角度域弹性波Kirchhoff叠前深度偏移速度分析方法

为提高地震成像结果的准确性并真实反映实际地震波场在介质中的传播特性,应该充分利用多分量地震数据的矢量特征进行弹性波成像,其中,最为棘手的问题是纵横波偏移速度场的确定,为此,本文提出了直接利用多分量地震数据进行弹性波角度域偏移速度分析的方法.基于空移成像条件的弹性波Kirchhoff偏移方程提取了弹性波局部偏移距域共成像...     

Tomographic velocity inversion for ADCIGs in areas with a rugged surface

Pre-stack depth migration velocity analysis is one of the key techniques influencing image quality. As for areas with a rugged surface and complex subsurface, conventional prestack depth migration velocity analysis corrects the rugged surface to a known datum or designed surface velocity model on which to perform migration and update the velocity. We propose a rugged surface tomographic velocity inversion method based on angle-domain common image gathers by which the velocity field can be updated directly from the rugged surface without static correction for pre-stack data and improve inversion precision and efficiency. First, we introduce a method to acquire angle-domain common image gathers (ADCIGs) in rugged surface areas and then perform rugged surface tomographic velocity inversion. Tests with model and field data prove the method to be correct and effective.     

角度域剩余深度对剩余速度的敏感性分析

本文针对地震勘探深度域偏移速度建模研究,利用角度域共成像点道集(ADCIGS)建立了以剩余速度为自变量,剩余深度为目标函数的关系式,及目标函数的梯度公式.利用导出的两个公式分别对剩余深度与剩余速度的关系进行了定量分析.通过理论分析和模型试算证明初始速度模型的误差具有方向敏感性,即正误差较负误差对速度建模迭代收敛更敏感.利用此结论进行深度域速度建模既可以提高计算效率也可以提高建模精度.     

时空移动成像条件及偏移速度分析

首先比较了深度聚焦速度分析和剩余曲率速度分析中的成像条件,然后通过时空移动成像条件得到了时移偏移距域共成像点道集和时移角度域共成像点道集.基于时移角度域共成像点道集,统一了偏移速度分析中通常应用的两个偏移速度判断准则：深度聚焦准则和成像道集拉平准则.最后基于时移角度域共成像点道集,推导了速度更新公式,并设计了速度分析流程.合成数据和实际地震资料上的测试证明了方法的可行性和有效性.     

Wave-equation migration velocity analysis. I. Theory

We present a migration velocity analysis (MVA) method based on wavefield extrapolation. Similarly to conventional MVA, our method aims at iteratively improving the quality of the migrated image, as measured by the flatness of angle‐domain common‐image gathers (ADCIGs) over the aperture‐angle axis. However, instead of inverting the depth errors measured in ADCIGs using ray‐based tomography, we invert ‘image perturbations’ using a linearized wave‐equation operator. This operator relates perturbations of the migrated image to perturbations of the migration velocity. We use prestack Stolt residual migration to define the image perturbations that maximize the focusing and flatness of ADCIGs. Our linearized operator relates slowness perturbations to image perturbations, based on a truncation of the Born scattering series to the first‐order term. To avoid divergence of the inversion procedure when the velocity perturbations are too large for Born linearization of the wave equation, we do not invert directly the image perturbations obtained by residual migration, but a linearized version of the image perturbations. The linearized image perturbations are computed by a linearized prestack residual migration operator applied to the background image. We use numerical examples to illustrate how the backprojection of the linearized image perturbations, i.e. the gradient of our objective function, is well behaved, even in cases when backprojection of the original image perturbations would mislead the inversion and take it in the wrong direction. We demonstrate with simple synthetic examples that our method converges even when the initial velocity model is far from correct. In a companion paper, we illustrate the full potential of our method for estimating velocity anomalies under complex salt bodies.     

