0.981。     

Latitudinal variation in growth of Crangon crangon (L.): Does counter-gradient growth compensation occur?

Length growth in relation to water temperature was studied for Crangon crangon (L.) from two populations at the northern and southern edges of its distributional range to determine whether counter-gradient growth compensation occurs. In crustaceans, growth rate depends on the time between moulting events (intermoult period) and the size increase at moult (moult increment). In this study, the period between moults was shorter at higher temperature, ranging respectively from about 11 days at 25 °C to 27 days at 10 °C at southern edge, and from 10 to 24 days at the same temperatures at the northern edge. Moult increment showed a large variability, from 1.5 to 2.7 mm with no clear trend with temperature at the northern edge; and decreasing from about 2.7 mm at 10 °C to about 1.5 mm at 25 °C at the southern edge. As a result, the temperature effect on the overall growth rate differed between shrimps from the north and those from the south, suggesting counter-gradient growth compensation. At the northern edge, mean growth increased from about 0.12 mm d^− 1 at 10 °C to about 0.23 mm d^− 1 at 25 °C, while at the southern edge, growth was lower, about 0.08 mm d^− 1 at 10 °C and increased to about 0.16 mm d^− 1 at 25 °C. Maximum observed growth rates of shrimps from the north were also higher and ranged from 0.17 mm d^− 1 at 10 °C to 0.89 mm d^− 1 at 25 °C, while shrimps from the south grew at a maximum of 0.08 to 0.75 mm d^− 1 respectively at 15 and 20 °C. Sex and size differences were also found, with males growing slower than females and at a decreasing growth rate with increasing size. Implications for the brown shrimp's life cycle are discussed.