TI介质偏移速度建模研究

经过多年的研究发展,各向异性叠前深度偏移算法已经趋于完善.然而,在地震资料处理过程中导致成像结果不理想的主要原因还是由于建立的地层参数场不够精确.当地层参数接近其真实值时,基于波动方程的剩余曲率建模方法由于不受构造的影响,能够在各向异性和横向变速介质中进行速度分析,所以得到了广泛的研究.本文从偏移结果中抽取共成像道集,然后通过交互运用叠前深度偏移和参数更新实现各向异性偏移速度建模.对理论模型和实际资料进行的试算表明,该方法具有较强的适应性,能极大改善VTI介质反射界面成像效果和分辨率.     

A method of directly extracting multiwave angle-domain common-image gathers

Angle-domain common-image gathers (ADCIGs) can provide an effective way for migration velocity analysis and amplitude versus angle analysis in oil–gas seismic exploration. On the basis of multi-component Gaussian beam prestack depth migration (GB-PSDM), an alternative method of directly extracting multiwave ADCIGs is presented in this paper. We first introduce multi-component GB-PSDM, where a wavefield separation is proceeded to obtain the separated PP- and PS-wave seismic records before migration imaging for multiwave seismic data. Then, the principle of extracting PP- and PS-ADCIGs using GB-PSDM is presented. The propagation angle can be obtained using the real-value travel time of Gaussian beam in the course of GB-PSDM, which can be used to calculate the incidence and reflection angles. Two kinds of ADCIGs can be extracted for the PS-wave, one of which is P-wave incidence ADCIGs and the other one is S-wave reflection ADCIGs. In this paper, we use the incident angle to plot the ADCIGs for both PP- and PS-waves. Finally, tests of synthetic examples show that the method introduced here is accurate and effective.     

波动方程法共成像点道集偏移速度建模

叠前深度偏移的成像效果对偏移速度场相当敏感，建立正确的偏移速度场是实现高质量叠前深度偏移成像的关键。首先应用成像精度高的波动方程法叠前深度偏移抽取共成像点道集；然后基于摄动法通过参数化速度函数和改进的剩余曲率分析建立偏移速度误差和成像深度误差的定量关系；最后采用单参数／多参数联合迭代反演实现偏移速度建模。对Marmousi模型的试算结果表明：该方法对复杂地质体具有较强的适应性和较好的建模和成像效果，一般只需分析和控制主要反射层，通过3－4次近代就可以满足精度要求。     

基于Gabor-Daubechies小波束叠前深度偏移的角度域共成像道集

传统炮检距域共像集（CIG）在复杂介质中因波传播的多路径而存在反射体位置不确定的问题. 角度域CIG由于克服了这一缺陷而逐步成为速度分析、AVA以及振幅保真偏移成像等研究的主要手段. 以波动理论为基础的地震偏移成像方法的发展为获得高质量的角度域CIG提供了可靠的实现途径. 其中,基于波场局域化分解和传播的小波束域波场延拓和偏移成像方法,因其波场分解基本函数和传播算子在空间和方向上的双重局域特性,而成为角度相关分析研究的有效工具. 本文在采用Gabor Daubechies框架分解的小波束叠前角度域偏移成像基础上,利用不同的叠加方法由局部角度域像矩阵得到了反射角域CIG（CRAIG）和倾角域CIG（CDAIG）. 以SEG EAGE二维盐体模型为例,通过对CRAIG和CDAIG的对比,探讨了这两种角度域CIG的特点及其在地震偏移成像中的潜在应用.     

单程波角度域内压制多次波偏移假象

多次波偏移中的假象主要来自于不同地震事件之间的互相关,由于这种互相关满足成像条件,很难直接在偏移过程中去除.但是对于准确的速度模型,真实的成像结果在角度域内应该是平直的.根据这个判断准则,可以在角度域内移除多次波偏移中的假象.本文以数据自相关偏移为例,提出了在单程波多次波偏移中移除假象的主要流程:首先在在单程波偏移过程中高效地提取角度域共成像点道集,然后对角度域共成像点道集应用高分辨率的抛物线型Radon变换,用合适的切除函数处理后,反变换回到角度域,最后叠加各个角度成分,得到偏移结果.Marmousi模型的合成数据测试表明,这种方法可以很好地压制多次波偏移过程中产生的假象,有效地提高成像结果的信噪比.     

TI介质局部角度域射线追踪与叠前深度偏移成像

研究与实践表明,对于长偏移距、宽方位地震数据,忽略各向异性会明显降低成像质量,影响储层预测与描述的精度.针对典型的横向各向同性(TI)介质,本文面向深度域构造成像与偏移速度分析的需要,研究基于射线理论的局部角度域叠前深度偏移成像方法.它除了像传统Kirchhoff叠前深度偏移那样输出成像剖面和炮检距域的共成像点道集,还遵循地震波在成像点处的局部方向特征、基于扩展的脉冲响应叠加原理获得入射角度域和照明角度域的成像结果.为了方便快捷地实现TI介质射线走时与局部角度信息的计算,文中讨论和对比了两种改进的射线追踪方法:一种采用从经典各向异性介质射线方程演变而来的由相速度表征的简便形式;另一种采用由对称轴垂直的TI(即VTI)介质声学近似qP波波动方程推导出来的射线方程.文中通过坐标旋转将其扩展到了对称轴倾斜的TI(即TTI)介质.国际上通用的理论模型合成数据偏移试验表明,本文方法既适用于复杂构造成像,又可为TI介质深度域偏移速度分析与模型建立提供高效的偏移引擎.     

复杂介质下保真振幅Kirchhoff深度偏移

本文详细讨论地下复杂介质地震成像问题.当速度模型含有强横向变化时,射线场会折叠形成多次走时,在这种情况下,文中证明在保真振幅叠前深度偏移时,应当考虑所有的到时才能得到定量的像.通过实例证明,在多次走时情况下,常规的共炮集、共检波器集都存在强的假像;由此提出共角度偏移的概念.最后,在多次走时下,讨论多次偏移算子(走时、相移、振幅等)的高效重构,给出了三维叠前深度偏移的快速算法.     

频率-空间域有限差分法叠前深度偏移

为了处理横向强变速介质中的深度成像问题,本文提出一种基于共炮道集的优化系数的傍轴近似方程叠前深度偏移算子,并在基于反射系数估算的成像条件下,可实现叠前深度偏移成像.该算子具有方程阶数低且能对陡倾角成像的特征,并采用有限差分法波场延拓,能适应速度场的任意变化.当在频率-空间域进行计算时,相对于纯粹的时间-空间域有限差分算法有计算效率高、成像方便的优点.脉冲响应测试和对Marmousi模型进行的叠前深度偏移结果表明,该偏移方法在强横向变速情况下具有非常好的成像效果.     

弹性矢量波成像域联合层析反演

在地震弹性矢量波场框架下,推导了多波联合层析速度反演方程以及走时残差与角道集剩余曲率的转换关系式,提出了一种利用成像域角道集更新P波、S波速度的走时层析反演方法.其实现过程可以概括为:将弹性波多分量数据作为输入,基于高斯束实现矢量波场成像并提取角道集,利用层析反演方程求解慢度更新量,最终获得多波联合反演结果.模型试算和实际资料处理验证了该方法的反演效果,能够为弹性矢量波联合深度偏移提供高质量的叠前速度场.     

Investigating a time‐shift extended imaging condition in a Kirchhoff pre‐stack depth migration algorithm

Extracting true amplitude versus angle common image gathers is one of the key objectives in seismic processing and imaging. This is achievable to different degrees using different migration techniques (e.g., Kirchhoff, wavefield extrapolation, and reverse time migration techniques) and is a common tool in exploration, but the costs can vary depending on the selected migration algorithm and the desired accuracy. Here, we investigate the possibility of combining the local‐shift imaging condition, specifically the time‐shift extended imaging condition, for angle gathers with a Kirchhoff migration. The aims are not to replace the more accurate full‐wavefield migration but to offer a cheaper alternative where ray‐based methods are applicable and to use Kirchhoff time‐lag common image gathers to help bridge the gap between the traditional offset common image gathers and reverse time migration angle gathers; finally, given the higher level of summation inside the extended imaging migration, we wish to understand the impact on the amplitude versus angle response. The implementation of the time‐shift imaging condition along with the computational cost is discussed, and results of four different datasets are presented. The four example datasets, two synthetic, one land acquisition, and a marine dataset, have been migrated using a Kirchhoff offset method, a Kirchhoff time‐shift method, and, for comparison, a reverse time migration algorithm. The results show that the time‐shift imaging condition at zero time lag is equivalent to the full offset stack as expected. The output gathers are cleaner and more consistent in the time‐lag‐derived angle gathers, but the conversion from time lag to angle can be considered a post‐processing step. The main difference arises in the amplitude versus offset/angle distribution where the responses are different and dramatically so for the land data. The results from the synthetics and real data show that a Kirchhoff migration with an extended imaging condition is capable of generating subsurface angle gathers. The same disadvantages with a ray‐based approach will apply using the extended imaging condition relative to a wave equation angle gather solution. Nevertheless, using this approach allows one to explore the relationship between the velocity model and focusing of the reflected energy, to use the Radon transformation to remove noise and multiples, and to generate consistent products from a ray‐based migration and a full‐wave equation migration, which can then be interchanged depending on the process under study.     

基于单程波方程的角度域保幅偏移(英文)

传统叠前深度偏移只能够提供地下的构造信息,但工业界在需要构造信息的同时还要与地下界面反射系数成比例的振幅信息。最近几年,基于单程波方程的保幅叠前深度偏移算法有了一定的发展,但是,基于炮域、单程波的保幅型叠前深度偏移必须应用反褶积型的成像条件,这种成像条件在构造复杂、速度变化剧烈的地区会出现不稳定现象。基于角度域的保幅深度偏移克服了这一不稳定性缺点的同时,还域的保幅深度偏移,模型和实际资料的试算分析验证该思路方法的正确性和有效性。     

Extraction of amplitude-preserving angle gathers based on vector wavefield reverse-time migration

Angle-domain common-image gathers (ADCIGs) transformed from the shotdomain common-offset gathers are input to migration velocity analysis (MVA) and prestack inversion. ADCIGs are non-illusion prestack inversion gathers, and thus, accurate. We studied the extraction of elastic-wave ADCIGs based on amplitude-preserving elastic-wave reversetime migration for calculating the incidence angle of P-and S-waves at each image point and for different source locations. The P-and S-waves share the same incident angle, namely the incident angle of the source P-waves. The angle of incidence of the source P-wavefield was the difference between the source P-wave propagation angle and the reflector dips. The propagation angle of the source P-waves was obtained from the polarization vector of the decomposed P-waves. The reflectors’ normal direction angle was obtained using the complex wavenumber of the stacked reverse-time migration (RTM) images. The ADCIGs of P-and S-waves were obtained by rearranging the common-shot migration gathers based on the incident angle. We used a horizontally layered model, the graben medium model, and part of the Marmousi-II elastic model and field data to test the proposed algorithm. The results suggested that the proposed method can efficiently extract the P-and S-wave ADCIGs of the elastic-wave reverse-time migration, the P-and S-wave incident angle, and the angle-gather amplitude fidelity, and improve the MVA and prestack inversion.     

Extended imaging conditions for wave‐equation migration

Wavefield‐based migration velocity analysis using the semblance principle requires computation of images in an extended space in which we can evaluate the imaging consistency as a function of overlapping experiments. Usual industry practice is to assemble those seismic images in common‐image gathers that represent reflectivity as a function of depth and extensions, e.g., reflection angles. We introduce extended common‐image point (CIP) gathers constructed only as a function of the space‐ and time‐lag extensions at sparse and irregularly distributed points in the image. Semblance analysis using CIP's constructed by this procedure is advantageous because we do not need to compute gathers at regular surface locations and we do not need to compute extensions at all depth levels. The CIP's also give us the flexibility to distribute them in the image at irregular locations aligned with the geologic structure. Furthermore, the CIP's remove the depth bias of common‐image gathers constructed as a function of the depth axis. An interpretation of the CIP's using the scattering theory shows that they are scattered wavefields associated with sources and receivers inside the subsurface. Thus, when the surface wavefields are correctly reconstructed, the extended CIP's are characterized by focused energy at the origin of the space‐ and time‐lag axes. Otherwise, the energy defocuses from the origin of the lag axes proportionally with the cumulative velocity error in the overburden. This information can be used for wavefield‐based tomographic updates of the velocity model, and if the velocity used for imaging is correct, the coordinate‐independent CIP's can be a decomposed as a function of the angles of incidence.     

火山岩地震屏蔽层的转换波叠前时间偏移成像

在反射地震转换波资料处理中,准确求取共转换点一直是一个难题,采用叠前时间偏移技术能避免共转换点道集的抽取,而且能够使转换波归位到真正的反射点上,实现准确成像.本文针对火山岩地震屏蔽层的转换波成像问题,通过对转换波共近似转换点道集进行速度分析,建立了转换波叠前时间偏移的初始速度场,通过速度扫描和纵、横波速度比值扫描确定最佳的偏移速度场和纵、横波速度比值,实现了在火山岩高速层覆盖区域的转换波偏移成像.实际资料的成像结果表明,本文采用的近似转换点计算以及转换波叠前时间偏移方法是有效的.     

3D angle-domain common-image gathers for migration velocity analysis

Angle‐domain common‐image gathers (ADCIGs) are an essential tool for migration velocity analysis (MVA). We present a method for computing ADCIGs in 3D from the results of wavefield‐continuation migration. The proposed methodology can be applied before or after the imaging step in a migration procedure. When computed before imaging, 3D ADCIGs are functions of the offset ray parameters (p, p) ; we derive the geometric relationship that links the offset ray parameters to the aperture angle γ and the reflection azimuth φ. When computed after imaging, 3D ADCIGs are directly produced as functions of γ and φ. The mapping of the offset ray parameters (p, p) into the angles (γ, φ) depends on both the local dips and the local interval velocity; therefore, the transformation of ADCIGs computed before imaging into ADCIGs that are functions of the actual angles is difficult in complex structure. By contrast, the computation of ADCIGs after imaging is efficient and accurate even in the presence of complex structure and a heterogeneous velocity function. On the other hand, the estimation of the offset ray parameters (p, p) is less sensitive to velocity errors than the estimation of the angles (γ, φ). When ADCIGs that are functions of the offset ray parameters (p, p) are adequate for the application of interest (e.g. ray‐based tomography), the computation of ADCIGs before imaging might be preferable. Errors in the migration velocity cause the image point in the angle domain to shift along the normal to the apparent geological dip. By assuming stationary rays (i.e. small velocity errors), we derive a quantitative relationship between this normal shift and the traveltime perturbation caused by velocity errors. This relationship can be directly used in an MVA procedure to invert depth errors measured from ADCIGs into migration velocity updates. In this paper, we use it to derive an approximate 3D residual moveout (RMO) function for measuring inconsistencies between the migrated images at different γ and φ. We tested the accuracy of our kinematic analysis on a 3D synthetic data set with steeply dipping reflectors and a vertically varying propagation velocity. The tests confirm the accuracy of our analysis and illustrate the limitations of the straight‐ray approximation underlying our derivation of the 3D RMO function.